Therapists in 91103

Photo of Kelly Craig Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Kelly Craig Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Pasadena, CA 91103
I am an LCSW with almost 30 years of experience in treating clients with anxiety, depression, addictions, grief and loss, animal companion losses, LGBTQ identity, and the unique needs of the artistic personality. I work with great sensitivity, empathy, and compassion for those who come to me in pain, seeking relief from those conflicts that weigh you down and prevent you from reaching your maximum potential and dignity as worthy and valuable human beings. I am also an EMDR trained therapist who specializes in treating a variety of simple and complex traumas.
I am an LCSW with almost 30 years of experience in treating clients with anxiety, depression, addictions, grief and loss, animal companion losses, LGBTQ identity, and the unique needs of the artistic personality. I work with great sensitivity, empathy, and compassion for those who come to me in pain, seeking relief from those conflicts that weigh you down and prevent you from reaching your maximum potential and dignity as worthy and valuable human beings. I am also an EMDR trained therapist who specializes in treating a variety of simple and complex traumas.
(626) 723-3086 View (626) 723-3086
Photo of Cymone N. Damon Sams, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Cymone N. Damon Sams
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
In my therapeutic practice, I focus on relational concerns with couples and individuals with special attention to the intricacies of racial issues and identity exploration. I also specialize in the transformative potential of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. My approach is underpinned by a commitment to understanding and nurturing the complex web of human connections, guided by attachment throughout life. This perspective enables me to support clients in exploring and healing relational patterns that have been shaped by early attachments and life experiences, fostering healthier and more fulfilling interpersonal relationships.
In my therapeutic practice, I focus on relational concerns with couples and individuals with special attention to the intricacies of racial issues and identity exploration. I also specialize in the transformative potential of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. My approach is underpinned by a commitment to understanding and nurturing the complex web of human connections, guided by attachment throughout life. This perspective enables me to support clients in exploring and healing relational patterns that have been shaped by early attachments and life experiences, fostering healthier and more fulfilling interpersonal relationships.
(626) 605-2177 View (626) 605-2177
Photo of Rosa L. Casquino, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Rosa L. Casquino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
Are you feeling stuck or overwhelmed by painful experiences like childhood sexual abuse, narcissistic relationships, or a difficult divorce? Trauma can leave you feeling disconnected and alone, but you deserve support and healing. Together, we’ll work toward emotional well-being, personal growth, and reclaiming your sense of self. I also welcome fellow therapists seeking support. Let’s help you find more peace and joy in your life
Are you feeling stuck or overwhelmed by painful experiences like childhood sexual abuse, narcissistic relationships, or a difficult divorce? Trauma can leave you feeling disconnected and alone, but you deserve support and healing. Together, we’ll work toward emotional well-being, personal growth, and reclaiming your sense of self. I also welcome fellow therapists seeking support. Let’s help you find more peace and joy in your life
(323) 716-0578 View (323) 716-0578
Photo of Alex Jordan Cedas, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Alex Jordan Cedas
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
Are you a BIPOC or Queer adult feeling overwhelmed by stress, family conflicts, or unresolved trauma? Maybe you grew up in a culture where mental health was a silent struggle and now carry the weight of navigating life’s challenges mostly on your own. You might be questioning who you are or facing grief, self-doubt, or a major life change that leaves you feeling lost. You want to feel understood, empowered, and supported in a space where your experiences are honored and your healing journey is prioritized. Hi! I'm Alex Cedas, a Latino therapist specializing in supporting BIPOC and Queer individuals.
Are you a BIPOC or Queer adult feeling overwhelmed by stress, family conflicts, or unresolved trauma? Maybe you grew up in a culture where mental health was a silent struggle and now carry the weight of navigating life’s challenges mostly on your own. You might be questioning who you are or facing grief, self-doubt, or a major life change that leaves you feeling lost. You want to feel understood, empowered, and supported in a space where your experiences are honored and your healing journey is prioritized. Hi! I'm Alex Cedas, a Latino therapist specializing in supporting BIPOC and Queer individuals.
