Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

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Photo of Viridiana Rodriguez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Viridiana Rodriguez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90024  (Online Only)
My approach in therapy is to uncover a deeper sense of awareness, unlearn core beliefs from childhood, and believe you are deserving of healing. I meet my clients where they are at currently with an approach of challenging them to be a better version of themselves.
My approach in therapy is to uncover a deeper sense of awareness, unlearn core beliefs from childhood, and believe you are deserving of healing. I meet my clients where they are at currently with an approach of challenging them to be a better version of themselves.
(310) 231-6501 View (310) 231-6501
Photo of Eufe De La Torre, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Eufe De La Torre
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90004
Free 20 min initial phone consultation. My work focuses on reconnecting you with what's real and important in your life. When you seem at a loss because you feel disconnected from those around you (spouse, partner, children, friends and family) - I will work with you on finding the root to this distancing. Whether we explore past or recent trauma, family dynamics or address changes in your overall mood, I will provide you with an environment that is safe, secure and comfortable.
Free 20 min initial phone consultation. My work focuses on reconnecting you with what's real and important in your life. When you seem at a loss because you feel disconnected from those around you (spouse, partner, children, friends and family) - I will work with you on finding the root to this distancing. Whether we explore past or recent trauma, family dynamics or address changes in your overall mood, I will provide you with an environment that is safe, secure and comfortable.
(323) 312-5114 View (323) 312-5114
Photo of Carey Louden, LPC Intern in Los Angeles, CA
Carey Louden
LPC Intern, MA, APCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90064
Are you struggling with a life transition, not feeling like "you" recently, or looking to gain better insight into yourself and your behaviors? If so, I would love to help you through that process. In therapy, I will be there to support you unconditionally through your journey and listen without judgement.
Are you struggling with a life transition, not feeling like "you" recently, or looking to gain better insight into yourself and your behaviors? If so, I would love to help you through that process. In therapy, I will be there to support you unconditionally through your journey and listen without judgement.
(310) 882-7284 View (310) 882-7284
Photo of Dr. Bianca Cohan, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Bianca Cohan
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90064
Navigating the complexities of childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood can be both exciting and challenging. I believe in creating a safe, nurturing, and empowering environment for children, teens, and young adults to explore their emotions and experiences. My goal is to help them develop effective coping strategies, build resilience, and ultimately lead more fulfilling lives. I specialize in working with young individuals who are grappling with the challenges of OCD, Anxiety, ADHD, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Navigating the complexities of childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood can be both exciting and challenging. I believe in creating a safe, nurturing, and empowering environment for children, teens, and young adults to explore their emotions and experiences. My goal is to help them develop effective coping strategies, build resilience, and ultimately lead more fulfilling lives. I specialize in working with young individuals who are grappling with the challenges of OCD, Anxiety, ADHD, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
(323) 746-4427 View (323) 746-4427
Photo of Brittany Rushin, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Brittany Rushin
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90071  (Online Only)
Hello! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) in California. I have been in the field since 2012 and licensed since 2016. I have most of my experience in crisis work and trauma-based services. I have experience working with children, teens, young adults, and adults and have provided individual, family, and group therapy services in a variety of settings.
Hello! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) in California. I have been in the field since 2012 and licensed since 2016. I have most of my experience in crisis work and trauma-based services. I have experience working with children, teens, young adults, and adults and have provided individual, family, and group therapy services in a variety of settings.
(562) 539-4549 View (562) 539-4549
Photo of Dr. Marina Costanzo, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Marina Costanzo
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90026  (Online Only)
Hi there, I'm Dr. Marina Costanzo. It can be intimidating to enter (or re-enter) therapy with someone new, and face areas of our lives that we’ve been feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, shameful, stressed, or fearful about. I have a warm and non-judgmental approach to therapy, and hope to facilitate compassion, engagement, and empowerment. I will collaborate with you to provide effective tools for coping in the present, opportunities to safely explore the past, and to build hope, satisfaction, and joy for your future. I value working with clients facing all kinds of difficulties, from everyday stressors to larger concerns.
Hi there, I'm Dr. Marina Costanzo. It can be intimidating to enter (or re-enter) therapy with someone new, and face areas of our lives that we’ve been feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, shameful, stressed, or fearful about. I have a warm and non-judgmental approach to therapy, and hope to facilitate compassion, engagement, and empowerment. I will collaborate with you to provide effective tools for coping in the present, opportunities to safely explore the past, and to build hope, satisfaction, and joy for your future. I value working with clients facing all kinds of difficulties, from everyday stressors to larger concerns.
