Therapists in Redwood City, CA

Photo of Dario Sarmienta, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redwood City, CA
Dario Sarmienta
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Redwood City, CA 94064  (Online Only)
Do you feel overwhelmed by life's challenges? You do not have to navigate these struggles alone. I am Dario Sarmienta, a bilingual Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist committed to working with individuals like you. Having walked with individuals from diverse backgrounds for over three years, I understand how life's challenges can become a struggle, and I'm here to help you navigate them. Your experience of grief is unique and can be unexplainably hard. I value your journey and offer a compassionate safe space to explore your feelings of pain and uncertainty, guiding you towards healing and finding new sources of strength.
Do you feel overwhelmed by life's challenges? You do not have to navigate these struggles alone. I am Dario Sarmienta, a bilingual Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist committed to working with individuals like you. Having walked with individuals from diverse backgrounds for over three years, I understand how life's challenges can become a struggle, and I'm here to help you navigate them. Your experience of grief is unique and can be unexplainably hard. I value your journey and offer a compassionate safe space to explore your feelings of pain and uncertainty, guiding you towards healing and finding new sources of strength.
(650) 719-7696 View (650) 719-7696
Photo of Marilyn J Foley, Psychologist in Redwood City, CA
Marilyn J Foley
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94063  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
My primary theoretical orientation is Cognitive-Behavioral (CBT). This means that I attend to your thoughts and feelings and to how they influence emotion and overall well-being, now and in the future. CBT offers a number of strategies for promoting change in the direction of one's long term goals. For our treatment to be most effective, you will need to be an active participant and collaborator in establishing your goals. I also ask that you work on treatment in between sessions, and I frequently give homework assignments to assist in the process.
My primary theoretical orientation is Cognitive-Behavioral (CBT). This means that I attend to your thoughts and feelings and to how they influence emotion and overall well-being, now and in the future. CBT offers a number of strategies for promoting change in the direction of one's long term goals. For our treatment to be most effective, you will need to be an active participant and collaborator in establishing your goals. I also ask that you work on treatment in between sessions, and I frequently give homework assignments to assist in the process.
(650) 206-5488 View (650) 206-5488
Photo of Pembe Ethem, Psychologist in Redwood City, CA
Pembe Ethem
Psychologist, MA, PsyD
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94063
You experience this world with your own unique set of problems, perspectives, and ways of coping. Not everyone might understand how hard it can be to move through life with added challenges that result from anxiety, depression, or difficult life circumstances. My passion is to help you re-learn how to experience the beauty of life. My approach is to help you find ways of reaching your goals through careful rewiring of your cognitive structures, while embracing your wisdom and life experiences. Therapy can sometimes feel painful or uncomfortable, but I intend to guide you through it with unconditional warmth and support.
You experience this world with your own unique set of problems, perspectives, and ways of coping. Not everyone might understand how hard it can be to move through life with added challenges that result from anxiety, depression, or difficult life circumstances. My passion is to help you re-learn how to experience the beauty of life. My approach is to help you find ways of reaching your goals through careful rewiring of your cognitive structures, while embracing your wisdom and life experiences. Therapy can sometimes feel painful or uncomfortable, but I intend to guide you through it with unconditional warmth and support.
(650) 977-3162 View (650) 977-3162
Photo of Will Alexander, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redwood City, CA
Will Alexander
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94063  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I use an integrative approach that is based on the individual needs of the people in front of me and begins with compassion and empathy. I believe forming a strong therapeutic relationship is key for therapy to be successful. Rooted in person-centered therapy, I use empathy, respect, humor, and curiosity to guide treatment. From there, I weave various evidenced based practices together like Solution-Focused, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment therapy, attachment theory and mindfulness strategies to challenge, empower, build insight and guide you to healthier ways of managing life.
I use an integrative approach that is based on the individual needs of the people in front of me and begins with compassion and empathy. I believe forming a strong therapeutic relationship is key for therapy to be successful. Rooted in person-centered therapy, I use empathy, respect, humor, and curiosity to guide treatment. From there, I weave various evidenced based practices together like Solution-Focused, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment therapy, attachment theory and mindfulness strategies to challenge, empower, build insight and guide you to healthier ways of managing life.
(650) 249-7871 View (650) 249-7871
Photo of Brendan Murray, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Redwood City, CA
Brendan Murray
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94063
Searching for solutions to life challenges (relationships, emotional health, substance use)? I will help you overcome by finding a new pathway! (Telehealth Provider)
Searching for solutions to life challenges (relationships, emotional health, substance use)? I will help you overcome by finding a new pathway! (Telehealth Provider)
(650) 549-9239 View (650) 549-9239
Photo of Stacey Signorello, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redwood City, CA
Stacey Signorello
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94061  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am an interactive couples therapist who brings honesty, a sense of humor and a sincere desire to see you become the partner you wish to be. Through self discovery, personal goal setting, increased understanding of yourself and your partner, I will work with you to help you build the kind of life you want together. What I ask of you is to bring an open attitude, willingness to look at your (sometimes automatic) responses to your partner and to practice communication/negotiation with one another in a manner that fosters fresh insight and connection while also supporting each persons individuality and core values.
