Therapists in 97207

Photo of Scott Vignola, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, YT200
Scott Vignola
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, YT200
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
My work focuses on addressing cycles of inner and relational conflict by bringing difficult, challenging material into focus in a way that enables you to stay grounded and focused. For many of us, childhood experiences wherein we were never fully seen or were actively abused, may have left us confused, hurt, and alone. Those early experiences can often lead to repeating destructive patterns of behavior that originated when we were young.
My work focuses on addressing cycles of inner and relational conflict by bringing difficult, challenging material into focus in a way that enables you to stay grounded and focused. For many of us, childhood experiences wherein we were never fully seen or were actively abused, may have left us confused, hurt, and alone. Those early experiences can often lead to repeating destructive patterns of behavior that originated when we were young.
(503) 455-7826 View (503) 455-7826
Photo of Emily Silverman, Psychologist, PhD
Emily Silverman
Psychologist, PhD
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
You are too hard on yourself, holding yourself to unrealistic standards. Others tell you you are “too sensitive” and “overly emotional,” or you hold your emotions in tightly to protect yourself. You feel stuck in your life and relationships, getting in your own way with the negative, self-defeating stories you tell yourself. I believe that people are inherently resilient. Using a supportive and empowering approach, I work with individuals to tap into their inner resources, learning new coping strategies and coming to better understanding themselves and their relationships in order to move forward and reach their full potential.
You are too hard on yourself, holding yourself to unrealistic standards. Others tell you you are “too sensitive” and “overly emotional,” or you hold your emotions in tightly to protect yourself. You feel stuck in your life and relationships, getting in your own way with the negative, self-defeating stories you tell yourself. I believe that people are inherently resilient. Using a supportive and empowering approach, I work with individuals to tap into their inner resources, learning new coping strategies and coming to better understanding themselves and their relationships in order to move forward and reach their full potential.
(971) 442-9594 View (971) 442-9594
Photo of Erica Gierman, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
Erica Gierman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, MFT
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
Most of my clients are seeking to feel better, to accept themselves, to feel empowered, and to truly enjoy their lives. I am licensed in OR and CA. I utilize a holistic approach to healing that addresses people on all levels (body, mind and soul). I love blending psychology and spirituality. Many clients come to me for hypnosis to overcome fears such as fear of flying, or to enhance confidence for auditions and performances. I enjoy working with clients to improve areas of their life they might be struggling with and to release old patterns of thought and behavior that no longer serve them.
Most of my clients are seeking to feel better, to accept themselves, to feel empowered, and to truly enjoy their lives. I am licensed in OR and CA. I utilize a holistic approach to healing that addresses people on all levels (body, mind and soul). I love blending psychology and spirituality. Many clients come to me for hypnosis to overcome fears such as fear of flying, or to enhance confidence for auditions and performances. I enjoy working with clients to improve areas of their life they might be struggling with and to release old patterns of thought and behavior that no longer serve them.
(310) 692-9361 View (310) 692-9361
Photo of Mo Esperilla - Northpoint Recovery - Idaho, Licensed Master Social Worker
Northpoint Recovery - Idaho
Licensed Master Social Worker
Serves Area
Northpoint Recovery provides a safe, therapeutic space for those struggling with addiction to begin healing. Our Joint Commission-accredited facility offers 24/7 medically supervised detox and residential treatment that addresses both substance use and co-occurring mental health conditions. We offer holistic, evidence-based care with expert staff, a low patient-to-staff ratio, a variety of therapies, and fresh meals. Our outpatient programs and strong alumni community support your long-term recovery.
Northpoint Recovery provides a safe, therapeutic space for those struggling with addiction to begin healing. Our Joint Commission-accredited facility offers 24/7 medically supervised detox and residential treatment that addresses both substance use and co-occurring mental health conditions. We offer holistic, evidence-based care with expert staff, a low patient-to-staff ratio, a variety of therapies, and fresh meals. Our outpatient programs and strong alumni community support your long-term recovery.
(208) 768-3591 View (208) 768-3591
Photo of Brad Dehler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, QMHP, LMHP, CCSOT, LCSW
