Therapists in 95974

Photo of Stephanie Lynn Fowler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Stephanie Lynn Fowler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
Are you feeling hopeless, depressed, or discouraged in life? I can help. I am a licensed clinical social worker who has worked in the mental health field for more than 10 years. I serve individuals (adults, teenagers, children) and couples to help them feel better about themselves and the life they have been given. I can help you find the resources and teach you the skills to cope with life.
Are you feeling hopeless, depressed, or discouraged in life? I can help. I am a licensed clinical social worker who has worked in the mental health field for more than 10 years. I serve individuals (adults, teenagers, children) and couples to help them feel better about themselves and the life they have been given. I can help you find the resources and teach you the skills to cope with life.
(530) 441-0343 View (530) 441-0343

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Dr. Benjamin T Seigler, Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, MS, MFT, GC-C, CGC-C
Dr. Benjamin T Seigler
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, MS, MFT, GC-C, CGC-C
5 Endorsed
Yuba City, CA 95991
Are you tired of arguing and fighting with your child? Does it feel like your child isn't heading in the direction in life that you had hoped? Have you or your child lost someone important? My name is Ben Seigler and I have devoted my life to helping families just like yours. I enjoy providing family therapy, individual therapy, and couples or marital therapy.
Are you tired of arguing and fighting with your child? Does it feel like your child isn't heading in the direction in life that you had hoped? Have you or your child lost someone important? My name is Ben Seigler and I have devoted my life to helping families just like yours. I enjoy providing family therapy, individual therapy, and couples or marital therapy.
(530) 423-3041 View (530) 423-3041
Photo of Blake Nicole Ellis, Associate Clinical Social Worker, MSW , ASW
Blake Nicole Ellis
Associate Clinical Social Worker, MSW , ASW
3 Endorsed
Chico, CA 95973
I love working with adults and adolescents navigating depression, anxiety, grief, life transitions, recovery, chronic illness, and existential crises. I specialize in Ecotherapy—outdoor therapy, forest bathing, and nature-based practices. I'm passionate about supporting those impacted by wildfire trauma, climate anxiety, and ecological grief, or anyone seeking deeper connection with nature and community. As a Type 2 Wildland Firefighter, I welcome working with firefighters and fire practitioners. Rooted in social justice, I honor how systemic issues shape us and believe healing means reclaiming power and embracing interconnection.
I love working with adults and adolescents navigating depression, anxiety, grief, life transitions, recovery, chronic illness, and existential crises. I specialize in Ecotherapy—outdoor therapy, forest bathing, and nature-based practices. I'm passionate about supporting those impacted by wildfire trauma, climate anxiety, and ecological grief, or anyone seeking deeper connection with nature and community. As a Type 2 Wildland Firefighter, I welcome working with firefighters and fire practitioners. Rooted in social justice, I honor how systemic issues shape us and believe healing means reclaiming power and embracing interconnection.
(530) 291-2184 View (530) 291-2184
Photo of Dania M Martinez, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Dania M Martinez
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Chico, CA 95973
Have you been feeling depressed, anxious or just overwhelmed with life? Are you ready for change? My goal as a therapist is to inspire motivation and purpose, and to support individuals and families in reaching their goals. when circumstances seem impossible, my aim is to help you find the tools you need to overcome life's challenges. I work diligently to empower individuals to look inward to find a sense of confidence and purpose. Watching people grow, while discovering their true selves and their life potential, is a very rewarding experience for me.
Have you been feeling depressed, anxious or just overwhelmed with life? Are you ready for change? My goal as a therapist is to inspire motivation and purpose, and to support individuals and families in reaching their goals. when circumstances seem impossible, my aim is to help you find the tools you need to overcome life's challenges. I work diligently to empower individuals to look inward to find a sense of confidence and purpose. Watching people grow, while discovering their true selves and their life potential, is a very rewarding experience for me.