I am an interactive couples therapist who brings honesty, a sense of humor and a sincere desire to see you become the partner you wish to be. Through self discovery, personal goal setting, increased understanding of yourself and your partner, I will work with you to help you build the kind of life you want together. What I ask of you is to bring an open attitude, willingness to look at your (sometimes automatic) responses to your partner and to practice communication/negotiation with one another in a manner that fosters fresh insight and connection while also supporting each persons individuality and core values.
(650) 383-7911 View (650) 383-7911
Photo of Megan Hankins-Maldonado, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redwood City, CA
Megan Hankins-Maldonado
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94065  (Online Only)
You are a high preforming athlete that is in a constant state of stress. Assignments are piling up, parents are on your case about you name it and the one place you find peace (your sport) feels like a burden and not a refuge. You aren't "locked in" and feel a roller coaster of emotions: deep sadness, isolation, anxiety, unmotivated and lost. You present to everyone that you are “fine” but everything inside you says that you aren’t. My name is Megan and I help depressed, anxious and burned out athletes reclaim their life and their joy for the sports they play.
You are a high preforming athlete that is in a constant state of stress. Assignments are piling up, parents are on your case about you name it and the one place you find peace (your sport) feels like a burden and not a refuge. You aren't "locked in" and feel a roller coaster of emotions: deep sadness, isolation, anxiety, unmotivated and lost. You present to everyone that you are “fine” but everything inside you says that you aren’t. My name is Megan and I help depressed, anxious and burned out athletes reclaim their life and their joy for the sports they play.
(650) 337-3683 View (650) 337-3683
Photo of Priscilla Lopez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Redwood City, CA
Priscilla Lopez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94062
Not accepting new clients
I am a clinical therapist, specializing in individual, family and group therapy. My practice is strength-based, eclectic and solution-focused. I believe in growth, recovery, and most of all, the power of the human spirit. I sincerely look forward to working with you to achieve your goals, whatever you decide they may be; healing, recovery, building self-worth, learning coping skills, increasing mindful practices or building hope.
I am a clinical therapist, specializing in individual, family and group therapy. My practice is strength-based, eclectic and solution-focused. I believe in growth, recovery, and most of all, the power of the human spirit. I sincerely look forward to working with you to achieve your goals, whatever you decide they may be; healing, recovery, building self-worth, learning coping skills, increasing mindful practices or building hope.
(650) 670-3807 View (650) 670-3807
Photo of Marie de la Paz, Psychologist in Redwood City, CA
Marie de la Paz
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Redwood City, CA 94063
My approach is based on principles from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, a mindfulness-based behavioral approach that has been empirically-validated to be effective across a wide range of diagnoses, age groups and cultural backgrounds. I enjoy working with tweens/teens, individual adults, parents and families struggling with challenges related to parent-child issues, ADHD, grief, transgender, adoption, trauma, life transitions, spirituality and diversity/race-related issues. I also have a passion for working with Asian/Pacific Islander and BIPOC women.
My approach is based on principles from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, a mindfulness-based behavioral approach that has been empirically-validated to be effective across a wide range of diagnoses, age groups and cultural backgrounds. I enjoy working with tweens/teens, individual adults, parents and families struggling with challenges related to parent-child issues, ADHD, grief, transgender, adoption, trauma, life transitions, spirituality and diversity/race-related issues. I also have a passion for working with Asian/Pacific Islander and BIPOC women.
(650) 667-6916 View (650) 667-6916
Photo of Salima Alim, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Redwood City, CA
Salima Alim
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Redwood City, CA 94061
I hope this message finds you in a moment of peace amidst the challenges you may be facing. As your therapist, with a background in trauma, working with children, adolescents, and adults, I want to take a moment to acknowledge the bravery and strength it takes to confront the difficulties you are experiencing. I understand that navigating through life challenges and trauma can feel like an overwhelming journey, especially for young minds. However, please know that you are not alone in this process. Together, we will work through the pain, unpack the emotions, and pave the path towards healing and resilience.
I hope this message finds you in a moment of peace amidst the challenges you may be facing. As your therapist, with a background in trauma, working with children, adolescents, and adults, I want to take a moment to acknowledge the bravery and strength it takes to confront the difficulties you are experiencing. I understand that navigating through life challenges and trauma can feel like an overwhelming journey, especially for young minds. However, please know that you are not alone in this process. Together, we will work through the pain, unpack the emotions, and pave the path towards healing and resilience.
