Geoff Kettling
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MS, CRC, MFT-I
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502  (Online Only)
Fundamentally I believe in meeting a client where he, she, or they are at in the moment. Knowing where a client is followed by learning where they want go in personal development. Working with clients to help them along their journey to that goal. Sometimes goals change, or circumstances emerge that alter a path. Transitioning to new goals or paths, or after bump in the road or derailment getting back on track is not easy. Everyone needs support to help through transitions and hurdles. One of the most difficult things a person does is ask for help –walking through the door the first time.
Fundamentally I believe in meeting a client where he, she, or they are at in the moment. Knowing where a client is followed by learning where they want go in personal development. Working with clients to help them along their journey to that goal. Sometimes goals change, or circumstances emerge that alter a path. Transitioning to new goals or paths, or after bump in the road or derailment getting back on track is not easy. Everyone needs support to help through transitions and hurdles. One of the most difficult things a person does is ask for help –walking through the door the first time.
(775) 636-7767 View (775) 636-7767
Photo of Justus Mora, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Justus Mora
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89502
OPEN to New Clients! I specialize in treating a variety of anxiety issues, depression, relationship issues, family systems issues, and individual growth. Additionally, I have experience working with concerning sexual behaviors, desire discrepancy, and communication issues. I’ve had the privilege to work with diverse populations and utilize myriad of therapeutic modalities. I see clients at various points in their journey to self-discovery. Some suffer from anxiety, some with relationship concerns, others struggle with sexual concerns, but at the end of the day you are much more than a diagnosis.
OPEN to New Clients! I specialize in treating a variety of anxiety issues, depression, relationship issues, family systems issues, and individual growth. Additionally, I have experience working with concerning sexual behaviors, desire discrepancy, and communication issues. I’ve had the privilege to work with diverse populations and utilize myriad of therapeutic modalities. I see clients at various points in their journey to self-discovery. Some suffer from anxiety, some with relationship concerns, others struggle with sexual concerns, but at the end of the day you are much more than a diagnosis.
(775) 206-0117 View (775) 206-0117
Photo of Celia Zisman, LCSW, LCADC, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Celia Zisman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC, PMH-C
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89502
Waitlist for new clients
Welcome to my page and thank you for giving me the privilege of your consideration. I have specific expertise in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Phobic Disorders, Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders and eating disorders. I also am highly skilled in working with anxiety, depression, adjustment issues, life stressors/transitions, and interpersonal dynamics. I have certification in substance use disorder counseling, PMADS, DBT, Cinema Therapy, and Narrative Therapy. I also recently completed Phase 1 Brainspotting for trauma and utilize an attachment lens to explore our unhealed wounds that continue to hurt us and others in our lives.
Welcome to my page and thank you for giving me the privilege of your consideration. I have specific expertise in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Phobic Disorders, Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders and eating disorders. I also am highly skilled in working with anxiety, depression, adjustment issues, life stressors/transitions, and interpersonal dynamics. I have certification in substance use disorder counseling, PMADS, DBT, Cinema Therapy, and Narrative Therapy. I also recently completed Phase 1 Brainspotting for trauma and utilize an attachment lens to explore our unhealed wounds that continue to hurt us and others in our lives.
(775) 242-5319 View (775) 242-5319
Photo of Alexandra Lambeth, CPC, LPC, CRC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Alexandra Lambeth
Licensed Professional Counselor, CPC, LPC, CRC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502  (Online Only)
Are you looking for quick results and relief? Is that even possible? Yes, it is! EMDR or ART might be the right type of therapy if you are looking for effective short-term treatment. Long-term therapy can last several weeks, months, sometimes even years, often without the relief clients hope to find. Now imagine not spending an excessive amount of time and money (compared to traditional therapy) to reach your goal! Let me help you better manage your PTSD, trauma(s), anxieties, and self-confidence concerns with EMDR or ART. Want even quicker results? Consider EMDR intensive sessions, which is the speediest therapy with rapid result.
Are you looking for quick results and relief? Is that even possible? Yes, it is! EMDR or ART might be the right type of therapy if you are looking for effective short-term treatment. Long-term therapy can last several weeks, months, sometimes even years, often without the relief clients hope to find. Now imagine not spending an excessive amount of time and money (compared to traditional therapy) to reach your goal! Let me help you better manage your PTSD, trauma(s), anxieties, and self-confidence concerns with EMDR or ART. Want even quicker results? Consider EMDR intensive sessions, which is the speediest therapy with rapid result.