(424) 379-5249 View (424) 379-5249
Photo of Laura Skaggs, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Laura Skaggs
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Chico, CA 95926
Has depression, anxiety, trauma or just day-to-day life got in the way of you living your happiest and most fulfilled life? Or maybe work, school, friends or family have become overwhelming? Are you ready to take back some of your power and get on the path to feeling better? Well then welcome! My goal as a therapist is to help you get back to feeling your best self while working through some of the stress and difficulties that life often throws at us. I truly believe everyone has the capability to heal, change, grow and learn - we sometimes just need a little help to get us there.
Has depression, anxiety, trauma or just day-to-day life got in the way of you living your happiest and most fulfilled life? Or maybe work, school, friends or family have become overwhelming? Are you ready to take back some of your power and get on the path to feeling better? Well then welcome! My goal as a therapist is to help you get back to feeling your best self while working through some of the stress and difficulties that life often throws at us. I truly believe everyone has the capability to heal, change, grow and learn - we sometimes just need a little help to get us there.
(530) 789-3114 View (530) 789-3114
Photo of Mishell Knoess, Associate Clinical Social Worker, MSW, ACSW
Mishell Knoess
Associate Clinical Social Worker, MSW, ACSW
2 Endorsed
Chico, CA 95926
I have New Client Openings! Have you ever felt like the odd one out in a world that seems to march to a different beat? Perhaps you've been told you're a bit eccentric, a whirlwind of creativity and wit, yet at times, you've felt like a bull in a china shop, navigating life's delicate moments with a touch of unpredictability. Maybe whispers of ADHD or ADD have reached your ears, but the labels don't quite align with your unique journey through adulthood.
I have New Client Openings! Have you ever felt like the odd one out in a world that seems to march to a different beat? Perhaps you've been told you're a bit eccentric, a whirlwind of creativity and wit, yet at times, you've felt like a bull in a china shop, navigating life's delicate moments with a touch of unpredictability. Maybe whispers of ADHD or ADD have reached your ears, but the labels don't quite align with your unique journey through adulthood.
(530) 625-7909 View (530) 625-7909
Kari Silva
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, AMFT
3 Endorsed
Chico, CA 95973
Hi! I'm Kari, and I hope to build a collaborative therapeutic relationship with you. I focus on relationship building and learning about your needs as a client rather than strict modalities. Building coping strategies, interrupting disruptive patterns, and helping to strengthen a sense of meaning are among the things we can work on together.
Hi! I'm Kari, and I hope to build a collaborative therapeutic relationship with you. I focus on relationship building and learning about your needs as a client rather than strict modalities. Building coping strategies, interrupting disruptive patterns, and helping to strengthen a sense of meaning are among the things we can work on together.
(530) 999-5986 View (530) 999-5986
Photo of Gale Dixon Brown, Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT
Gale Dixon Brown
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT
Chico, CA 95928
Medi-Cal Anthem Blue Cross provider and Medi-Cal California Health and Wellness provider. I'm a very good listener, nonjudgmental, and have much compassion for people who are hurting. . Traumatic experiences in my family of the suicide of my brother, loss of my sister in a car accident that left me critically injured, and having a twin brother who suffered with schizophrenia has made me a strong, empathetic, and trusting therapist. Albeit, its been a tough road, but shedding many ineffective beliefs, myths, and taboos I learned from my family and society I have let go.
Medi-Cal Anthem Blue Cross provider and Medi-Cal California Health and Wellness provider. I'm a very good listener, nonjudgmental, and have much compassion for people who are hurting. . Traumatic experiences in my family of the suicide of my brother, loss of my sister in a car accident that left me critically injured, and having a twin brother who suffered with schizophrenia has made me a strong, empathetic, and trusting therapist. Albeit, its been a tough road, but shedding many ineffective beliefs, myths, and taboos I learned from my family and society I have let go.
(530) 433-5423 View (530) 433-5423
Photo of Kelly T Cibart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, VMRC
Kelly T Cibart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, VMRC
Chico, CA 95926
I am a holistic therapist who focuses on re- empowerment of the people I work with. Instead of looking at symptoms in isolation, I zoom out and look at the entire person as a whole putting critical thought into the “why?” of symptoms. My experience has given me the ability to view all of the major elements of life, and “see” where the imbalance is. We will evaluate and give space for psychoeducation around factors such as diet, sleep, movement, work, school, relationships, environment, historical facts, and thoughts with high level goals to significantly reduce or eliminate symptoms versus managing them.