(650) 670-4436 View (650) 670-4436
Photo of Sheree Hamaoui, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redwood City, CA
Sheree Hamaoui
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94064  (Online Only)
Welcome to my practice! I believe that seeking therapy is a sign of courage and strength. When we are motivated to change, we can begin to build healthy and rewarding relationships with ourselves and others. My goal is to provide a safe and supportive environment where patients feel empowered to uncover unhelpful thinking patterns and learn new coping skills to create a better quality of life.
Welcome to my practice! I believe that seeking therapy is a sign of courage and strength. When we are motivated to change, we can begin to build healthy and rewarding relationships with ourselves and others. My goal is to provide a safe and supportive environment where patients feel empowered to uncover unhelpful thinking patterns and learn new coping skills to create a better quality of life.
(650) 275-5502 View (650) 275-5502
Photo of Ann Wimer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Redwood City, CA
Ann Wimer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94061
Whether you are seeking therapy because you are ready for a big change; small baby steps towards change, or simply need someone to talk to who will listen - I will meet you wherever you are because therapy needs to be for you and about you. It can be hard knowing where to start, perhaps even harder accepting support. By honoring where you are on your life's journey, I can help you to identify areas where you are feeling stuck, and what you would like to change. What if your life could be more balanced? More joyful? Sounds impossible? It's not.
Whether you are seeking therapy because you are ready for a big change; small baby steps towards change, or simply need someone to talk to who will listen - I will meet you wherever you are because therapy needs to be for you and about you. It can be hard knowing where to start, perhaps even harder accepting support. By honoring where you are on your life's journey, I can help you to identify areas where you are feeling stuck, and what you would like to change. What if your life could be more balanced? More joyful? Sounds impossible? It's not.
(650) 618-2980 View (650) 618-2980
Photo of Katie Byron, Psychologist in Redwood City, CA
Katie Byron
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Redwood City, CA 94061
I believe change is rooted in making the unconscious conscious. Rather than just treat the symptoms you may be struggling with, I enjoy journeying deeper with you, trying to understand the root of the issue. As you grow to understand your mind, you will begin to make more mindful, intentional life choices, toward a more satisfying life.
I believe change is rooted in making the unconscious conscious. Rather than just treat the symptoms you may be struggling with, I enjoy journeying deeper with you, trying to understand the root of the issue. As you grow to understand your mind, you will begin to make more mindful, intentional life choices, toward a more satisfying life.
(408) 837-7134 View (408) 837-7134
Tami Schmalz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94063
Most clients come in with unhealthy ways of coping with life. My goal is to get a better understanding of their needs and to help them accomplish their goals. A lot of clients have emotional dysregulation and once they learn healthier ways of coping, their life gets better. It can be a long road, however, learning these skills are life long skills that can enhance their life.
Most clients come in with unhealthy ways of coping with life. My goal is to get a better understanding of their needs and to help them accomplish their goals. A lot of clients have emotional dysregulation and once they learn healthier ways of coping, their life gets better. It can be a long road, however, learning these skills are life long skills that can enhance their life.
(650) 977-3237 View (650) 977-3237
Photo of Valerie Sher, Psychologist in Redwood City, CA
Valerie Sher
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Redwood City, CA 94061
When coping styles or life experiences challenge our ability to navigate the world, we often need a guide to help get a different perspective and learn new skills. Chronic distressful emotions/stress, burnout, negative inner dialogue, communication and relationship problems, problematic conflict styles, unmet needs/desires, trauma symptoms, and other difficulties lead to emotional distress and disease. Decode your emotions, manage stress/anxiety, cultivate wisdom, move from depression to finding your passion, resolve grief/trauma and help reclaim your joy, transform unhealthy habits, improve relationships while focusing on what's meaningful for a lifetime of self-awareness and acceptance.
When coping styles or life experiences challenge our ability to navigate the world, we often need a guide to help get a different perspective and learn new skills. Chronic distressful emotions/stress, burnout, negative inner dialogue, communication and relationship problems, problematic conflict styles, unmet needs/desires, trauma symptoms, and other difficulties lead to emotional distress and disease. Decode your emotions, manage stress/anxiety, cultivate wisdom, move from depression to finding your passion, resolve grief/trauma and help reclaim your joy, transform unhealthy habits, improve relationships while focusing on what's meaningful for a lifetime of self-awareness and acceptance.
(408) 659-6645 View (408) 659-6645
Photo of Colleen D. Cunningham, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redwood City, CA
Colleen D. Cunningham
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94063
I appreciate working with people who for whatever reason feel change tugging on them. Sometimes this "tug" may manifest as a crisis in one's life. I believe that some of the most profound changes are initiated through what are experienced as a crisis.