Brad Dehler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, QMHP, LMHP, CCSOT, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I have worked with varied populations throughout Louisiana and Oregon; most often with male & female adults, couples, adolescents, and children ages 7-11. I have addressed multiple varied needs including sexual dysfunction, gang activity, drug use, domestic violence, PTSD, personality, mood disorders as well as relationship issues. **Education: I have a bachelor's degree (4 years) in Psychology (Oregon State University, Corvallis). I also have (one year) education (Holy Cross College, New Orleans, Louisiana) in Marriage and Family Therapy. I acquired a master's degree in Social Work (3 year master's program) from Portland State University in Portland, Oregon.
I have worked with varied populations throughout Louisiana and Oregon; most often with male & female adults, couples, adolescents, and children ages 7-11. I have addressed multiple varied needs including sexual dysfunction, gang activity, drug use, domestic violence, PTSD, personality, mood disorders as well as relationship issues. **Education: I have a bachelor's degree (4 years) in Psychology (Oregon State University, Corvallis). I also have (one year) education (Holy Cross College, New Orleans, Louisiana) in Marriage and Family Therapy. I acquired a master's degree in Social Work (3 year master's program) from Portland State University in Portland, Oregon.
(541) 846-4075 View (541) 846-4075
Photo of Wren Christine Anderson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Wren Christine Anderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
Currently I work with people struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, life transitions, addictions, and grief. While I have received training in a number of approaches, my goal is to offer you interventions and tools that best fit for you. I am most influenced by IFS, DBT, EMDR, Somatic Experiencing, Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, Mindfulness, and Expressive Art Therapy. I look through the lens of trauma, and I take a behaviorally specific approach to support experiences of transformation into long term change and growth. You can expect to have tools and skills to practice in between session to support your work.
Currently I work with people struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, life transitions, addictions, and grief. While I have received training in a number of approaches, my goal is to offer you interventions and tools that best fit for you. I am most influenced by IFS, DBT, EMDR, Somatic Experiencing, Sensorimotor Psychotherapy, Mindfulness, and Expressive Art Therapy. I look through the lens of trauma, and I take a behaviorally specific approach to support experiences of transformation into long term change and growth. You can expect to have tools and skills to practice in between session to support your work.
(971) 414-3413 View (971) 414-3413
Photo of Peter Crabtree, Psychologist, PsyD
Peter Crabtree
Psychologist, PsyD
Serves Area
Hello there. I have been in practice providing psychotherapy to adults and adolescents since 1994. Some clients see me briefly for focused concerns such as life transitions or work/school issues. Others who seek my help have been struggling with longer term depression/anxiety, effects of past trauma, or problematic relationship patterns, for many years. In either case I work from a psychoanalytic framework, using the power of the here and now therapy relationship to explore how peoples' unconscious thoughts color their experience of themselves and others. Over time this work often leads to deep, lasting life changes.
Hello there. I have been in practice providing psychotherapy to adults and adolescents since 1994. Some clients see me briefly for focused concerns such as life transitions or work/school issues. Others who seek my help have been struggling with longer term depression/anxiety, effects of past trauma, or problematic relationship patterns, for many years. In either case I work from a psychoanalytic framework, using the power of the here and now therapy relationship to explore how peoples' unconscious thoughts color their experience of themselves and others. Over time this work often leads to deep, lasting life changes.
(503) 308-8930 View (503) 308-8930
Photo of Tiffany McCleary, Psychologist, PsyD
Tiffany McCleary
Psychologist, PsyD
Serves Area
I integrate current research and traditional approaches to help clients reduce distress, improve daily functioning, and find fulfillment. Many clients I work with benefit from learning specific skills for stress management and interpersonal effectiveness. Others explore broader issues related to clarifying values and personal growth. In addition, I offer neurofeedback as another tool to train the brain to self-regulate, which can improve symptoms by promoting healthier patterns of brain activity.
I integrate current research and traditional approaches to help clients reduce distress, improve daily functioning, and find fulfillment. Many clients I work with benefit from learning specific skills for stress management and interpersonal effectiveness. Others explore broader issues related to clarifying values and personal growth. In addition, I offer neurofeedback as another tool to train the brain to self-regulate, which can improve symptoms by promoting healthier patterns of brain activity.