I am a holistic therapist who focuses on re- empowerment of the people I work with. Instead of looking at symptoms in isolation, I zoom out and look at the entire person as a whole putting critical thought into the “why?” of symptoms. My experience has given me the ability to view all of the major elements of life, and “see” where the imbalance is. We will evaluate and give space for psychoeducation around factors such as diet, sleep, movement, work, school, relationships, environment, historical facts, and thoughts with high level goals to significantly reduce or eliminate symptoms versus managing them.
(530) 683-3484 View (530) 683-3484
Photo of Hunter McCall, Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
Hunter McCall
Pre-Licensed Professional, MFT
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you tired? Drained by what the world has thrown at you and in need of some support? Well I’ve got good news because that’s my job! I’m Hunter and I’m here to help. I approach therapy in a casual and conversational manner while still being right there with you through the heavy topics. Everyone goes at their own pace and together we can explore uncharted territory in a safe and steady journey towards who you want to be.
Are you tired? Drained by what the world has thrown at you and in need of some support? Well I’ve got good news because that’s my job! I’m Hunter and I’m here to help. I approach therapy in a casual and conversational manner while still being right there with you through the heavy topics. Everyone goes at their own pace and together we can explore uncharted territory in a safe and steady journey towards who you want to be.
(949) 676-1763 View (949) 676-1763
Photo of Max Anne Zachai, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Max Anne Zachai
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Chico, CA 95926
If you are looking for a therapist, I imagine it's because things are pretty hard right now. Maybe they have felt hard for a long time and you're struggling to believe things will get better. I believe everyone has the wisdom and capacity for healing within them, but I also know sometimes you need help to tap into those places. If you are looking for a compassionate, supportive person to help you find your way through these hard times, I'm here. I believe in a collaborative approach, working with each client to develop a therapeutic style to meet their unique needs.
If you are looking for a therapist, I imagine it's because things are pretty hard right now. Maybe they have felt hard for a long time and you're struggling to believe things will get better. I believe everyone has the wisdom and capacity for healing within them, but I also know sometimes you need help to tap into those places. If you are looking for a compassionate, supportive person to help you find your way through these hard times, I'm here. I believe in a collaborative approach, working with each client to develop a therapeutic style to meet their unique needs.
(530) 430-3281 View (530) 430-3281
Photo of Genesee H Salamon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EFT, PPSC
Genesee H Salamon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EFT, PPSC
1 Endorsed
Chico, CA 95926
Do you look “put together” on the outside while quietly struggling inside? Anxiety, perfectionism, trauma, and restless nights can leave you drained, overwhelmed, and doubting yourself. It’s exhausting to appear capable while feeling stuck and depleted. I understand how heavy it feels to carry this alone. Therapy can be a safe, non-judgmental space to stabilize your well-being, restore balance, and build resilience. I integrate CBT and trauma-informed care with energy psychology, somatic work, and EFT. You are worthy of calm, rest, and peace — and together we can create it.
Do you look “put together” on the outside while quietly struggling inside? Anxiety, perfectionism, trauma, and restless nights can leave you drained, overwhelmed, and doubting yourself. It’s exhausting to appear capable while feeling stuck and depleted. I understand how heavy it feels to carry this alone. Therapy can be a safe, non-judgmental space to stabilize your well-being, restore balance, and build resilience. I integrate CBT and trauma-informed care with energy psychology, somatic work, and EFT. You are worthy of calm, rest, and peace — and together we can create it.
