Therapists in Manhattan Beach, CA

Photo of Megan Glotz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Megan Glotz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
I truly believe that the most positive outcomes in therapy happen when the therapeutic relationship is a good fit. With this core value in mind, I work with you to help you feel safe, understood, and supported, throughout our time together. I provide a calming environment where you can take time out of your busy week and focus on yourself and your unique goals. I work collaboratively with you to create positive change within yourself and your relationships. My goal is to help you improve your life and happiness, lower stress and negative feelings, and identify negative patterns or behaviors that are no longer serving you.
I truly believe that the most positive outcomes in therapy happen when the therapeutic relationship is a good fit. With this core value in mind, I work with you to help you feel safe, understood, and supported, throughout our time together. I provide a calming environment where you can take time out of your busy week and focus on yourself and your unique goals. I work collaboratively with you to create positive change within yourself and your relationships. My goal is to help you improve your life and happiness, lower stress and negative feelings, and identify negative patterns or behaviors that are no longer serving you.
(424) 371-7697 View (424) 371-7697
Photo of Cristy Pareti, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Cristy Pareti
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
I am passionate about helping clients raise their level of self-awareness and transform themselves and their relationships into the level they have always wanted. Whether anxiety, depression, past traumas or failed relationships are currently making you or your relationships feel stuck, I am dedicated to helping you discover new ways of challenging old patterns of thoughts and behaviors. You can create a renewed sense of empowerment and increase your overall sense of well-being.
I am passionate about helping clients raise their level of self-awareness and transform themselves and their relationships into the level they have always wanted. Whether anxiety, depression, past traumas or failed relationships are currently making you or your relationships feel stuck, I am dedicated to helping you discover new ways of challenging old patterns of thoughts and behaviors. You can create a renewed sense of empowerment and increase your overall sense of well-being.
(714) 752-0864 View (714) 752-0864
Photo of Catherine Vu, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Catherine Vu
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266  (Online Only)
I am an Asian-American therapist seeking to create a healing and culturally affirming environment for Children, Teens, and Young Adults. Life as a POC can be confusing to navigate as we can have traditions, values, and obligations that oppose our American cultural upbringing. This therapeutic space will be a safe container for those looking to explore their identity, purpose, and authenticity.
I am an Asian-American therapist seeking to create a healing and culturally affirming environment for Children, Teens, and Young Adults. Life as a POC can be confusing to navigate as we can have traditions, values, and obligations that oppose our American cultural upbringing. This therapeutic space will be a safe container for those looking to explore their identity, purpose, and authenticity.
(310) 750-4902 View (310) 750-4902
Photo of Anthony Cavuoti, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Anthony Cavuoti
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Are you looking for a meaningful connection that will nurture your desire to live out deeper and more dimensional aspects of yourself? Do you wish to liberate and express more of your inner life. Is your mind cluttered with unwanted intrusions, anxiety? Are you too often weighted down emotionally, depression? These are signals awakening you to your desire to connect more deeply with yourself,and what is most alive in you. Allow me to help you reconnect to yourself and your real desires.
Are you looking for a meaningful connection that will nurture your desire to live out deeper and more dimensional aspects of yourself? Do you wish to liberate and express more of your inner life. Is your mind cluttered with unwanted intrusions, anxiety? Are you too often weighted down emotionally, depression? These are signals awakening you to your desire to connect more deeply with yourself,and what is most alive in you. Allow me to help you reconnect to yourself and your real desires.
(424) 342-5831 View (424) 342-5831
Photo of Naomi Lutz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Naomi Lutz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Do you ever feel like so many things and people need your attention that you want to hide and ignore them all? Do you ever give in to this feeling and stay in bed, unmotivated and overwhelmed? Does your mind feel like it is going at hyper speed and won't let you rest? Do day to day tasks seem unachievable? Are you constantly asking yourself "what's wrong with me?" At some point, because you are a fighter, you will get out of bed and start addressing the things and people that have been piling up. But is there still a voice in the back of your mind already worried about the next time you end up in bed feeling overwhelmed?
Do you ever feel like so many things and people need your attention that you want to hide and ignore them all? Do you ever give in to this feeling and stay in bed, unmotivated and overwhelmed? Does your mind feel like it is going at hyper speed and won't let you rest? Do day to day tasks seem unachievable? Are you constantly asking yourself "what's wrong with me?" At some point, because you are a fighter, you will get out of bed and start addressing the things and people that have been piling up. But is there still a voice in the back of your mind already worried about the next time you end up in bed feeling overwhelmed?