(503) 894-5807 View (503) 894-5807
Photo of Jeffrey Post-Holmberg, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Jeffrey Post-Holmberg
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
At Two Rivers Counseling, I offer professional therapeutic services for four different populations: 1) Couples in grief and loss. 2) Families experiencing difficulties. 3) Individuals suffering from traumatic experiences. 4) Men of all ages, making tough life decisions. My approach to therapeutic change emphasizes the interconnections and secure attachments between people, the stories that we create for ourselves, and the mending of dysfunctional thought patterns.
At Two Rivers Counseling, I offer professional therapeutic services for four different populations: 1) Couples in grief and loss. 2) Families experiencing difficulties. 3) Individuals suffering from traumatic experiences. 4) Men of all ages, making tough life decisions. My approach to therapeutic change emphasizes the interconnections and secure attachments between people, the stories that we create for ourselves, and the mending of dysfunctional thought patterns.
(208) 273-9603 View (208) 273-9603
Photo of Keriann Holsinger, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MFT-A, QMHP
Keriann Holsinger
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MFT-A, QMHP
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Keriann is dedicated to helping individuals, couples, and families reconnect with their inherent worth, heal relational wounds, and cultivate emotional safety - both within themselves and in their relationships. Each session is tailored to meet you exactly where you are, with a focus on attunement and practical steps forward. Her approach weaves together attachment theory, parts work, and relational insight. Together, you will explore your early attachment experiences, uncover the protective parts that have helped you survive, and build the tools needed for emotional resilience and meaningful connection.
Keriann is dedicated to helping individuals, couples, and families reconnect with their inherent worth, heal relational wounds, and cultivate emotional safety - both within themselves and in their relationships. Each session is tailored to meet you exactly where you are, with a focus on attunement and practical steps forward. Her approach weaves together attachment theory, parts work, and relational insight. Together, you will explore your early attachment experiences, uncover the protective parts that have helped you survive, and build the tools needed for emotional resilience and meaningful connection.
(971) 471-2150 View (971) 471-2150
Photo of Joey Ellen Kramer O'Connell, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MFT
Joey Ellen Kramer O'Connell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MFT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
All families experience transitions, and even positive change can cause stress. I employ an eclectic approach with a strong emphasis on attachment, structural, and solution-focused family therapies. I work with young children and their caregivers to form secure attachments early on. This leads to more effective communication and problem solving patterns and a higher level of resilience down the road. My work tends to be short term and builds on the existing strengths of your family. My work with couples is attachment informed as we look at past and current relationships to elucidate our most fulfilling ways of connecting.
All families experience transitions, and even positive change can cause stress. I employ an eclectic approach with a strong emphasis on attachment, structural, and solution-focused family therapies. I work with young children and their caregivers to form secure attachments early on. This leads to more effective communication and problem solving patterns and a higher level of resilience down the road. My work tends to be short term and builds on the existing strengths of your family. My work with couples is attachment informed as we look at past and current relationships to elucidate our most fulfilling ways of connecting.
(503) 766-5894 View (503) 766-5894
Photo of Donald D Cohen - Donald D. Cohen, Ph.D., Psychologist, MSW, PhD
Donald D. Cohen, Ph.D.
Psychologist, MSW, PhD
Serves Area
I am interested in helping people with primary attachment issues. I work with couples dealing directly with their attachment problems with each other. I work with individuals who are looking internally to figure out their obstacles to developing intimate partnerships. In both my individual and couples work I usually explore the family of origin as one source of understanding and improving love relationships. My style is collaborative and exploratory while I maintain a hopefully transparent point of view. I look at psychotherapy as an unusual conversation where both people are focused on one to help that person grow and change.
I am interested in helping people with primary attachment issues. I work with couples dealing directly with their attachment problems with each other. I work with individuals who are looking internally to figure out their obstacles to developing intimate partnerships. In both my individual and couples work I usually explore the family of origin as one source of understanding and improving love relationships. My style is collaborative and exploratory while I maintain a hopefully transparent point of view. I look at psychotherapy as an unusual conversation where both people are focused on one to help that person grow and change.