(530) 723-1570 View (530) 723-1570
Photo of Emanuel Rodriguez, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Emanuel Rodriguez
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
4 Endorsed
Chico, CA 95926
Do you ever feel like there’s something deeper calling to you—something just out of reach? Maybe you’re struggling to make sense of life’s transitions or you’re feeling stuck and unsure of how to move forward. You might find yourself searching for clarity, meaning, or a way to connect with the parts of yourself that feel hidden. If you’re ready to explore the layers of your inner world, I’m here to guide you. I believe that within each of us lies wisdom waiting to be uncovered. Through our work together we peek through the window into your unconscious mind, revealing insights and truths that can help you reconnect with your purpose.
Do you ever feel like there’s something deeper calling to you—something just out of reach? Maybe you’re struggling to make sense of life’s transitions or you’re feeling stuck and unsure of how to move forward. You might find yourself searching for clarity, meaning, or a way to connect with the parts of yourself that feel hidden. If you’re ready to explore the layers of your inner world, I’m here to guide you. I believe that within each of us lies wisdom waiting to be uncovered. Through our work together we peek through the window into your unconscious mind, revealing insights and truths that can help you reconnect with your purpose.
(530) 429-3990 View (530) 429-3990
Photo of Nicholas Cordova, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Nicholas Cordova
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Chico, CA 95973
Waiting weeks or months for therapy? Not here — I typically see new clients the same week or next. I specialize in helping people facing poor self-esteem, life stress, anxiety, depression, anger, grief and loss, substance abuse, parenting difficulties, and marital/relationship problems. I am also a trauma sub-specialist with formal EMDR training. I have worked in wide a variety of clinical settings, helping people navigate a range of issues from everyday stress to the most overwhelming life challenges.
Waiting weeks or months for therapy? Not here — I typically see new clients the same week or next. I specialize in helping people facing poor self-esteem, life stress, anxiety, depression, anger, grief and loss, substance abuse, parenting difficulties, and marital/relationship problems. I am also a trauma sub-specialist with formal EMDR training. I have worked in wide a variety of clinical settings, helping people navigate a range of issues from everyday stress to the most overwhelming life challenges.
(530) 287-6928 View (530) 287-6928
Photo of Elyse Davis, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Elyse Davis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
3 Endorsed
Yuba City, CA 95993
Thank you for considering the hard choice in asking for support. I love to empower people! I want to help you find yourself and the peace you crave. Do you have emotionally, psychologically abusive people in your life? Would you even know if you did? Let me help you feel amazing about yourself, find yourself, love your body, learn boundaries so that you have incredible supports surrounding you, cheering you on to find the best version of you. I consider myself kind of a Vulture, I want to help you clean up the mess others have left behind, and guide you into making things better than you originally found yourself.
Thank you for considering the hard choice in asking for support. I love to empower people! I want to help you find yourself and the peace you crave. Do you have emotionally, psychologically abusive people in your life? Would you even know if you did? Let me help you feel amazing about yourself, find yourself, love your body, learn boundaries so that you have incredible supports surrounding you, cheering you on to find the best version of you. I consider myself kind of a Vulture, I want to help you clean up the mess others have left behind, and guide you into making things better than you originally found yourself.
(530) 803-5220 View (530) 803-5220
Michele Lando
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Chico, CA 95926
We are all capable of learning to navigate life's challenges with increasing ease. During times of stress and uncertainty, relational therapy becomes an attuned container for healing and growth. I believe in your capacity to set goals and practice strategies to feel more secure and hopeful. Together, we will balance and regulate insight to shift habitual patterns. I utilize training in Brainspotting and Mindful Awareness in Body-Oriented Therapy. Techniques in session support healing through integrative trauma-informed interventions, mindful co-regulation, narrative therapy, and internal family systems attachment practices.
We are all capable of learning to navigate life's challenges with increasing ease. During times of stress and uncertainty, relational therapy becomes an attuned container for healing and growth. I believe in your capacity to set goals and practice strategies to feel more secure and hopeful. Together, we will balance and regulate insight to shift habitual patterns. I utilize training in Brainspotting and Mindful Awareness in Body-Oriented Therapy. Techniques in session support healing through integrative trauma-informed interventions, mindful co-regulation, narrative therapy, and internal family systems attachment practices.
