Photo of Trevor Paul, Marriage & Family Therapist in 92064, CA
Trevor Paul
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
Trevor Paul is a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 13 years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology and Social Behavior at the University of California, Irvine, and his Master of Arts degree in Counseling at Sonoma State University. Trevor has worked in a variety of settings including schools, outpatient clinics, and community mental health agencies thereby giving him a wealth of experience in aiding clients from all walks of life achieve their goals.
Trevor Paul is a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 13 years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in Psychology and Social Behavior at the University of California, Irvine, and his Master of Arts degree in Counseling at Sonoma State University. Trevor has worked in a variety of settings including schools, outpatient clinics, and community mental health agencies thereby giving him a wealth of experience in aiding clients from all walks of life achieve their goals.
(858) 213-0422 View (858) 213-0422
Photo of Michele R Manker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 92064, CA
Michele R Manker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Poway, CA 92064
I like working with individuals, couples, or families who are motivated to examine patterns in their thinking or behavior for positive change. I enjoy working in a collaborative manner where there is an active exchange and where my client is open to feeling some discomfort for change - no pain/no gain. I believe that we are all capable of change through insight and that our upbringing can result in both good and bad habits that are flexible as long as we are conscious. I enjoy bringing in spirituality/meaning of life discussions to further my clients self awareness and growth.
I like working with individuals, couples, or families who are motivated to examine patterns in their thinking or behavior for positive change. I enjoy working in a collaborative manner where there is an active exchange and where my client is open to feeling some discomfort for change - no pain/no gain. I believe that we are all capable of change through insight and that our upbringing can result in both good and bad habits that are flexible as long as we are conscious. I enjoy bringing in spirituality/meaning of life discussions to further my clients self awareness and growth.
(619) 346-4349 View (619) 346-4349
Photo of Caryn Cole, Marriage & Family Therapist in 92064, CA
Caryn Cole
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064  (Online Only)
Do you feel lost, hopeless, or stuck? Do you find yourself worried and self-conscious? Are you experiencing conflict with family members, co-workers, or other important relationships in your life? Are you a parent wanting extra support? You are not alone. My style is nurturing, kind, empathetic, and patient. I am here to establish a safe environment where you will be respected, heard, and validated. Therapy sessions are tailored to your individual needs. I meet clients where they are at and work at their pace to achieve hope, empowerment, and growth.
Do you feel lost, hopeless, or stuck? Do you find yourself worried and self-conscious? Are you experiencing conflict with family members, co-workers, or other important relationships in your life? Are you a parent wanting extra support? You are not alone. My style is nurturing, kind, empathetic, and patient. I am here to establish a safe environment where you will be respected, heard, and validated. Therapy sessions are tailored to your individual needs. I meet clients where they are at and work at their pace to achieve hope, empowerment, and growth.
(858) 244-9443 View (858) 244-9443
Photo of Melissa Pollock, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 92064, CA
Melissa Pollock
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
Even in the best of times, anxiety and depression can take away from the joy of life that we all deserve. In times of struggle and transition, loneliness and confusion are natural responses to changing tides. My goal in entering into a therapeutic relationship with you is to support you through the ebbs and flows of life by-focusing on alleviating depression, anxiety, relationship stress, low self-esteem, and other issues that get in the way of a fulfilling life. Well-being is the natural state of existence and I can assist you accessing the potential goodness that you have within you. Life can be different!
Even in the best of times, anxiety and depression can take away from the joy of life that we all deserve. In times of struggle and transition, loneliness and confusion are natural responses to changing tides. My goal in entering into a therapeutic relationship with you is to support you through the ebbs and flows of life by-focusing on alleviating depression, anxiety, relationship stress, low self-esteem, and other issues that get in the way of a fulfilling life. Well-being is the natural state of existence and I can assist you accessing the potential goodness that you have within you. Life can be different!
(619) 648-5566 View (619) 648-5566
Photo of Anne Watson, Psychologist in 92064, CA
Anne Watson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
Christine Watson is a clinical psychologist who has been practicing psychotherapy since 1982. She graduated from The Fielding Institute with a doctorate in clinical psychology and from Texas Woman's University with a masters in marriage and family therapy. Christine's background in family systems, as well as evidence based perspectives, inform her approach to individual therapy. Her main areas of focus include adult depression and anxiety. In her spare time, Christine enjoys gardening and hiking.
Christine Watson is a clinical psychologist who has been practicing psychotherapy since 1982. She graduated from The Fielding Institute with a doctorate in clinical psychology and from Texas Woman's University with a masters in marriage and family therapy. Christine's background in family systems, as well as evidence based perspectives, inform her approach to individual therapy. Her main areas of focus include adult depression and anxiety. In her spare time, Christine enjoys gardening and hiking.
(858) 321-8470 View (858) 321-8470
Photo of Alma Phillips, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 92064, CA