(760) 490-0285 View (760) 490-0285
Photo of Darrelle Vary, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Darrelle Vary
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90039
Therapy is different for everyone, which is why my approach is rooted in deep care and curiosity for the unique and ongoing stories we each live out on a daily basis. I believe therapy works best when there is a foundation of respect for the individual processes and perspectives of my clients. Therapy is compassionate, collaborative, and calibrated to the needs of each client. It’s a time to experience the essence of listening, of feeling heard, within the setting of the therapeutic relationship. Therapy is a place to restore trust in oneself, and to learn to witness oneself differently.
Therapy is different for everyone, which is why my approach is rooted in deep care and curiosity for the unique and ongoing stories we each live out on a daily basis. I believe therapy works best when there is a foundation of respect for the individual processes and perspectives of my clients. Therapy is compassionate, collaborative, and calibrated to the needs of each client. It’s a time to experience the essence of listening, of feeling heard, within the setting of the therapeutic relationship. Therapy is a place to restore trust in oneself, and to learn to witness oneself differently.
(818) 452-2556 View (818) 452-2556
Photo of Solange Zelman, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Solange Zelman, MFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90026  (Online Only)
Therapy is about exploring, experimenting, discovering, and being vulnerable. In our therapy together you will learn to increase self-compassion and mindfulness, and your ability to sit with uncertainty and bear witness to uncomfortable feelings and body sensations. You will gain awareness of the role negative core beliefs and thoughts have upon mood and learn how to challenge those negative thought patterns. You will learn to set appropriate boundaries by asserting feelings, recognizing wants and needs, and identifying the role shame and guilt might play in causing unhealthy, harmful, stale, and inauthentic behaviors.
Therapy is about exploring, experimenting, discovering, and being vulnerable. In our therapy together you will learn to increase self-compassion and mindfulness, and your ability to sit with uncertainty and bear witness to uncomfortable feelings and body sensations. You will gain awareness of the role negative core beliefs and thoughts have upon mood and learn how to challenge those negative thought patterns. You will learn to set appropriate boundaries by asserting feelings, recognizing wants and needs, and identifying the role shame and guilt might play in causing unhealthy, harmful, stale, and inauthentic behaviors.
(310) 340-2213 View (310) 340-2213
Photo of Dr. Neha Agrawal, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Neha Agrawal
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90025
I currently work with adults, couples, and families. I see therapy as one approach for an intentional practice of self and relational awareness. If you are feeling limited by your own beliefs, expectations or blurry boundaries with others, and/or constructs and constraints imposed by our systems, I want to help empower you to be curious about your potential and purpose in your own life and in the world around you. I like metaphors, so I'll use one now. I see therapy as a bass line, something that maintains a consistent and reliable beat in the background while you improvise, play, and experiment in the foreground.
I currently work with adults, couples, and families. I see therapy as one approach for an intentional practice of self and relational awareness. If you are feeling limited by your own beliefs, expectations or blurry boundaries with others, and/or constructs and constraints imposed by our systems, I want to help empower you to be curious about your potential and purpose in your own life and in the world around you. I like metaphors, so I'll use one now. I see therapy as a bass line, something that maintains a consistent and reliable beat in the background while you improvise, play, and experiment in the foreground.
(310) 564-7392 View (310) 564-7392
Photo of Jayson L. Mystkowski, Psychologist in Los Angeles, CA
Jayson L. Mystkowski
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90036
Dr. Mystkowski (he/his/him) practices within a cognitive-behavioral framework, including mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, compassion-focused therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy, specializing in treating adults with anxiety and mood disorders and relational problems and phase of life transitions. In addition, he has training in the psychological treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), insomnia, and bipolar disorder, as well as an extensive background working with LGBTQ+ clients. Dr. Mystkowski is Board Certified in Behavioral & Cognitive Psychology (ABPP), and is a certified CBT therapist (A-CBT).
Dr. Mystkowski (he/his/him) practices within a cognitive-behavioral framework, including mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, compassion-focused therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy, specializing in treating adults with anxiety and mood disorders and relational problems and phase of life transitions. In addition, he has training in the psychological treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), insomnia, and bipolar disorder, as well as an extensive background working with LGBTQ+ clients. Dr. Mystkowski is Board Certified in Behavioral & Cognitive Psychology (ABPP), and is a certified CBT therapist (A-CBT).
(310) 579-9335 View (310) 579-9335
Photo of Dr. Howard C. Samuels Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Howard C. Samuels Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90028
You want to overcome addiction, substance use disorder, relationship or family issues but don't know how or where to begin.