(310) 861-3160 View (310) 861-3160
Photo of Stacey Calcagno, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Stacey Calcagno
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266  (Online Only)
This has been a challenging time for all. I welcome those who are looking to re-engage in therapy , and for those who are reaching out for the first time! My main focus throughout the therapeutic process is to provide a warm, caring environment, which allows you to feel safe and at ease. I believe that empathy, acceptance, and true genuineness are essential in creating a trusting therapeutic relationship. My goal is to create a safe, supportive, non-judgmental space, which allows you to feel a sense of relief, especially if you have not been receiving this through your own family of origin.
This has been a challenging time for all. I welcome those who are looking to re-engage in therapy , and for those who are reaching out for the first time! My main focus throughout the therapeutic process is to provide a warm, caring environment, which allows you to feel safe and at ease. I believe that empathy, acceptance, and true genuineness are essential in creating a trusting therapeutic relationship. My goal is to create a safe, supportive, non-judgmental space, which allows you to feel a sense of relief, especially if you have not been receiving this through your own family of origin.
(424) 401-3805 View (424) 401-3805
Photo of Rebecca Hotzel, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Rebecca Hotzel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Do you believe that there is power in connection? That the healthier we are as individuals, the healthier our relationships are? I believe that it is through connection that we can heal. We must first be able to create a healthy connection with the self to be in healthy contact with others. However, oftentimes challenges such as life transitions, parenting, school, career, anxiety, depression, trauma, and loss may inhibit us from connecting with the self and others.
Do you believe that there is power in connection? That the healthier we are as individuals, the healthier our relationships are? I believe that it is through connection that we can heal. We must first be able to create a healthy connection with the self to be in healthy contact with others. However, oftentimes challenges such as life transitions, parenting, school, career, anxiety, depression, trauma, and loss may inhibit us from connecting with the self and others.
(424) 233-1083 View (424) 233-1083
Photo of Donna K Koga, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Donna K Koga
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
I have over 20 years experience working successfully with individual adults, adolescents, children and families. I specialize in treating depression and anxiety, ADD and ADHD, life transitions, trauma, grief and loss, and relationship issues. I work collaboratively with clients to provide insight and understanding to heal old wounds along with practical strategies to move forward. I am patient focused and able to work with different modalities and therapeutic orientations to meet client needs.
I have over 20 years experience working successfully with individual adults, adolescents, children and families. I specialize in treating depression and anxiety, ADD and ADHD, life transitions, trauma, grief and loss, and relationship issues. I work collaboratively with clients to provide insight and understanding to heal old wounds along with practical strategies to move forward. I am patient focused and able to work with different modalities and therapeutic orientations to meet client needs.
(424) 581-1054 View (424) 581-1054
Photo of Phyllis Dworsky, Psychologist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Phyllis Dworsky
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266  (Online Only)
Dr. Phyllis E. Dworsky is a Psychologist in California who has been practicing since 1997. Dr. Dworsky offers both cognitive behavioral techniques to work toward goals and psychodynamic understanding as to what sabotages goals and triggers anxiety, depression, and anger. She also offers support and communication strategies for couples with a strong background in Gottman techniques. In her spare time, Dr. Dworsky enjoys hiking, yoga, poetry, and literature.
Dr. Phyllis E. Dworsky is a Psychologist in California who has been practicing since 1997. Dr. Dworsky offers both cognitive behavioral techniques to work toward goals and psychodynamic understanding as to what sabotages goals and triggers anxiety, depression, and anger. She also offers support and communication strategies for couples with a strong background in Gottman techniques. In her spare time, Dr. Dworsky enjoys hiking, yoga, poetry, and literature.
(424) 349-3847 View (424) 349-3847
Photo of Rina Varughese, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Rina Varughese
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Rina Varughese is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California who has been practicing since 2013. Rina has experience with pain management, anxiety, depression, trauma, LGBTQ population, and works from relational attachment. Outside of work, Rina enjoys guitar, ballroom, circuit training, and gun ranges.
Rina Varughese is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California who has been practicing since 2013. Rina has experience with pain management, anxiety, depression, trauma, LGBTQ population, and works from relational attachment. Outside of work, Rina enjoys guitar, ballroom, circuit training, and gun ranges.
(310) 356-0197 View (310) 356-0197
Photo of Julie Davidge, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Julie Davidge
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
My specialization has been helping women overcome issues that are common among them. These particular areas include overcoming anxiety, panic attacks, self criticism, perfectionism, setting boundaries, relationship conflicts, co-dependency, grief and life transitions. My goal is to provide a safe and accepting environment that will help women break free from their current struggles to gain a life of healing and hope.