(657) 669-0871 View (657) 669-0871
Photo of Naj Alikhan, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Naj Alikhan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Pasadena, CA 91103
You’ve always considered yourself someone who works well under pressure. Stress was never an obstacle – in fact, it motivated you to be better. You were unstoppable and could handle any challenge that came your way. But lately, something has changed. Now, you find yourself unable to shrug off concerns like you have in the past. You lay in bed at night, restless, mind racing. You’re tired and unfocused at work, making mistakes you’ve never made before. You’ve long sacrificed your personal relationships in favor of professional advancement. But now you’re wondering what any of that was for. You know something has to change, but how?
You’ve always considered yourself someone who works well under pressure. Stress was never an obstacle – in fact, it motivated you to be better. You were unstoppable and could handle any challenge that came your way. But lately, something has changed. Now, you find yourself unable to shrug off concerns like you have in the past. You lay in bed at night, restless, mind racing. You’re tired and unfocused at work, making mistakes you’ve never made before. You’ve long sacrificed your personal relationships in favor of professional advancement. But now you’re wondering what any of that was for. You know something has to change, but how?
(805) 842-3253 View (805) 842-3253
Photo of Valentina Victoria Murray, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Valentina Victoria Murray
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
1 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
Therapy with me is about connection, understanding, and growth. Together, we’ll explore the patterns and relationships that shape your life so you can move forward with clarity and confidence. I work with people who are just trying to find their way, with a focus on LGBTQ+ clients, who want to build stronger relationships, navigate change, and cultivate a deeper sense of self-trust.
Therapy with me is about connection, understanding, and growth. Together, we’ll explore the patterns and relationships that shape your life so you can move forward with clarity and confidence. I work with people who are just trying to find their way, with a focus on LGBTQ+ clients, who want to build stronger relationships, navigate change, and cultivate a deeper sense of self-trust.
(323) 772-6189 View (323) 772-6189
Photo of Sonja Munson, Psychologist, PhD
Sonja Munson
Psychologist, PhD
Pasadena, CA 91103
In my practice I work with adolescents and adults struggling with a variety of personal, interpersonal, and relational concerns. In the midst of dealing with the complexities of life, it is often helpful to have someone willing to help you hear and know yourself better. Someone who can help you improve the way you navigate relationships with others while still honoring yourself. There are so many conscious and unconscious ways our past relationships and relationship patterns impact our present functioning. The therapeutic relationship is a good place to explore these issues without judgement and with compassion.
In my practice I work with adolescents and adults struggling with a variety of personal, interpersonal, and relational concerns. In the midst of dealing with the complexities of life, it is often helpful to have someone willing to help you hear and know yourself better. Someone who can help you improve the way you navigate relationships with others while still honoring yourself. There are so many conscious and unconscious ways our past relationships and relationship patterns impact our present functioning. The therapeutic relationship is a good place to explore these issues without judgement and with compassion.
(626) 247-3387 View (626) 247-3387
Photo of Stephanie Farrar, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
Stephanie Farrar
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT, APCC
5 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
Life is messy, weird and wildly unpredictable. Therapy is about someone helping you untangle the things that feel too overwhelming to sort through on your own. One thread at a time, let's untangle the chaos together. I work with adolescents, individuals, and couples dealing with a range of concerns, including anxiety, depression, relationship and communication issues, eating disorders, substance use, the impact of trauma, and difficult life transitions. Whether you're feeling stuck or simply ready to explore something deeper, I’m here to walk alongside you, explore patterns and find new ways to cope.
Life is messy, weird and wildly unpredictable. Therapy is about someone helping you untangle the things that feel too overwhelming to sort through on your own. One thread at a time, let's untangle the chaos together. I work with adolescents, individuals, and couples dealing with a range of concerns, including anxiety, depression, relationship and communication issues, eating disorders, substance use, the impact of trauma, and difficult life transitions. Whether you're feeling stuck or simply ready to explore something deeper, I’m here to walk alongside you, explore patterns and find new ways to cope.
