Photo of Kennedy Rodarte, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in 98002, WA
Kennedy Rodarte
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Auburn, WA 98002
I am committed to supporting diverse voices by affirming and guiding transformation centered in cultural awareness. I help support: -2slgbtqia+, Anxiety, Couples & Individuals, First Time Parents, First Generation, Grief & Trauma, Life Transitions & Adjustment Disorder, Multicultural & Multiracial Couples, Individuals and Families.
I am committed to supporting diverse voices by affirming and guiding transformation centered in cultural awareness. I help support: -2slgbtqia+, Anxiety, Couples & Individuals, First Time Parents, First Generation, Grief & Trauma, Life Transitions & Adjustment Disorder, Multicultural & Multiracial Couples, Individuals and Families.
(206) 866-0219 View (206) 866-0219
Photo of Luisa Bakhoum, Counselor in 98002, WA
Luisa Bakhoum
Counselor, LMHCA
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002  (Online Only)
My lived experience and training merge to create a helpful skillset that has a positive impact on my work. The clients who most benefit from my style of work are people who want to work through family dynamics: past, present, and future. They are wanting to understand deeply who they are by exploring their beliefs and patterns of behavior, in order to choose consciously how they want to move forward in their life. My work has had a particularly positive impact on neurodivergent people.
My lived experience and training merge to create a helpful skillset that has a positive impact on my work. The clients who most benefit from my style of work are people who want to work through family dynamics: past, present, and future. They are wanting to understand deeply who they are by exploring their beliefs and patterns of behavior, in order to choose consciously how they want to move forward in their life. My work has had a particularly positive impact on neurodivergent people.
(253) 242-8422 View (253) 242-8422
Photo of Matthew Fregoso, Counselor in 98002, WA
Matthew Fregoso
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002
Everything from the anxieties of imposter syndrome, the unknowns of new relationships, to struggles understanding gender/sexual identity; life can be so difficult to navigate while staying true to oneself. It can be even more difficult to find spaces that don't stigmatize and shame. Inside us all, we carry a capacity for change and a unspoken need for growth. Therapy is a journey to develop a greater sense of self to move foward in more meaningful directions.
Everything from the anxieties of imposter syndrome, the unknowns of new relationships, to struggles understanding gender/sexual identity; life can be so difficult to navigate while staying true to oneself. It can be even more difficult to find spaces that don't stigmatize and shame. Inside us all, we carry a capacity for change and a unspoken need for growth. Therapy is a journey to develop a greater sense of self to move foward in more meaningful directions.
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Photo of Abby Tomlinson, Marriage & Family Therapist in 98002, WA
Abby Tomlinson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002  (Online Only)
Abby enjoys working with young adults, college students, and older adults who are struggling with life transitions, processing past trauma, and navigating change. Abby believes that every individual is capable of achieving their goals, dreams, and living the life they desire, sometimes you just need some help to get started and to navigate obstacles, self-doubt, and fear of change. Abby believes that in order to create positive change in someone’s life, change must first occur within themselves, which usually involves accepting and loving themselves for who they are as well as working to become the best version of themselves.
Abby enjoys working with young adults, college students, and older adults who are struggling with life transitions, processing past trauma, and navigating change. Abby believes that every individual is capable of achieving their goals, dreams, and living the life they desire, sometimes you just need some help to get started and to navigate obstacles, self-doubt, and fear of change. Abby believes that in order to create positive change in someone’s life, change must first occur within themselves, which usually involves accepting and loving themselves for who they are as well as working to become the best version of themselves.
(253) 528-7031 View (253) 528-7031
Photo of Bryia Madison, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in 98002, WA
Bryia Madison
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002  (Online Only)
I am a queer feminist licensed marriage and family therapist associate. I show up to my sessions as an authentic, plant loving, halloween enthusiast. In our work together we will explore and identify those themes in your life that may not serve who you are now. We live in a society with social constructs that people struggle with, Particularly my clients who are LGBTQIA+, and sex positive. I help separate you from the stories that are having a negative impact. What are these stories? My work, education, and passion center around finding out what those what those themes and stories are to help you work towards your goals.