My specialization has been helping women overcome issues that are common among them. These particular areas include overcoming anxiety, panic attacks, self criticism, perfectionism, setting boundaries, relationship conflicts, co-dependency, grief and life transitions. My goal is to provide a safe and accepting environment that will help women break free from their current struggles to gain a life of healing and hope.
(424) 294-8864 View (424) 294-8864
Photo of Dr. Elana Jablon, Registered Psychological Associate in Manhattan Beach, CA
Dr. Elana Jablon
Registered Psychological Associate, PhD
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
At Q Psychology Group, Dr. Jablon utilizes a variety of tools, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) for couples, and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT). She also teaches relevant behavioral techniques to parents and utilizes psychodynamic techniques focused on increasing clients’ self-awareness and recognizing their behavioral patterns. She specializes in mood disorders, personality disorders, specific phobias, romantic relational problems, parent-child relational problems, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
At Q Psychology Group, Dr. Jablon utilizes a variety of tools, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) for couples, and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT). She also teaches relevant behavioral techniques to parents and utilizes psychodynamic techniques focused on increasing clients’ self-awareness and recognizing their behavioral patterns. She specializes in mood disorders, personality disorders, specific phobias, romantic relational problems, parent-child relational problems, and neurodevelopmental disorders.
(310) 742-0683 View (310) 742-0683
CBT Treatment Center, A Psychological Corporation
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Seeing your child struggle is such a helpless feeling. You wish you could find the right words that would fix it all, but nothing that you say, and no amount of logic that you use seems to help. Perhaps you have even tried therapy before, with little progress or success, and you're not sure if this is even a fixable problem. Your child's struggles have become the focus of the entire family. You just want your happy little boy or girl back and to have normalcy restored at home.
Seeing your child struggle is such a helpless feeling. You wish you could find the right words that would fix it all, but nothing that you say, and no amount of logic that you use seems to help. Perhaps you have even tried therapy before, with little progress or success, and you're not sure if this is even a fixable problem. Your child's struggles have become the focus of the entire family. You just want your happy little boy or girl back and to have normalcy restored at home.
(424) 835-7372 View (424) 835-7372
Photo of Cynara Allison, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Cynara Allison
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Are you looking for a Professional Christian Therapist? If you are looking for a Professional Christian Therapist, I'd be glad to help you with your concerns about anxiety, depression, relationships, or your Faith. I am a Licensed Marriage, Family and Individual Therapist and have been practicing in my same office in Manhattan Beach for over 20 years. For more information please feel free to call me. I'd be happy to talk with you!
Are you looking for a Professional Christian Therapist? If you are looking for a Professional Christian Therapist, I'd be glad to help you with your concerns about anxiety, depression, relationships, or your Faith. I am a Licensed Marriage, Family and Individual Therapist and have been practicing in my same office in Manhattan Beach for over 20 years. For more information please feel free to call me. I'd be happy to talk with you!
(310) 740-9068 View (310) 740-9068
Photo of Crystal Quarry, Psychologist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Crystal Quarry
Psychologist, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
One of the most important aspects in therapy is for patients to feel heard, respected, and understood. Given that each individual is unique, and no one issue is ever the same among different people, my approach is integrative and tailored to meet the needs of the person, not the "problem". I strive to create a compassionate, non-judgemental environment for patients to learn, grow, explore, challenge, and to live the life they want to be living. I specialize in working with adults - individual, couples, and family - with anxiety, depression, PTSD/trauma, relationship problems, substance abuse, ADD/ADHD, and LGBTQ issues.
One of the most important aspects in therapy is for patients to feel heard, respected, and understood. Given that each individual is unique, and no one issue is ever the same among different people, my approach is integrative and tailored to meet the needs of the person, not the "problem". I strive to create a compassionate, non-judgemental environment for patients to learn, grow, explore, challenge, and to live the life they want to be living. I specialize in working with adults - individual, couples, and family - with anxiety, depression, PTSD/trauma, relationship problems, substance abuse, ADD/ADHD, and LGBTQ issues.
(424) 216-5575 View (424) 216-5575
Photo of Amy Schwartz, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Amy Schwartz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I believe my role as a therapist is to partner with you in order to help you to connect with your own innate strength. It is not uncommon to have feelings of anxiety or depression given the many challenges of life. Perhaps you are moving through the grief of losing a loved one or relationship. I am here to help you find your way through the confusion and pain. I have been honored to work with people during the most painful of circumstances. In my work with families during the challenge of end of life issues, I am able to offer support as they journey toward a new way of experiencing their loss.