You want to overcome addiction, substance use disorder, relationship or family issues but don't know how or where to begin.
(323) 693-8521 View (323) 693-8521
Photo of Renae Johnson, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Los Angeles, CA
Renae Johnson
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC, ATR-BC, CCTP
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90026
Not accepting new clients
You feel pulled in a million directions. People in your life and social media tell you how to fix things. But you have so much going on that you don’t know where to start. Your mind runs a million miles a minute, and your mental health suffers. All these demands make you realize you need to work actively on getting and staying better. If you've come this far it means that you are making the choice to take care of yourself and work to lead a healthy life. That is an important decision, and I'm here to help. Therapy provides the dedicated time and attention required to be an energized and authentic you.
You feel pulled in a million directions. People in your life and social media tell you how to fix things. But you have so much going on that you don’t know where to start. Your mind runs a million miles a minute, and your mental health suffers. All these demands make you realize you need to work actively on getting and staying better. If you've come this far it means that you are making the choice to take care of yourself and work to lead a healthy life. That is an important decision, and I'm here to help. Therapy provides the dedicated time and attention required to be an energized and authentic you.
(323) 347-3189 View (323) 347-3189
Photo of Robyn Harrod, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Robyn Harrod
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90004
I have been a practicing LCSW in Los Angeles for close to 30 years. My expertise is in infertility and reproductive counseling and in the field of family building. My goal is to help individuals and couples cope with the challenges of infertility and explore alternative family building options including surrogacy, egg, sperm, or embryo donation, foster care, & adoption. The decision to start your family through alternative means can be one of the most challenging, as well as rewarding experiences in your life. With personal and professional experience, I provide support and compassion, calming the journey's inevitable stresses.
I have been a practicing LCSW in Los Angeles for close to 30 years. My expertise is in infertility and reproductive counseling and in the field of family building. My goal is to help individuals and couples cope with the challenges of infertility and explore alternative family building options including surrogacy, egg, sperm, or embryo donation, foster care, & adoption. The decision to start your family through alternative means can be one of the most challenging, as well as rewarding experiences in your life. With personal and professional experience, I provide support and compassion, calming the journey's inevitable stresses.
(213) 699-4550 View (213) 699-4550
Photo of Lauren Baldwin, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Lauren Baldwin
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CST
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90048  (Online Only)
Are you struggling in your relationship? Does it feel like you keep getting caught in the same fight? Do you love your partner but feel disheartened and disconnected due to conflict? The longing you have for deep connection and closeness is a basic human need. Are you experiencing any kind of issue with sexual functioning? Pain with sex is common, yet commonly misunderstood. Chances are, you want to feel seen, heard, and believed in your experience with pelvic pain and maybe your support system doesn’t quite understand. You may have great medical support, but mind-body integration is critical for lasting pain relief.
Are you struggling in your relationship? Does it feel like you keep getting caught in the same fight? Do you love your partner but feel disheartened and disconnected due to conflict? The longing you have for deep connection and closeness is a basic human need. Are you experiencing any kind of issue with sexual functioning? Pain with sex is common, yet commonly misunderstood. Chances are, you want to feel seen, heard, and believed in your experience with pelvic pain and maybe your support system doesn’t quite understand. You may have great medical support, but mind-body integration is critical for lasting pain relief.
(619) 377-7290 View (619) 377-7290
Photo of Dr. Alysha Thomas, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Alysha Thomas
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90010  (Online Only)
Are you ready to Empower your Mental Health? A key component to our overall wellness, mental health should be cared for with compassion and intent. When we internalize or suppress our emotions and experiences of adversity, we may be faced with lasting emotional trauma that impacts our entire wellbeing. Rest is needed, but it’s also important to not get stuck in this place. By seeking a support outlet, you are taking an important first step towards fostering healthy relationships, independence, and overall empowerment.
Are you ready to Empower your Mental Health? A key component to our overall wellness, mental health should be cared for with compassion and intent. When we internalize or suppress our emotions and experiences of adversity, we may be faced with lasting emotional trauma that impacts our entire wellbeing. Rest is needed, but it’s also important to not get stuck in this place. By seeking a support outlet, you are taking an important first step towards fostering healthy relationships, independence, and overall empowerment.
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Photo of Melissa Hood, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Los Angeles, CA
Melissa Hood
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90042
Infertility is a journey that no one signed up for. For those who want children, it’s simply devastating to be unable to expand your family as planned, while others around you move forward with their lives. Yet 1 in 8 couples experience infertility and many others experience barriers—systemic, financial, and biological—to pursuing their family-building dreams. In my practice, I focus on issues related to fertility (delayed parenthood, egg-freezing, pregnancy loss, donor-conception, surrogacy, IVF, and other forms of family-building). I understand the intense stress these issues can place on your relationships and mental health.