I am a queer feminist licensed marriage and family therapist associate. I show up to my sessions as an authentic, plant loving, halloween enthusiast. In our work together we will explore and identify those themes in your life that may not serve who you are now. We live in a society with social constructs that people struggle with, Particularly my clients who are LGBTQIA+, and sex positive. I help separate you from the stories that are having a negative impact. What are these stories? My work, education, and passion center around finding out what those what those themes and stories are to help you work towards your goals.
(253) 766-5673 View (253) 766-5673
Photo of Empowering Paths Counseling Services, Counselor in 98002, WA
Empowering Paths Counseling Services
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I believe that every person has the ability to live a happy and fulfilled life. However sometimes they need a little assistance to get back on their path. My goal is to help you find your path. As we begin your journey, we will explore ways to better your life and achieve your goals and desires. We will delve into your family history and see how this influences your life and decisions. Exploring your strengths and weaknesses, we will develop techniques to enhance your strengths and improve on your weaknesses to shape your life to be more positive and productive.
I believe that every person has the ability to live a happy and fulfilled life. However sometimes they need a little assistance to get back on their path. My goal is to help you find your path. As we begin your journey, we will explore ways to better your life and achieve your goals and desires. We will delve into your family history and see how this influences your life and decisions. Exploring your strengths and weaknesses, we will develop techniques to enhance your strengths and improve on your weaknesses to shape your life to be more positive and productive.
(253) 336-3673 View (253) 336-3673
Photo of Kaitlyn Chapman, Marriage & Family Therapist in 98002, WA
Kaitlyn Chapman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Auburn, WA 98002  (Online Only)
I am a practicing licensed marriage and family therapist. For the past 10 years I have worked in the crisis mental healthcare system. There I encountered clients at some of the worst times in their lives. I created a space and container for them to be in the moment. To be messy, to be where they were at that stage of discomfort, and be able to sit with that. I worked with some of the world's most marginalized and disenfranchised populations who were in a constant struggle of survival with a system that was deliberately built against them.
I am a practicing licensed marriage and family therapist. For the past 10 years I have worked in the crisis mental healthcare system. There I encountered clients at some of the worst times in their lives. I created a space and container for them to be in the moment. To be messy, to be where they were at that stage of discomfort, and be able to sit with that. I worked with some of the world's most marginalized and disenfranchised populations who were in a constant struggle of survival with a system that was deliberately built against them.
(253) 884-8337 View (253) 884-8337
Photo of Stevie Long, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in 98002, WA
Stevie Long
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LCFTA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Auburn, WA 98002
My number one goal as a therapist is to establish a trusting and respectful relationship with my client(s). Your trust in me is my genuine priority. I work with adolescents (14+), individuals, families and couples. I am a trans and LGBTQIA+ affirming Therapist. I believe that the mind and physical body are intrinsically connected, and that mental health is the loving balance between the two. Finding that balance looks different for every individual and relationship. When you come into this therapeutic space it is my intention to meet you where you're at, not where you think you should be.
My number one goal as a therapist is to establish a trusting and respectful relationship with my client(s). Your trust in me is my genuine priority. I work with adolescents (14+), individuals, families and couples. I am a trans and LGBTQIA+ affirming Therapist. I believe that the mind and physical body are intrinsically connected, and that mental health is the loving balance between the two. Finding that balance looks different for every individual and relationship. When you come into this therapeutic space it is my intention to meet you where you're at, not where you think you should be.