I appreciate working with people who for whatever reason feel change tugging on them. Sometimes this "tug" may manifest as a crisis in one's life. I believe that some of the most profound changes are initiated through what are experienced as a crisis.
(650) 542-7093 View (650) 542-7093
Photo of Susan Watkins, Marriage & Family Therapist in Redwood City, CA
Susan Watkins
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, MFT
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94065
Hello, I am Susan Watkins, Psy.D. MFT, a licensed marriage and family therapist who holds a clinical doctorate in Psychology. I encourage and assist my clients to resolve traumatic blocks, and to enhance positive feelings of competency and confidence. Techniques I use include Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a rapid intervention for healing trauma, and the use of a mind-body approach to stress management. I present practical skills to manage intense emotional states, and encourage a deepening of personal and interpersonal awareness to enhance relationships and the experience of well being.
Hello, I am Susan Watkins, Psy.D. MFT, a licensed marriage and family therapist who holds a clinical doctorate in Psychology. I encourage and assist my clients to resolve traumatic blocks, and to enhance positive feelings of competency and confidence. Techniques I use include Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a rapid intervention for healing trauma, and the use of a mind-body approach to stress management. I present practical skills to manage intense emotional states, and encourage a deepening of personal and interpersonal awareness to enhance relationships and the experience of well being.
(650) 549-5879 View (650) 549-5879
Photo of Molika Loshi, Psychologist in Redwood City, CA
Molika Loshi
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Redwood City, CA 94063
Are you longing for deeper connections, authenticity, and fulfillment in your relationships? I specialize in guiding individuals like you towards meaningful connections and authentic living. If you find yourself struggling with feelings of disconnection, difficulty forming genuine relationships, or a desire to live more authentically, you're not alone. I'm dedicated to helping clients navigate the intricacies of human connection and cultivate authenticity in their interactions. Whether you're facing relationship challenges, grappling with communication issues, or simply seeking personal growth, I offer a safe, supportive space.
Are you longing for deeper connections, authenticity, and fulfillment in your relationships? I specialize in guiding individuals like you towards meaningful connections and authentic living. If you find yourself struggling with feelings of disconnection, difficulty forming genuine relationships, or a desire to live more authentically, you're not alone. I'm dedicated to helping clients navigate the intricacies of human connection and cultivate authenticity in their interactions. Whether you're facing relationship challenges, grappling with communication issues, or simply seeking personal growth, I offer a safe, supportive space.
(510) 930-3038 View (510) 930-3038
Photo of Naila Yasmeen Qureshi, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Redwood City, CA
Naila Yasmeen Qureshi
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, Naila Qureshi, MA, AMFT, APCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Redwood City, CA 94061
Not accepting new clients
Does your teenager appear to be struggling with big emotions and uncharacteristic behavior and you and your partner don’t know how to help? Do you feel disconnected from yourself, your partner and your teen? Has there been a communication breakdown in the family and your usual tools to maintain closeness are not working? I understand that sometimes even the strongest families and relationships get shaken up by unexpected feelings and intense situations that their kids go through.
Does your teenager appear to be struggling with big emotions and uncharacteristic behavior and you and your partner don’t know how to help? Do you feel disconnected from yourself, your partner and your teen? Has there been a communication breakdown in the family and your usual tools to maintain closeness are not working? I understand that sometimes even the strongest families and relationships get shaken up by unexpected feelings and intense situations that their kids go through.
(650) 482-8504 View (650) 482-8504
Photo of Erika Garcia Rangel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Redwood City, CA
Erika Garcia Rangel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Redwood City, CA 94063
Finding a therapist you trust is a challenge and scheduling your first session takes courage. You’ve taken the first step toward healing and personal growth. I’m offering you a safe, nurturing and accepting place to freely express your feelings, thoughts and experiences. My vocation is to guide and support individuals like yourself to better understand themselves at a deeper level through the transformative power of compassion and empathy. With commitment to therapy, we will explore your relationship with yourself and your relationships with others, addressing behavioral and emotional issues that are potentially holding you back.
Finding a therapist you trust is a challenge and scheduling your first session takes courage. You’ve taken the first step toward healing and personal growth. I’m offering you a safe, nurturing and accepting place to freely express your feelings, thoughts and experiences. My vocation is to guide and support individuals like yourself to better understand themselves at a deeper level through the transformative power of compassion and empathy. With commitment to therapy, we will explore your relationship with yourself and your relationships with others, addressing behavioral and emotional issues that are potentially holding you back.
(650) 360-9342 View (650) 360-9342

See more therapy options for Redwood City

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Redwood City, CA

300+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in Redwood City, CA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
71% Self Esteem
71% Stress
68% Trauma and PTSD
65% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

59% Cigna and Evernorth
54% Aetna
48% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Redwood City, CA see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
18% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Redwood City?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.