Alma Phillips
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
Alma Phillips is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over twenty years of experience in the mental health field. She received her masters in Social Work from California State University, Long Beach, with an emphasis in children, youth, and families and a B.A. in Psychology from University of California, San Diego. Alma works with children, adolescents, adults, and families. Her specialized certificate in Play Therapy has given her a wealth of experience and training in working with children's issues. She specializes in cognitive behavioral therapy and also offers EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing).
Alma Phillips is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over twenty years of experience in the mental health field. She received her masters in Social Work from California State University, Long Beach, with an emphasis in children, youth, and families and a B.A. in Psychology from University of California, San Diego. Alma works with children, adolescents, adults, and families. Her specialized certificate in Play Therapy has given her a wealth of experience and training in working with children's issues. She specializes in cognitive behavioral therapy and also offers EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing).
(858) 758-7534 View (858) 758-7534
Photo of Victoria Velasquez, Marriage & Family Therapist in 92064, CA
Victoria Velasquez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064  (Online Only)
Victoria is a member of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. Victoria has experience working with groups, individuals, couples, and families across different populations and mental health challenges. Victoria aims to create a safe and non-judgmental environment. Including, individualizing therapy according to the needs of the couple, individual and/or family.
Victoria is a member of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. Victoria has experience working with groups, individuals, couples, and families across different populations and mental health challenges. Victoria aims to create a safe and non-judgmental environment. Including, individualizing therapy according to the needs of the couple, individual and/or family.
(858) 544-3015 View (858) 544-3015
Photo of Tracy Aronlee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 92064, CA
Tracy Aronlee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
I am here to help! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in working with trauma and how it impacts relationships in children, teens, adults and families. When faced with a challenge, have you ever felt like one part of you wants to shut down or hide, and another part wants to yell and scream? These are different parts of you that need our individual attention and compassion to heal. With my expertise and compassionate approach, I am dedicated to helping you learn more about these parts of you and build meaningful connections to cultivate healthy relationships and more peace in your life
I am here to help! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in working with trauma and how it impacts relationships in children, teens, adults and families. When faced with a challenge, have you ever felt like one part of you wants to shut down or hide, and another part wants to yell and scream? These are different parts of you that need our individual attention and compassion to heal. With my expertise and compassionate approach, I am dedicated to helping you learn more about these parts of you and build meaningful connections to cultivate healthy relationships and more peace in your life
(858) 304-7045 View (858) 304-7045
Photo of Tatiana Marie Baroni, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 92064, CA
Tatiana Marie Baroni
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
Are you interested in changing the way you think and feel about yourself in order to promote self esteem, develop healthy relationships and achieve personal goals? If so, I am here to support you in making those changes in order to help you feel better about yourself and live the life you deserve. I specialize in assisting individuals with identifying patterns in their lives preventing them from resolving life’s challenges. By primarily utilizing a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approach, I help clients change negative thinking and behavioral patterns to increase self-esteem, personal growth, and meaningful connections.
Are you interested in changing the way you think and feel about yourself in order to promote self esteem, develop healthy relationships and achieve personal goals? If so, I am here to support you in making those changes in order to help you feel better about yourself and live the life you deserve. I specialize in assisting individuals with identifying patterns in their lives preventing them from resolving life’s challenges. By primarily utilizing a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approach, I help clients change negative thinking and behavioral patterns to increase self-esteem, personal growth, and meaningful connections.
(858) 221-9661 View (858) 221-9661
Barbara Fouts
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Poway, CA 92064
As a Marriage/Family therapist and Educational Psychologist I assist individuals, families, couples and children overcome difficulties and begin the process of change in a safe, supportive environment. I specialize in Behavioral Issues, PTSD, relationships, parenting, effective communication, grief and loss, ADHD and Life Transitions. I help the whole person within their family, social environment and community. As a therapist and person I am committed to helping my clients create their journey through life in a positive, affirming manner.
As a Marriage/Family therapist and Educational Psychologist I assist individuals, families, couples and children overcome difficulties and begin the process of change in a safe, supportive environment. I specialize in Behavioral Issues, PTSD, relationships, parenting, effective communication, grief and loss, ADHD and Life Transitions. I help the whole person within their family, social environment and community. As a therapist and person I am committed to helping my clients create their journey through life in a positive, affirming manner.
(858) 381-5633 View (858) 381-5633