(323) 214-3653 View (323) 214-3653
Photo of Mae Ana Sefami, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Mae Ana Sefami
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Pasadena, CA 91103
I assist individuals in overcoming their inner pain, and learning to face the challenges of life from a place of strength, compassion, and connection. As your ally in healing, I can help you process the emotions, memories and experiences that may underly your current suffering, so that you’re free to feel connected with yourself, with others, and with life. Sometimes past traumas become trapped in our bodies and minds, and we need help to feel safe in ourself and our relationships. My approach is based on these principles: Efficacy (I use Evidence Based modalities), collaboration, individualized care, and warm relational connection.
I assist individuals in overcoming their inner pain, and learning to face the challenges of life from a place of strength, compassion, and connection. As your ally in healing, I can help you process the emotions, memories and experiences that may underly your current suffering, so that you’re free to feel connected with yourself, with others, and with life. Sometimes past traumas become trapped in our bodies and minds, and we need help to feel safe in ourself and our relationships. My approach is based on these principles: Efficacy (I use Evidence Based modalities), collaboration, individualized care, and warm relational connection.
(747) 200-8978 View (747) 200-8978
Photo of Catherine Gray, Psychologist, PsyD, MAT
Catherine Gray
Psychologist, PsyD, MAT
Pasadena, CA 91103
I specialize in culturally sensitive solution-focused help and clinical therapy for adults and teenagers, ages 17 and up. As a psychologist, I am devoted to improving quality of life and relationships, as well as symptoms. My approach to therapy is interpersonal, integrative and evidence-based, adapted for unique needs and values.
I specialize in culturally sensitive solution-focused help and clinical therapy for adults and teenagers, ages 17 and up. As a psychologist, I am devoted to improving quality of life and relationships, as well as symptoms. My approach to therapy is interpersonal, integrative and evidence-based, adapted for unique needs and values.
(626) 524-2157 View (626) 524-2157
Photo of Hannah Kushnick, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, MA, AMFT
Hannah Kushnick
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, MA, AMFT
4 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
I provide trauma-informed therapy for connection and liberation: relational therapy for couples experiencing conflict and disconnection, and individual therapy for adults navigating anxiety, depression, executive functioning challenges, shame, trauma, self-abandonment, and life transitions. I'm passionate about working with neurodivergent clients, including mixed-neurotype couples and late-diagnosed adults, and clients who have experienced ruptures or trauma in relationship and are seeking to unlearn old patterns. I work toward increased responsiveness and security in relationships, both between partners and with self.
I provide trauma-informed therapy for connection and liberation: relational therapy for couples experiencing conflict and disconnection, and individual therapy for adults navigating anxiety, depression, executive functioning challenges, shame, trauma, self-abandonment, and life transitions. I'm passionate about working with neurodivergent clients, including mixed-neurotype couples and late-diagnosed adults, and clients who have experienced ruptures or trauma in relationship and are seeking to unlearn old patterns. I work toward increased responsiveness and security in relationships, both between partners and with self.
(818) 722-6728 View (818) 722-6728
Photo of Dr. Briana Hedman, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Briana Hedman
Psychologist, PhD
2 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
You feel like you're failing despite your success. People admire you, but you're afraid of what would happen if they truly knew how much you're struggling. Achieving at the highest level, perfectionism and emotional suppression have "worked." But underneath the "good on the surface," you're just going through the motions of life, unable to relax, unsure of the last time you genuinely felt happy. It’s time to stop pretending like everything is fine. You're ready for relief, for a way to stop white-knuckling your way through the day and rediscover what it means to truly thrive.
You feel like you're failing despite your success. People admire you, but you're afraid of what would happen if they truly knew how much you're struggling. Achieving at the highest level, perfectionism and emotional suppression have "worked." But underneath the "good on the surface," you're just going through the motions of life, unable to relax, unsure of the last time you genuinely felt happy. It’s time to stop pretending like everything is fine. You're ready for relief, for a way to stop white-knuckling your way through the day and rediscover what it means to truly thrive.