(503) 336-9737 View (503) 336-9737
Photo of Lorin Pritts, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Lorin Pritts
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Serves Area
My goal is to empower those who often find themselves in the margins in our society. I have spent my entire career working with queer, trans, and neurodiverse individuals and families. I work with folks in an affirming and trauma-informed way that integrates principles of justice and equity. I have also worked extensively with cult survivors and others who have experienced Complex Trauma. As an eclectic therapist, I recognize that everyone engages in therapy differently and I will work with you to find the tools that work for you.
My goal is to empower those who often find themselves in the margins in our society. I have spent my entire career working with queer, trans, and neurodiverse individuals and families. I work with folks in an affirming and trauma-informed way that integrates principles of justice and equity. I have also worked extensively with cult survivors and others who have experienced Complex Trauma. As an eclectic therapist, I recognize that everyone engages in therapy differently and I will work with you to find the tools that work for you.
(971) 800-2364 View (971) 800-2364
Photo of Robin Lieberman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Robin Lieberman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Serves Area
I have been practicing psychotherapy in Portland, Oregon for over thirty years. Initially trained as a child and family therapist in the psychodynamic tradition at the University of Michigan, I have since continued to broaden and deepen my experience and skills through further training in and study of Gestalt therapy theory, contemporary psychoanalysis, Collaborative Couple Therapy, anthroposophy, and hatha yoga. Please feel free to check my website for more information on everything I offer.
I have been practicing psychotherapy in Portland, Oregon for over thirty years. Initially trained as a child and family therapist in the psychodynamic tradition at the University of Michigan, I have since continued to broaden and deepen my experience and skills through further training in and study of Gestalt therapy theory, contemporary psychoanalysis, Collaborative Couple Therapy, anthroposophy, and hatha yoga. Please feel free to check my website for more information on everything I offer.
(503) 683-7067 View (503) 683-7067
Photo of Stephanie Stockham-Ronollo, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, RPT, NCC
Stephanie Stockham-Ronollo
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, RPT, NCC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
If you’re here, you might be scrolling through therapist profiles wondering if therapy can actually help — or if you’ll just end up retelling your story again without things really changing. After doing this work for over 15 years, I can honestly say I’ve witnessed profound, transformational shifts in people’s lives. Not because therapy fixes you, but because when the right approaches meet the right timing, your mind and body can finally process what they’ve been carrying. If you live with OCD or PTSD, your system may feel stuck in survival mode. Intrusive thoughts repeat. Your body reacts before logic can catch up.
If you’re here, you might be scrolling through therapist profiles wondering if therapy can actually help — or if you’ll just end up retelling your story again without things really changing. After doing this work for over 15 years, I can honestly say I’ve witnessed profound, transformational shifts in people’s lives. Not because therapy fixes you, but because when the right approaches meet the right timing, your mind and body can finally process what they’ve been carrying. If you live with OCD or PTSD, your system may feel stuck in survival mode. Intrusive thoughts repeat. Your body reacts before logic can catch up.
(541) 209-5771 View (541) 209-5771
Photo of Pepita L Payne, Psychologist, PsyD
Pepita L Payne
Psychologist, PsyD
Serves Area
People come to therapy for many different reasons. Perhaps you wish to know yourself better or to understand what is happening in your relationships. Sometimes depression or anxiety become unmanageable. Emotional pain and suffering are normal aspects of life but it is possible to achieve a more balanced and resilient emotional state and more fulfilling relationships.
People come to therapy for many different reasons. Perhaps you wish to know yourself better or to understand what is happening in your relationships. Sometimes depression or anxiety become unmanageable. Emotional pain and suffering are normal aspects of life but it is possible to achieve a more balanced and resilient emotional state and more fulfilling relationships.
(971) 351-3392 View (971) 351-3392
Photo of Veronica Shiu Knight, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, MSW, LICSW, LCSW
Veronica Shiu Knight
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, MSW, LICSW, LCSW