(972) 677-9210 View (972) 677-9210
Photo of Tamara Listinsky, MA, CPC, NCC, Counselor
Tamara Listinsky
Counselor, MA, CPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
I currently have openings and work with kids ages 8 through adults and couples. My approach is client centered, solution focused aimed to foster emotional wellbeing skills and coping tools that develop self-awareness and the ability to overcome the challenges you face. Not just today, but also in the future. Explore negative patterns, understand how past/present experiences, or unconscious processes, impact you or your child. Prevent burnout and improve self esteem, confidence, relationships and communication skills.
I currently have openings and work with kids ages 8 through adults and couples. My approach is client centered, solution focused aimed to foster emotional wellbeing skills and coping tools that develop self-awareness and the ability to overcome the challenges you face. Not just today, but also in the future. Explore negative patterns, understand how past/present experiences, or unconscious processes, impact you or your child. Prevent burnout and improve self esteem, confidence, relationships and communication skills.
(775) 204-2294 View (775) 204-2294
Photo of Tom Harrison, PhD, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Tom Harrison
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89502
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have been a practicing therapist and university professor for close to 30 years. My interests and specialties focus on couples and individual therapy. My clients are high-functioning and are generally experiencing life transitions, relational difficulties, communication issues, stress, career, or general life concerns. More often than not, clients present with anxieties, sexual issues, decreased goals, diminished hopefulness, feelings of guilt, anger, and resentment, miscommunications, and/or a belief of existing rather than living. Please visit my website at tomharrisonphdmft@gmail.com if you would like more detailed information. Thank you.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have been a practicing therapist and university professor for close to 30 years. My interests and specialties focus on couples and individual therapy. My clients are high-functioning and are generally experiencing life transitions, relational difficulties, communication issues, stress, career, or general life concerns. More often than not, clients present with anxieties, sexual issues, decreased goals, diminished hopefulness, feelings of guilt, anger, and resentment, miscommunications, and/or a belief of existing rather than living. Please visit my website at tomharrisonphdmft@gmail.com if you would like more detailed information. Thank you.
(775) 293-4602 View (775) 293-4602
Photo of Christine Dobson, MFT-I, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Christine Dobson
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFT-I
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89502
Accepting new patients. I am available for in-person services in Reno, NV. I also provide psychotherapy through telehealth. If you or your teen are struggling with anxiety, depression, self worth, postpartum, or going through a difficult breakup/divorce please do not hesitate to reach out. Additionally, If you are noticing challenges with communication, boundaries, or negativity within your relationships I may be a good fit for you and your partner/family. As a marriage and family therapist I work with adolescents, adults, couples, and families. I am currently in training for EMDR and am providing EMDR services.
Accepting new patients. I am available for in-person services in Reno, NV. I also provide psychotherapy through telehealth. If you or your teen are struggling with anxiety, depression, self worth, postpartum, or going through a difficult breakup/divorce please do not hesitate to reach out. Additionally, If you are noticing challenges with communication, boundaries, or negativity within your relationships I may be a good fit for you and your partner/family. As a marriage and family therapist I work with adolescents, adults, couples, and families. I am currently in training for EMDR and am providing EMDR services.
(775) 406-0412 View (775) 406-0412
Photo of Zoë Stears-Macauley, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Zoë Stears-Macauley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
Therapy can be scary and hard! My only goal in treatment is to get you to your goals. I know you have a lot of choice and control in whom you work with for therapy and I would be honored to be a part of that. I pride myself on my ability to not only meet clients where they are, but also help them learn and understand themselves better along the way. I believe there is great value in working together to find the root causes of some of the issues so that we can make educated decisions on how we want to proceed and what goals are realistic and doable. Lets work together to get it figured out!
Therapy can be scary and hard! My only goal in treatment is to get you to your goals. I know you have a lot of choice and control in whom you work with for therapy and I would be honored to be a part of that. I pride myself on my ability to not only meet clients where they are, but also help them learn and understand themselves better along the way. I believe there is great value in working together to find the root causes of some of the issues so that we can make educated decisions on how we want to proceed and what goals are realistic and doable. Lets work together to get it figured out!