(323) 831-7169 View (323) 831-7169
Photo of Eve Silverman, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Eve Silverman
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
8 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
Do you feel stuck in patterns of fear, shame, or self-doubt? Are you longing to heal past wounds, connect with your inner child, and build healthier relationships with yourself and others? Whether you’re navigating trauma, life transitions, or a sense of disconnection, I’m here to help you uncover your strength, heal attachment wounds, and create a path toward growth and resilience. I'm also trained in EMDR therapy, which is a powerful tool we can use to help you process your traumas and other distressing experiences.
Do you feel stuck in patterns of fear, shame, or self-doubt? Are you longing to heal past wounds, connect with your inner child, and build healthier relationships with yourself and others? Whether you’re navigating trauma, life transitions, or a sense of disconnection, I’m here to help you uncover your strength, heal attachment wounds, and create a path toward growth and resilience. I'm also trained in EMDR therapy, which is a powerful tool we can use to help you process your traumas and other distressing experiences.
(657) 276-6636 View (657) 276-6636
Photo of Rebecca Doppelt, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, EMDR
Rebecca Doppelt
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, EMDR
11 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
Anxiety. Trauma. Betrayal. Relationships. Discernment. Do you get caught in looping thoughts or the same relationship mistakes over and over? Our fast-paced culture can be challenging for personal growth, but we can collaborate to find tools that work for you. Betrayal occurs any time we believe a relationship is safe and then we learn that it isn't. Examples include infidelity, medical malpractice, abandonment, domestic violence and more. Together we will work to stabilize your daily experience, create boundaries and establish a new, manageable normal.
Anxiety. Trauma. Betrayal. Relationships. Discernment. Do you get caught in looping thoughts or the same relationship mistakes over and over? Our fast-paced culture can be challenging for personal growth, but we can collaborate to find tools that work for you. Betrayal occurs any time we believe a relationship is safe and then we learn that it isn't. Examples include infidelity, medical malpractice, abandonment, domestic violence and more. Together we will work to stabilize your daily experience, create boundaries and establish a new, manageable normal.
(310) 893-1830 View (310) 893-1830
Photo of Amy Burdick, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Amy Burdick
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Pasadena, CA 91103
I have been working as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist for 13 years with an underlying curiosity and hope for more in the way of true connection to the self and the other with a focus on trauma and attachment related issues. Connection is much more than problem solving and communication skills, but rather an ability to feel safe, secure and seen. I began my practice in community mental health and and primarily with a focus on trauma of all kinds (attachment, emotional abuse and neglect, physical abuse, sexual assault, and sexual abuse) with a focus on attachment and somatic responses.
I have been working as a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist for 13 years with an underlying curiosity and hope for more in the way of true connection to the self and the other with a focus on trauma and attachment related issues. Connection is much more than problem solving and communication skills, but rather an ability to feel safe, secure and seen. I began my practice in community mental health and and primarily with a focus on trauma of all kinds (attachment, emotional abuse and neglect, physical abuse, sexual assault, and sexual abuse) with a focus on attachment and somatic responses.
(626) 723-3078 View (626) 723-3078
Photo of Kristen Mischler, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Kristen Mischler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Pasadena, CA 91103
I have been using the Gottman Method in couples therapy to successfully transform romantic relationships for 11+ years. This method is based on extensive research on what tools "master couples" use to have successful relationships. I have seen this method turn around relationships again and again, even when the couple had lost all hope for a better future. I will ask you to work hard to achieve this success, but I will be there every step of the way to support you. I know taking this step can seem scary, but your relationship is worth it!
I have been using the Gottman Method in couples therapy to successfully transform romantic relationships for 11+ years. This method is based on extensive research on what tools "master couples" use to have successful relationships. I have seen this method turn around relationships again and again, even when the couple had lost all hope for a better future. I will ask you to work hard to achieve this success, but I will be there every step of the way to support you. I know taking this step can seem scary, but your relationship is worth it!