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you of Asian descent and working hard to navigate life between different cultures? Perhaps you are a helping professional supporting the BIPOC community? Do you find yourself feeling more stressed and worried in the recent months? If so, I may be able to help. In a culture where hard work and independence are highly valued and even esteemed, getting the support that we need can be hard. At Plum Blossom, we believe that a safe and welcoming community in which you feel seen and heard is instrumental for personal healing and growth.
Are you of Asian descent and working hard to navigate life between different cultures? Perhaps you are a helping professional supporting the BIPOC community? Do you find yourself feeling more stressed and worried in the recent months? If so, I may be able to help. In a culture where hard work and independence are highly valued and even esteemed, getting the support that we need can be hard. At Plum Blossom, we believe that a safe and welcoming community in which you feel seen and heard is instrumental for personal healing and growth.
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Photo of Justine Lockhart, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Justine Lockhart
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Are you tired of feeling like you are reliving your past trauma and stuck in fight, flight, freeze, or fawn mode? Drained from people pleasing and feeling like you have to be "perfect” and meanwhile feeling unfulfilled with relationships, work, and difficulty realizing what you truly want? I help adults with anxiety, OCD, and trauma break free from patterns that keep them feeling stuck. I will help you reconnect with your values, regulate your nervous system, and feel like your authentic self.
Are you tired of feeling like you are reliving your past trauma and stuck in fight, flight, freeze, or fawn mode? Drained from people pleasing and feeling like you have to be "perfect” and meanwhile feeling unfulfilled with relationships, work, and difficulty realizing what you truly want? I help adults with anxiety, OCD, and trauma break free from patterns that keep them feeling stuck. I will help you reconnect with your values, regulate your nervous system, and feel like your authentic self.
(971) 318-2468 View (971) 318-2468
Photo of Sean M Stewart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sean M Stewart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I'm Sean, a clinical psychotherapist with over 10 years of walking alongside people in some of the toughest and most beautiful moments of their lives. Whether it’s anxiety that keeps you small, relationships that hurt more than they heal, old wounds that still steer the ship, depression, burnout, or the simple feeling that “there has to be more than this”; whatever it is, we’ll face it together, at your pace, with whatever approach serves you best in this moment.
I'm Sean, a clinical psychotherapist with over 10 years of walking alongside people in some of the toughest and most beautiful moments of their lives. Whether it’s anxiety that keeps you small, relationships that hurt more than they heal, old wounds that still steer the ship, depression, burnout, or the simple feeling that “there has to be more than this”; whatever it is, we’ll face it together, at your pace, with whatever approach serves you best in this moment.
(971) 376-8808 View (971) 376-8808
Photo of Stacie Elkins, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Stacie Elkins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Online Only
You may be feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or unsure how to navigate the many layers of your identity. Many of my clients are queer and BIPOC individuals seeking support for depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, or relationship stress. I also work with couples who feel stuck, unheard, or unsure how to reconnect. Whether you’re moving through depression or anxiety, healing from grief or trauma, exploring gender or sexuality, or untangling relationship dynamics, I’m here to walk with you—not ahead of you.
You may be feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or unsure how to navigate the many layers of your identity. Many of my clients are queer and BIPOC individuals seeking support for depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, or relationship stress. I also work with couples who feel stuck, unheard, or unsure how to reconnect. Whether you’re moving through depression or anxiety, healing from grief or trauma, exploring gender or sexuality, or untangling relationship dynamics, I’m here to walk with you—not ahead of you.
(503) 308-7783 View (503) 308-7783

See more therapy options for 97207

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 97207

30+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in 97207 who prioritize treating:

88% Relationship Issues
88% Depression
88% Anxiety
88% Trauma and PTSD
81% Self Esteem
72% Grief
69% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% BlueCross and BlueShield
60% PacificSource
56% Aetna

How Therapists in 97207 see their clients

59% In Person and Online
41% Online Only

Gender breakdown

70% Female
27% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 97207?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.