(775) 258-6909 View (775) 258-6909
Photo of Lauren E. Gasper, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lauren E. Gasper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502  (Online Only)
Lauren is a warm and supportive therapist who believes in the power of humor, empathy, and genuine connection to facilitate healing and growth. With experience in treating adjustment difficulties, working with first responders, and helping individuals with complex/chronic medical issues, she is dedicated to supporting her clients on their journeys to recovery and resilience. Lauren offers specialized support to these individuals, providing a safe space to process traumatic experiences, manage stress and anxiety, and develop effective coping mechanisms. She is trained in Accelerated Resolution Therapy (similar to EMDR).
Lauren is a warm and supportive therapist who believes in the power of humor, empathy, and genuine connection to facilitate healing and growth. With experience in treating adjustment difficulties, working with first responders, and helping individuals with complex/chronic medical issues, she is dedicated to supporting her clients on their journeys to recovery and resilience. Lauren offers specialized support to these individuals, providing a safe space to process traumatic experiences, manage stress and anxiety, and develop effective coping mechanisms. She is trained in Accelerated Resolution Therapy (similar to EMDR).
(775) 256-7761 View (775) 256-7761
Photo of Gwen Michelle Smithson, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Gwen Michelle Smithson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
My work can be characterized as client centered, empathetic and collaborative. My goal is to help inspire and empower you. This will be a journey in which together we will identify and explore issues, either past or present, that have prevented you from living a happy and well balanced life.
My work can be characterized as client centered, empathetic and collaborative. My goal is to help inspire and empower you. This will be a journey in which together we will identify and explore issues, either past or present, that have prevented you from living a happy and well balanced life.
(775) 323-1829 View (775) 323-1829
Photo of Mark Brehm, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mark Brehm
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89502
Life can often present us with stressful situations and challenges that can shape who we are and can leave us feeling stuck. Asking for help is not always easy, but there are ways forward. I am passionate about helping others find ways to live a more authentic life and work through the obstacles that hold them back at times. I have worked in number different settings working in schools, hospitals, community healthcare and clinics and feel confident that I can provide quality life-changing care to those that I work with.
Life can often present us with stressful situations and challenges that can shape who we are and can leave us feeling stuck. Asking for help is not always easy, but there are ways forward. I am passionate about helping others find ways to live a more authentic life and work through the obstacles that hold them back at times. I have worked in number different settings working in schools, hospitals, community healthcare and clinics and feel confident that I can provide quality life-changing care to those that I work with.
(775) 405-6873 View (775) 405-6873
Photo of Ann Edgington, LCSW, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ann Edgington
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89502
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about supporting adults and couples coping with issues related to anxiety, relationships, trauma, loss, fertility, pregnancy, birth, and parenting. Our generational stories, trauma histories, social and cultural experiences, and personal goals all inform how we find ourselves in times of transition and impact how we cope. Whatever you find yourself carrying, there is time and space for you to pause and fortify before stepping forward on your path. It's an honor to share that space with you.
I am passionate about supporting adults and couples coping with issues related to anxiety, relationships, trauma, loss, fertility, pregnancy, birth, and parenting. Our generational stories, trauma histories, social and cultural experiences, and personal goals all inform how we find ourselves in times of transition and impact how we cope. Whatever you find yourself carrying, there is time and space for you to pause and fortify before stepping forward on your path. It's an honor to share that space with you.
(775) 403-5214 View (775) 403-5214
Photo of Shannon Rose Shreve, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Shannon Rose Shreve
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89502  (Online Only)
***OPENINGS FOR TELETHERAPY*** EVERYONE NEEDS AND DESERVES TO HAVE A THERAPIST, it is vital that our primary support systems extend beyond family and spouses". My therapeutic approach is supportive, encouraging, directive, and humorous. I see myself as an educator and a coach. I seek to help my client(s) feel safe and achieve quality of life by helping them increase their physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health.
***OPENINGS FOR TELETHERAPY*** EVERYONE NEEDS AND DESERVES TO HAVE A THERAPIST, it is vital that our primary support systems extend beyond family and spouses". My therapeutic approach is supportive, encouraging, directive, and humorous. I see myself as an educator and a coach. I seek to help my client(s) feel safe and achieve quality of life by helping them increase their physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health.
(775) 636-7767 View (775) 636-7767
Photo of Jim Freeland, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jim Freeland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
Why am I a therapist? There are many reasons I am in this field. The initial draw was curiosity about people. I find people fascinating, each person has their own story, their own journey, their own struggles, and their own triumphs. I find it to be a humbling experience that a person I am working with in therapy is willing to trust me with the intimate details of the things they are seeking help for. I remain cognizant of the courage it takes to seek therapy, to seek recovery, to work on making changes. The resiliency that people are capable of never ceases to amaze me.