Infertility is a journey that no one signed up for. For those who want children, it’s simply devastating to be unable to expand your family as planned, while others around you move forward with their lives. Yet 1 in 8 couples experience infertility and many others experience barriers—systemic, financial, and biological—to pursuing their family-building dreams. In my practice, I focus on issues related to fertility (delayed parenthood, egg-freezing, pregnancy loss, donor-conception, surrogacy, IVF, and other forms of family-building). I understand the intense stress these issues can place on your relationships and mental health.
(213) 267-7526 View (213) 267-7526
Photo of Abundance Therapy Center, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Abundance Therapy Center
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90010
Want to use your insurance for therapy but can't find an in-network therapist who is accepting new clients? Welcome to Abundance Therapy Center where you can get high-quality therapy using your insurance for therapy sessions! We accept most major insurances and will help you verify coverage and navigate the insurance maze. We believe in making high-quality therapy accessible and affordable to our community. We care about your healing journey. ***PLEASE VISIT "ABUNDANCETHERAPYCENTER.COM" TO SUBMIT AN APPOINTMENT REQUEST.***
Want to use your insurance for therapy but can't find an in-network therapist who is accepting new clients? Welcome to Abundance Therapy Center where you can get high-quality therapy using your insurance for therapy sessions! We accept most major insurances and will help you verify coverage and navigate the insurance maze. We believe in making high-quality therapy accessible and affordable to our community. We care about your healing journey. ***PLEASE VISIT "ABUNDANCETHERAPYCENTER.COM" TO SUBMIT AN APPOINTMENT REQUEST.***
(213) 505-4307 View (213) 505-4307
Photo of Angie Martin, Counselor in Los Angeles, CA
Angie Martin
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90026
This is how I can support you: I can help you understand what’s happening, examine the root of your concerns, help you build a new belief system about self and the world. We will navigate your challenges so you can make decisions that work for you. And at the same time, practice self-acceptance and create inner peace.
This is how I can support you: I can help you understand what’s happening, examine the root of your concerns, help you build a new belief system about self and the world. We will navigate your challenges so you can make decisions that work for you. And at the same time, practice self-acceptance and create inner peace.
(818) 483-0255 View (818) 483-0255
Photo of Rhonda Taylor PMHNP, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Rhonda Taylor PMHNP
Marriage & Family Therapist, PMHNP, LMFT
Verified Verified
Los Angeles, CA 90045  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I'm dedicated and focused on providing you with high-quality counseling, tools and a solid plan to increase your mental health. My desire is to specifically help you with compulsive behaviors such as love addiction, as well as trauma, grief, sexual abuse, and anxiety. I believe that the goal of therapy is to understand your journey. While we cannot change the past, I provide a safe non-shaming therapeutic environment to enable you to deeply connect with the therapeutic process to facilitate your growth, and move towards healing. Professional verification provided by Psychology Today
I'm dedicated and focused on providing you with high-quality counseling, tools and a solid plan to increase your mental health. My desire is to specifically help you with compulsive behaviors such as love addiction, as well as trauma, grief, sexual abuse, and anxiety. I believe that the goal of therapy is to understand your journey. While we cannot change the past, I provide a safe non-shaming therapeutic environment to enable you to deeply connect with the therapeutic process to facilitate your growth, and move towards healing. Professional verification provided by Psychology Today
(310) 455-8531 View (310) 455-8531
Photo of Aaron Jones, Marriage & Family Therapist in Los Angeles, CA
Aaron Jones
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Los Angeles, CA 90017
The clients who seek me most are those searching for meaning in the adverse events that have happened to them and their courage to live wholly and fully while suffering. I believe people who are ready for this style of rich internal therapy work are willing to leave the comfort of their suffering to live a more authentic life with grace and flexibility through radical self-acceptance.
The clients who seek me most are those searching for meaning in the adverse events that have happened to them and their courage to live wholly and fully while suffering. I believe people who are ready for this style of rich internal therapy work are willing to leave the comfort of their suffering to live a more authentic life with grace and flexibility through radical self-acceptance.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Los Angeles, CA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Los Angeles, CA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
74% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
68% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Aetna
69% Cigna and Evernorth
68% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Los Angeles, CA see their clients

56% In Person and Online
44% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Los Angeles?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.