(253) 785-3314 View (253) 785-3314
Photo of Kate L Sherman, Counselor in 98002, WA
Kate L Sherman
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Auburn, WA 98002  (Online Only)
Currently accepting new clients. So many people today are walking around, suffering in silence, beset with doubt, self-loathing, and self-recriminations. Especially now, as so many are being told their country is against them, self-compassion and self-love are very important pieces in our armor against the onslaught of negativity. A piece many are missing. I'd like to help you find it. Come to a place where you are seen and heard for who you are, without having to explain or defend your identity, lifestyle, or sexuality. Come laugh, come cuss, come cry. We can do this.
Currently accepting new clients. So many people today are walking around, suffering in silence, beset with doubt, self-loathing, and self-recriminations. Especially now, as so many are being told their country is against them, self-compassion and self-love are very important pieces in our armor against the onslaught of negativity. A piece many are missing. I'd like to help you find it. Come to a place where you are seen and heard for who you are, without having to explain or defend your identity, lifestyle, or sexuality. Come laugh, come cuss, come cry. We can do this.
(978) 528-3664 View (978) 528-3664
Photo of Katie Kitzing, Mental Health Counselor in 98002, WA
Katie Kitzing
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, SUDP, CECP, CBCP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Auburn, WA 98002
I'm a Mental Health Therapist and Substance Use Disorder Professional. My passion is working with individuals with complex trauma and those who experience somatic complaints. My primary modality used in therapy includes Dialectic Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). I incorporate somatic techniques in therapy as well such as Emotion Freedom Technique (EFT) and Brainspotting (BSP).
I'm a Mental Health Therapist and Substance Use Disorder Professional. My passion is working with individuals with complex trauma and those who experience somatic complaints. My primary modality used in therapy includes Dialectic Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). I incorporate somatic techniques in therapy as well such as Emotion Freedom Technique (EFT) and Brainspotting (BSP).
(253) 553-7231 View (253) 553-7231
Photo of Prudent Psychological Services, Psychological Associate in 98002, WA
Prudent Psychological Services
Psychological Associate, PsyD, LMHC
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002
Ferlicia Fergusson-Prudent, PsyD, is the owner and founder of Prudent Psychological Services. She is a Psychology Associate and a Licensed Mental Health Counselor under the supervision of Noelle Turner, PsyD (Licensed Psychologist in Washington), while her Washington State psychology license is pending. Dr. Fergusson-Prudent earned her Doctorate of Psychology and Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology from Northwest University in Kirkland, Washington. She also obtained a Master in Psychology and a Bachelor of Science in Biology from the University of the Virgin Islands in St. Thomas, USVI.
Ferlicia Fergusson-Prudent, PsyD, is the owner and founder of Prudent Psychological Services. She is a Psychology Associate and a Licensed Mental Health Counselor under the supervision of Noelle Turner, PsyD (Licensed Psychologist in Washington), while her Washington State psychology license is pending. Dr. Fergusson-Prudent earned her Doctorate of Psychology and Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology from Northwest University in Kirkland, Washington. She also obtained a Master in Psychology and a Bachelor of Science in Biology from the University of the Virgin Islands in St. Thomas, USVI.
(253) 434-3825 View (253) 434-3825
Photo of Marta Grissom, Counselor in 98002, WA
Marta Grissom
Counselor, LMHC, SUDP
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002
Waitlist for new clients
Are you LGBTQIA, Straight, Gender Non-Conforming or Cisgender and between the ages of 10-50? Then I want to hear from you. You will receive a very laid back, casual and personable approach to individual therapy. The therapy will be gender affirming and welcoming to all.
Are you LGBTQIA, Straight, Gender Non-Conforming or Cisgender and between the ages of 10-50? Then I want to hear from you. You will receive a very laid back, casual and personable approach to individual therapy. The therapy will be gender affirming and welcoming to all.
(253) 352-2796 View (253) 352-2796
Photo of Melanie Chitwood, Counselor in 98002, WA
Melanie Chitwood
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPCC, MBPsS
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002
Finding the right therapist can be a daunting process, yet it is one that really matters. It is understandable to feel out of sorts, isolated, or misunderstood when experiencing relationship, family, peer, academic, or workplace stress, during a life transition, or when recovering from trauma. You may also be struggling with a death, the end of a relationship, a relocation from another state or country, an adjustment to a health issue of yourself or a loved one, or being in an environment in which you feel you don't fit. It can be painful to experience these feelings and to try to find a way forward. You don't have to do this alone.