I believe my role as a therapist is to partner with you in order to help you to connect with your own innate strength. It is not uncommon to have feelings of anxiety or depression given the many challenges of life. Perhaps you are moving through the grief of losing a loved one or relationship. I am here to help you find your way through the confusion and pain. I have been honored to work with people during the most painful of circumstances. In my work with families during the challenge of end of life issues, I am able to offer support as they journey toward a new way of experiencing their loss.
(310) 562-8393 View (310) 562-8393
Photo of Naceem Navidi, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Naceem Navidi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Has your personal or family life spiraled into chaos or confusion? Are you hurting, feeling alone, anxious, triggered, and overwhelmed? Are you having panic attacks? Do you feel like you're stuck in dysfunctional relationship patterns. I believe most people suffer mental injury rather than mental illness. Fortunately, our minds can heal itself just as our bodies do when we are sick or injured. Yes, you can be free of feeling trapped and move on to live a meaningful life!
Has your personal or family life spiraled into chaos or confusion? Are you hurting, feeling alone, anxious, triggered, and overwhelmed? Are you having panic attacks? Do you feel like you're stuck in dysfunctional relationship patterns. I believe most people suffer mental injury rather than mental illness. Fortunately, our minds can heal itself just as our bodies do when we are sick or injured. Yes, you can be free of feeling trapped and move on to live a meaningful life!
(424) 396-1028 View (424) 396-1028
Photo of Nicole R Sela, Counselor in Manhattan Beach, CA
Nicole R Sela
Counselor, MA, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
Do you have trouble managing your anger? Have you been told by loved ones, coworkers, or friends that you have trouble managing your anger? Are you looking for someone who hears you with an impartial ear? I specialize in helping clients manage anger, adapting to a life of responding rather than reacting. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques to help clients adapt successful coping strategies. I also work with clients who have a history of childhood trauma, and as well provide couples counseling and see many clients who are struggling with depression and anxiety.
Do you have trouble managing your anger? Have you been told by loved ones, coworkers, or friends that you have trouble managing your anger? Are you looking for someone who hears you with an impartial ear? I specialize in helping clients manage anger, adapting to a life of responding rather than reacting. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy techniques to help clients adapt successful coping strategies. I also work with clients who have a history of childhood trauma, and as well provide couples counseling and see many clients who are struggling with depression and anxiety.
(818) 405-8255 View (818) 405-8255
Photo of Dimitri Gatsiounis, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Dimitri Gatsiounis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
I’m a psychodynamic therapist. I specialize in anxiety, depression, addiction, relationships, and grief. I work with adults, adolescents and couples, guiding them toward living an examined life. From here they begin to connect with their true self, building self-esteem, resolving painful conflicts, improving their relationships and transforming their lives.
I’m a psychodynamic therapist. I specialize in anxiety, depression, addiction, relationships, and grief. I work with adults, adolescents and couples, guiding them toward living an examined life. From here they begin to connect with their true self, building self-esteem, resolving painful conflicts, improving their relationships and transforming their lives.
(310) 928-9878 View (310) 928-9878
Photo of Andrea Mendoza, Marriage & Family Therapist in Manhattan Beach, CA
Andrea Mendoza
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have been practicing for over 17 years. Specializing in working with children, adolescents, and families from primarily a solution-focused, cognitive behavioral approach, I offer a variety of interventions best matched to fit my client's individual needs. Adept in working with childhood disorders, trauma experiences, grief and loss, anger management, and parenting issues, I strive to look at the "whole picture" and incorporate collaterals and family members, as needed.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have been practicing for over 17 years. Specializing in working with children, adolescents, and families from primarily a solution-focused, cognitive behavioral approach, I offer a variety of interventions best matched to fit my client's individual needs. Adept in working with childhood disorders, trauma experiences, grief and loss, anger management, and parenting issues, I strive to look at the "whole picture" and incorporate collaterals and family members, as needed.
(424) 347-6621 View (424) 347-6621

See more therapy options for Manhattan Beach

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Manhattan Beach, CA

400+

Average cost per session

$191

Therapists in Manhattan Beach, CA who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
89% Depression
85% Relationship Issues
81% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
70% Grief
70% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

58% Cigna and Evernorth
52% Aetna
48% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Manhattan Beach, CA see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Manhattan Beach?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.