Photo of Susan Willett, Marriage & Family Therapist in 92064, CA
Susan Willett
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
My background was in the creative arts, and I use that often in my relationships with clients. My concentration is on neural-plasticity (which is basically the science of how the brain can change old thinking patterns with practice.) I think the combination of creativity and science makes for good therapy, while warmth and humor make for a great relationship. Initially, I work with depression and anxiety, generally taking a "family systems" approach. In other words, how your upbringing and early experiences impact your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors today.
My background was in the creative arts, and I use that often in my relationships with clients. My concentration is on neural-plasticity (which is basically the science of how the brain can change old thinking patterns with practice.) I think the combination of creativity and science makes for good therapy, while warmth and humor make for a great relationship. Initially, I work with depression and anxiety, generally taking a "family systems" approach. In other words, how your upbringing and early experiences impact your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors today.
(858) 367-9118 View (858) 367-9118
Photo of Cortney Barnes, Psychologist in 92064, CA
Cortney Barnes
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
Dr. Cortney Barnes is a licensed Clinical Psychologist with over 18 years of experience working with adults, teens, children and families. She earned her Doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology in 2005 with an emphasis in the child/family track. Dr. Barnes has been with Lifestance (formerly PsyCare) since 2005, with the exception of a brief stint in private practice. She also worked part-time as a Clinical Supervisor at Aurora Behavioral Health for 2 years from 2019-2021.
Dr. Cortney Barnes is a licensed Clinical Psychologist with over 18 years of experience working with adults, teens, children and families. She earned her Doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the California School of Professional Psychology in 2005 with an emphasis in the child/family track. Dr. Barnes has been with Lifestance (formerly PsyCare) since 2005, with the exception of a brief stint in private practice. She also worked part-time as a Clinical Supervisor at Aurora Behavioral Health for 2 years from 2019-2021.
(858) 326-9493 View (858) 326-9493
Photo of Marsha Orman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 92064, CA
Marsha Orman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064  (Online Only)
My work is based on the belief that by working together, we can improve the quality of your life. Many of my clients are in stressful life situations that have caused them to turn to such destructive behaviors as misuse of alcohol and drugs, over-eating, or over-working. Many haven't learned how to communicate in a way that promotes satisfying relationships. Within a safe, non-judgmental environment where you are truly listened to, we'll work together to help you understand how some of your behaviors and thoughts may not be serving you well.
My work is based on the belief that by working together, we can improve the quality of your life. Many of my clients are in stressful life situations that have caused them to turn to such destructive behaviors as misuse of alcohol and drugs, over-eating, or over-working. Many haven't learned how to communicate in a way that promotes satisfying relationships. Within a safe, non-judgmental environment where you are truly listened to, we'll work together to help you understand how some of your behaviors and thoughts may not be serving you well.
(858) 375-4159 View (858) 375-4159
Photo of Elizabeth Murney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 92064, CA
Elizabeth Murney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
Beth Murney is a licensed clinical social worker with over 20 years of experience providing supportive services to adults, children and families in San Diego. She was employed by San Diego County Children's Services Bureau from 1985-2007. Licensed in 1999, she has been in clinical practice with PsyCare since 2003 . She has extensive knowledge and experience in the areas of child protection, adoption, parenting education, chemical dependency, and domestic violence.
Beth Murney is a licensed clinical social worker with over 20 years of experience providing supportive services to adults, children and families in San Diego. She was employed by San Diego County Children's Services Bureau from 1985-2007. Licensed in 1999, she has been in clinical practice with PsyCare since 2003 . She has extensive knowledge and experience in the areas of child protection, adoption, parenting education, chemical dependency, and domestic violence.
(858) 758-3417 View (858) 758-3417
Photo of Mauricio Perdomo, Marriage & Family Therapist in 92064, CA
Mauricio Perdomo
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064  (Online Only)
My passion is to help families, marriages and individuals know personal and relational healing. I believe that we all have unique life experiences that shape who we are and how we connect with others. Sometimes these experiences do not foster compassion or the ability to connect with those you love in the way in which you desire. I understand this; it is part of my story, too! I hope to join you in the process of healing to not go it alone.
My passion is to help families, marriages and individuals know personal and relational healing. I believe that we all have unique life experiences that shape who we are and how we connect with others. Sometimes these experiences do not foster compassion or the ability to connect with those you love in the way in which you desire. I understand this; it is part of my story, too! I hope to join you in the process of healing to not go it alone.
(858) 213-0328 x4 View (858) 213-0328 x4
Photo of Candice Clayton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 92064, CA
Candice Clayton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
Hello! My name is Candice Clayton, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 12 years of experience in mental health. I use a strength-based and solution-focused approach to support your personal growth and mental health journey. I have a wide experience in the mental health field from children to adults to couples. I mainly treat adults and couples at this time who are going through various phases and changes in life. I treat trauma, anxiety, depression, infidelity, relationship issues, and imposter syndrome.