Finding the right therapist can be a daunting process, yet it is one that really matters. It is understandable to feel out of sorts, isolated, or misunderstood when experiencing relationship, family, peer, academic, or workplace stress, during a life transition, or when recovering from trauma. You may also be struggling with a death, the end of a relationship, a relocation from another state or country, an adjustment to a health issue of yourself or a loved one, or being in an environment in which you feel you don't fit. It can be painful to experience these feelings and to try to find a way forward. You don't have to do this alone.
(206) 462-5694 View (206) 462-5694
Photo of Jennifer R Trefonas, Counselor in 98002, WA
Jennifer R Trefonas
Counselor, MS, LMHC, MHP
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, I am Jennifer R. Trefonas, MS, LMHC, MHP. I was initially licensed in FL in 1992, moved to WA 2002; licensed WA 2001. I ENJOY assisting INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES, COUPLES, & CHILDREN in overcoming obstacles. I AM ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS. Contact me for HELP with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, addiction issues, bullying, grief, feeling shamed, taken advantage of, abuse of any kind, trouble at work, getting along with others, HOW TO BE HAPPY and POSITIVE, hypnosis, and most anything! I'm NOT PARANOID, but that is funny,,,:)
Hello, I am Jennifer R. Trefonas, MS, LMHC, MHP. I was initially licensed in FL in 1992, moved to WA 2002; licensed WA 2001. I ENJOY assisting INDIVIDUALS, FAMILIES, COUPLES, & CHILDREN in overcoming obstacles. I AM ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS. Contact me for HELP with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, addiction issues, bullying, grief, feeling shamed, taken advantage of, abuse of any kind, trouble at work, getting along with others, HOW TO BE HAPPY and POSITIVE, hypnosis, and most anything! I'm NOT PARANOID, but that is funny,,,:)
(253) 352-3122 View (253) 352-3122
Photo of Pearle Hintz, Counselor in 98002, WA
Pearle Hintz
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002
I am a licensed mental health counselor (LMHC) with over 20 years experience working with adults, families and adolescents. Areas I work in include depression, anxiety, trauma/PTSD, relationship, family conflict, parenting, life transitions, anger, grief/loss, stress, and improving communication, confidence and self esteem. Approaches I use include cognitive behavioral (CBT), family systems, and I am a certified EMDR therapist (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). I work in Kent, Federal Way, and Enumclaw.
I am a licensed mental health counselor (LMHC) with over 20 years experience working with adults, families and adolescents. Areas I work in include depression, anxiety, trauma/PTSD, relationship, family conflict, parenting, life transitions, anger, grief/loss, stress, and improving communication, confidence and self esteem. Approaches I use include cognitive behavioral (CBT), family systems, and I am a certified EMDR therapist (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing). I work in Kent, Federal Way, and Enumclaw.
(253) 777-1059 View (253) 777-1059
Arthur Levine
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002  (Online Only)
I am committed to helping people get the results they want quickly and effectively. Toward that end, I have studied a broad range of therapeutic approaches, and I endeavor to tailor my work with you to meet your specific needs and temperament. Through my studies and experience, I have learned that the Unconscious Mind is a great resource, full of all our life's learnings, experiences, and wisdom, and that it can be enlisted in the quest for emotional healing, personal growth, and creating lasting changes in one's life.
I am committed to helping people get the results they want quickly and effectively. Toward that end, I have studied a broad range of therapeutic approaches, and I endeavor to tailor my work with you to meet your specific needs and temperament. Through my studies and experience, I have learned that the Unconscious Mind is a great resource, full of all our life's learnings, experiences, and wisdom, and that it can be enlisted in the quest for emotional healing, personal growth, and creating lasting changes in one's life.