(323) 902-5025 View (323) 902-5025
Photo of Eliza Steel, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, EMDR
Eliza Steel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, EMDR
17 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
TELE-HEALTH AVAILABLE. Relational wellness is a harmony between how one relates to self, others, and the world. Let's work collaboratively to recognize your resources and grow your abilities and uniqueness. I offer openness, enthusiasm, and flexibility in my practice and I look forward to working together.
TELE-HEALTH AVAILABLE. Relational wellness is a harmony between how one relates to self, others, and the world. Let's work collaboratively to recognize your resources and grow your abilities and uniqueness. I offer openness, enthusiasm, and flexibility in my practice and I look forward to working together.
(424) 543-7340 View (424) 543-7340
Photo of Karinne Robbins, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Karinne Robbins
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
11 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
Are you feeling lost, disconnected, or burdened by past hurt? Do you feel like your sense of self doesn't fit with the life you've built? Maybe you have the self-insight, but find yourself struggling to make lasting change. No matter what you're bringing into the therapy room, I offer space to pause, take a breath, and feel understood as you connect with who you are & where you are in the moment. I work with kids, teens, & adults looking for a safe & nurturing environment to discover, explore, and experiment with living authentically & intentionally. I help clients stuck in reaction-mode become active participants in their lives.
Are you feeling lost, disconnected, or burdened by past hurt? Do you feel like your sense of self doesn't fit with the life you've built? Maybe you have the self-insight, but find yourself struggling to make lasting change. No matter what you're bringing into the therapy room, I offer space to pause, take a breath, and feel understood as you connect with who you are & where you are in the moment. I work with kids, teens, & adults looking for a safe & nurturing environment to discover, explore, and experiment with living authentically & intentionally. I help clients stuck in reaction-mode become active participants in their lives.
(626) 714-6568 View (626) 714-6568
Photo of Kevin James Logie, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
Kevin James Logie
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, AMFT
7 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
As a therapist with a background in the arts and improv, I bring a unique and creative approach to my work with adolescents, individuals, and couples. I use a narrative therapeutic approach integrated with EMDR, helping clients rewrite their stories and overcome past traumas. While therapy can be heavy at times, I believe in incorporating humor and lightness, along with mindfulness techniques, to defy the gravity of life's challenges. Together, we can create the life you want to be living.
As a therapist with a background in the arts and improv, I bring a unique and creative approach to my work with adolescents, individuals, and couples. I use a narrative therapeutic approach integrated with EMDR, helping clients rewrite their stories and overcome past traumas. While therapy can be heavy at times, I believe in incorporating humor and lightness, along with mindfulness techniques, to defy the gravity of life's challenges. Together, we can create the life you want to be living.
(626) 654-1531 View (626) 654-1531
Photo of Emily Schramm, Pre-Licensed Professional, ACSW, MSW
Emily Schramm
Pre-Licensed Professional, ACSW, MSW
8 Endorsed
Pasadena, CA 91103
You may feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected—unsure how much of yourself feels safe to show. You might be navigating identity, addiction, or the weight of past experiences while trying to make sense of who you are and what you want. You’re looking for a space where you can be honest without judgment, understand patterns that no longer serve you, and feel more grounded, free, and aligned in your life and relationships.
You may feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected—unsure how much of yourself feels safe to show. You might be navigating identity, addiction, or the weight of past experiences while trying to make sense of who you are and what you want. You’re looking for a space where you can be honest without judgment, understand patterns that no longer serve you, and feel more grounded, free, and aligned in your life and relationships.
(323) 417-5376 View (323) 417-5376

See more therapy options for 91103

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 91103

200+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in 91103 who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
70% Relationship Issues
65% Trauma and PTSD
62% Grief
61% Self Esteem
56% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% Aetna
74% Cigna and Evernorth
59% Optum

How Therapists in 91103 see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
24% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 91103?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.