Hello! My name is Candice Clayton, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 12 years of experience in mental health. I use a strength-based and solution-focused approach to support your personal growth and mental health journey. I have a wide experience in the mental health field from children to adults to couples. I mainly treat adults and couples at this time who are going through various phases and changes in life. I treat trauma, anxiety, depression, infidelity, relationship issues, and imposter syndrome.
(858) 358-7607 View (858) 358-7607
Photo of Amy Belanger, Marriage & Family Therapist in 92064, CA
Amy Belanger
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
Amy Belanger is a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. She earned her Bachelor's Degree from San Diego State University in 1994 and her Master's Degree in Counseling Psychology from National University in 1996. Amy has over twenty years of experience working with adults, children, and families. Amy's areas of special interest include trauma and trauma-based disorders, victims of crime, relationship issues, blended family issues, child abuse, and domestic violence. Amy relates to many theoretical approaches but is drawn to solution-focused therapy while also utilizing cognitive behavioral techniques.
Amy Belanger is a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. She earned her Bachelor's Degree from San Diego State University in 1994 and her Master's Degree in Counseling Psychology from National University in 1996. Amy has over twenty years of experience working with adults, children, and families. Amy's areas of special interest include trauma and trauma-based disorders, victims of crime, relationship issues, blended family issues, child abuse, and domestic violence. Amy relates to many theoretical approaches but is drawn to solution-focused therapy while also utilizing cognitive behavioral techniques.
(858) 923-5826 View (858) 923-5826
Photo of Jamie Young, Marriage & Family Therapist in 92064, CA
Jamie Young
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
We can work together as you build a life that has meaning for you. I will teach you techniques to change your self-talk so you can build your self-confidence and feel good about yourself and your relationships.
We can work together as you build a life that has meaning for you. I will teach you techniques to change your self-talk so you can build your self-confidence and feel good about yourself and your relationships.
(858) 330-3034 View (858) 330-3034
Photo of Coryna Nguyen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 92064, CA
Coryna Nguyen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064
Hello! My name Is Coryna Nguyen, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. My passion and love for this field is seeing the progress, results, and positive changes in my clients. I enjoy working with individuals to support their emotional and mental well-being. I frequently use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, a client-centered therapeutic, mindfulness, and motivational interviewing approach. My approach will be dependent on your needs and goals. I take a client-centered approach to help you work toward achieving your goals and meeting your needs as best as I can with empathy, open-mindedness, and positive support.
Hello! My name Is Coryna Nguyen, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. My passion and love for this field is seeing the progress, results, and positive changes in my clients. I enjoy working with individuals to support their emotional and mental well-being. I frequently use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, a client-centered therapeutic, mindfulness, and motivational interviewing approach. My approach will be dependent on your needs and goals. I take a client-centered approach to help you work toward achieving your goals and meeting your needs as best as I can with empathy, open-mindedness, and positive support.
(858) 923-5879 View (858) 923-5879
Photo of Kathy-Ann Dougan, Marriage & Family Therapist in 92064, CA
Kathy-Ann Dougan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Poway, CA 92064  (Online Only)
At a young age I was always looking & listening deeper beyond the surface. I believe in the amazing potential in people & in what is distinguishable & unique in them, & even hidden. My ability for discerning, listening & analyzing were at work at an early age, unbeknownst to me. As a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist & Life Coach my experience encompasses a holistic approach that supports health & wellness towards an improved quality of life. My therapeutic framework is collaborative creating a safe space to share, works with individuals to improve symptoms, gain insight, instill hope & find solutions.
At a young age I was always looking & listening deeper beyond the surface. I believe in the amazing potential in people & in what is distinguishable & unique in them, & even hidden. My ability for discerning, listening & analyzing were at work at an early age, unbeknownst to me. As a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist & Life Coach my experience encompasses a holistic approach that supports health & wellness towards an improved quality of life. My therapeutic framework is collaborative creating a safe space to share, works with individuals to improve symptoms, gain insight, instill hope & find solutions.
(858) 295-7174 View (858) 295-7174

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 92064

100+

Average cost per session

$167

Therapists in 92064 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
89% Depression
74% Relationship Issues
69% Self Esteem
65% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
61% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

74% Aetna
73% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
71% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 92064 see their clients

81% In Person and Online
19% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
17% Male

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 92064?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.