(510) 983-7554 View (510) 983-7554
Photo of Holly Adema - Holly Adema, LCSW Ascend Counseling Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Holly Adema, LCSW Ascend Counseling Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
4 Endorsed
Chico, CA 95926
Hello and welcome. Are you experiencing stress or changes in your life causing overwhelm? Maybe your mood or behaviors are interfering with your job, relationship(s), or other important areas of your life. I believe humans are resilient and capable of great change. It is my goal to offer an empowering, client-centered approach to therapy that is tailored to meet the needs of each individual.
Hello and welcome. Are you experiencing stress or changes in your life causing overwhelm? Maybe your mood or behaviors are interfering with your job, relationship(s), or other important areas of your life. I believe humans are resilient and capable of great change. It is my goal to offer an empowering, client-centered approach to therapy that is tailored to meet the needs of each individual.
(530) 207-8945 View (530) 207-8945
Photo of Abigail Walker, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Abigail Walker
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
4 Endorsed
Serves Area
Welcome, I’m Abby and beyond theories, I offer my humanity – a fellow traveler on the path of growth and self-discovery. I believe that healing happens through connection, and I'm committed to creating a space where you feel truly seen, heard, and valued. I believe we require less fixing and more untangling from our problem stories. My person-centered approach focuses on your desired outcomes, inviting you to show up fully as you are. Together, we'll explore your life stories, shining a light on your abilities to help you develop strategies to overcome what you are facing.
Welcome, I’m Abby and beyond theories, I offer my humanity – a fellow traveler on the path of growth and self-discovery. I believe that healing happens through connection, and I'm committed to creating a space where you feel truly seen, heard, and valued. I believe we require less fixing and more untangling from our problem stories. My person-centered approach focuses on your desired outcomes, inviting you to show up fully as you are. Together, we'll explore your life stories, shining a light on your abilities to help you develop strategies to overcome what you are facing.
(916) 229-6865 View (916) 229-6865
Photo of Elizabeth McGregor, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Elizabeth McGregor
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Chico, CA 95928
Looking for a therapist to help you navigate moving forward with life while living with anxiety, depression, or impacts from trauma? You've come to the right place! You can expect to be listened to and respected while we work together to improve your experience in life. We will assess what's happening and set goals to get you where you want to be. No matter how far off-course you feel, there is hope to turn things around!
Looking for a therapist to help you navigate moving forward with life while living with anxiety, depression, or impacts from trauma? You've come to the right place! You can expect to be listened to and respected while we work together to improve your experience in life. We will assess what's happening and set goals to get you where you want to be. No matter how far off-course you feel, there is hope to turn things around!
(530) 491-4374 View (530) 491-4374
Photo of Julie Raskin-Li, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Julie Raskin-Li
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
6 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! Thank you for dropping by. I am currently waitlisted. Whether you're an individual feeling stuck in old patterns or a couple struggling with disconnection & intimacy, you matter! I support clients in healing from stress and trauma, improving communication, and building healthier relationships. Therapy with me is warm, collaborative, and down-to-earth. If you're ready to grow, reconnect, and create lasting change, I’d be honored to walk alongside you. My ideal clients seek a space to heal, grow, and create new patterns. They are motivated to build confidence, resilience, and more fulfilling relationships.
Hi! Thank you for dropping by. I am currently waitlisted. Whether you're an individual feeling stuck in old patterns or a couple struggling with disconnection & intimacy, you matter! I support clients in healing from stress and trauma, improving communication, and building healthier relationships. Therapy with me is warm, collaborative, and down-to-earth. If you're ready to grow, reconnect, and create lasting change, I’d be honored to walk alongside you. My ideal clients seek a space to heal, grow, and create new patterns. They are motivated to build confidence, resilience, and more fulfilling relationships.
(530) 424-2106 View (530) 424-2106

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 95974

< 10

Therapists in 95974 who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Addiction
100% ADHD
100% Eating Disorders
100% Life Coaching

Average years in practice

14 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Therapists in 95974 see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 95974?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.