(206) 504-2651 View (206) 504-2651
Photo of Wendy Rawlings, Counselor in 98002, WA
Wendy Rawlings
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NBCC, DCC
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002
Not accepting new clients
Offering insight in a safe, accepting environment can be a game changer. In this loud and confusing time we live in it's important to explore your internal resources, acknowledge your own wisdom and develop the skills you lack. That's what we do in my practice. The goal of treatment is to empower you in every way to take control of your life and soar above the obstacles becoming who you were meant to be.
Offering insight in a safe, accepting environment can be a game changer. In this loud and confusing time we live in it's important to explore your internal resources, acknowledge your own wisdom and develop the skills you lack. That's what we do in my practice. The goal of treatment is to empower you in every way to take control of your life and soar above the obstacles becoming who you were meant to be.
(253) 242-8990 View (253) 242-8990
Photo of Melissa Byrd, Counselor in 98002, WA
Melissa Byrd
Counselor, LMHC, MA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Auburn, WA 98002  (Online Only)
I believe that everyone has to cope with life changes, relationship struggles, substance abuse, and other mental health issues and sometimes, finding a successful way to cope with these changes can be hard. I strive to work collaboratively with people who want help to understand the life changes and develop strategies to cope. Therapeutically, I work with clients from a humanistic, client-centered ideology. However, I do not believe there is only one approach to working with someone and instead prefer to collaborate with clients to find an approach that works for them to make counseling a successful experience.
I believe that everyone has to cope with life changes, relationship struggles, substance abuse, and other mental health issues and sometimes, finding a successful way to cope with these changes can be hard. I strive to work collaboratively with people who want help to understand the life changes and develop strategies to cope. Therapeutically, I work with clients from a humanistic, client-centered ideology. However, I do not believe there is only one approach to working with someone and instead prefer to collaborate with clients to find an approach that works for them to make counseling a successful experience.
(253) 218-4640 View (253) 218-4640
Photo of Lynn Wunder Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist in 98002, WA
Lynn Wunder Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002
Not accepting new clients
Life can be complicated and there are times when outside support is exactly what you need. Therapy offers a safe, supportive environment to address life's challenges. As a Marriage and Family therapist, I work with individuals, couples and families. Therapy involves a commitment of time and energy, choosing the right therapist for you is an important first step in seeking the support you need.
Life can be complicated and there are times when outside support is exactly what you need. Therapy offers a safe, supportive environment to address life's challenges. As a Marriage and Family therapist, I work with individuals, couples and families. Therapy involves a commitment of time and energy, choosing the right therapist for you is an important first step in seeking the support you need.
(253) 655-2795 View (253) 655-2795
Photo of Gaaren Anderson MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in 98002, WA
Gaaren Anderson MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, LMFT, LMHC
Verified Verified
Auburn, WA 98002  (Online Only)
We will not try to make you do what somebody else wants you to do. We start with your goals & find ways to help you develop the necessary skills. We have found that, if a person's individual wishes are not represented in the solution, it will not work in the long run. So there is a strong emphasis on helping each person take responsibility and control over their own happiness. Some things are better handled individually, and some things are better handled with both people in the room. Our unique blend of individual & couples therapy is quite effective.
We will not try to make you do what somebody else wants you to do. We start with your goals & find ways to help you develop the necessary skills. We have found that, if a person's individual wishes are not represented in the solution, it will not work in the long run. So there is a strong emphasis on helping each person take responsibility and control over their own happiness. Some things are better handled individually, and some things are better handled with both people in the room. Our unique blend of individual & couples therapy is quite effective.
(206) 745-0931 View (206) 745-0931

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 98002

20+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 98002 who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
90% Depression
79% Coping Skills
76% Relationship Issues
72% Self Esteem
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% Regence
75% Premera
65% Aetna

How Therapists in 98002 see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
21% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 98002?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.