Why am I a therapist? There are many reasons I am in this field. The initial draw was curiosity about people. I find people fascinating, each person has their own story, their own journey, their own struggles, and their own triumphs. I find it to be a humbling experience that a person I am working with in therapy is willing to trust me with the intimate details of the things they are seeking help for. I remain cognizant of the courage it takes to seek therapy, to seek recovery, to work on making changes. The resiliency that people are capable of never ceases to amaze me.
(775) 431-2767 View (775) 431-2767
Photo of Paulette Gill, MA,  ATR, Art Therapist
Paulette Gill
Art Therapist, MA, ATR
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
My approach with individuals and in my groups is person-centered expressive arts with the belief that that all the arts stimulate inner growth no matter what the individual brings to the group. The arts are a way to build community and connection and improve quality of life for everyone.
My approach with individuals and in my groups is person-centered expressive arts with the belief that that all the arts stimulate inner growth no matter what the individual brings to the group. The arts are a way to build community and connection and improve quality of life for everyone.
(775) 514-8642 View (775) 514-8642
Photo of Anika K Mullen, MS, LPC, MHSP, CPC, Counselor
Anika K Mullen
Counselor, MS, LPC, MHSP, CPC
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502  (Online Only)
Have the terrible 2's never stopped or gotten worse after your child turned 2.5 yrs? Do you have a young child with more frequent, long, or intense temper tantrums and behavior problems than is expected for the child’s age? Does your child seem to get a thrill out of purposely annoying others, get in trouble regularly at preschool, or react with defiance and aggression to adult requests and limits? Or, is your child so anxious that you are dreading daycare or school drop offs because your child has to be pried off of you? Is your child struggling to adjust to a big transition like parents’ divorce, a new sibling, grief, or trauma?
Have the terrible 2's never stopped or gotten worse after your child turned 2.5 yrs? Do you have a young child with more frequent, long, or intense temper tantrums and behavior problems than is expected for the child’s age? Does your child seem to get a thrill out of purposely annoying others, get in trouble regularly at preschool, or react with defiance and aggression to adult requests and limits? Or, is your child so anxious that you are dreading daycare or school drop offs because your child has to be pried off of you? Is your child struggling to adjust to a big transition like parents’ divorce, a new sibling, grief, or trauma?
(775) 204-4567 View (775) 204-4567
Photo of Quinten Lynn, PhD, Psychologist
Quinten Lynn
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
I work with high accountability professionals who want something different from therapy. The individuals I work with excel in many facets of life, and also recognize there are issues they need help working through. Often the same issues keep tripping them up, so they show up willing to look within themselves and do the work necessary to make transformative changes. Whether my clients want better work/life balance, are having troubles with self-confidence, need help with their relationships, or are feeling stuck in a meaningless loop, we work together to understand their struggles more deeply and with greater nuance and compassion.
I work with high accountability professionals who want something different from therapy. The individuals I work with excel in many facets of life, and also recognize there are issues they need help working through. Often the same issues keep tripping them up, so they show up willing to look within themselves and do the work necessary to make transformative changes. Whether my clients want better work/life balance, are having troubles with self-confidence, need help with their relationships, or are feeling stuck in a meaningless loop, we work together to understand their struggles more deeply and with greater nuance and compassion.
(775) 386-2367 View (775) 386-2367
Photo of Dr. Krystal S Smith, PsyD, PSYPACT, Psychologist
Dr. Krystal S Smith
Psychologist, PsyD, PSYPACT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89502
Life can be rough sometimes, and it’s so easy to feel stuck, wondering where you’re headed. My goal is to help you find new perspectives and new ways of looking at any situation so that you can approach life with confidence and authenticity. Along with bringing a multicultural perspective to therapy as a therapist of color, I utilize an integrative approach of Narrative, Interpersonal, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies, and other modalities that fit your unique life journey.
Life can be rough sometimes, and it’s so easy to feel stuck, wondering where you’re headed. My goal is to help you find new perspectives and new ways of looking at any situation so that you can approach life with confidence and authenticity. Along with bringing a multicultural perspective to therapy as a therapist of color, I utilize an integrative approach of Narrative, Interpersonal, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies, and other modalities that fit your unique life journey.
(775) 258-3242 View (775) 258-3242
Photo of Jennifer Luboski, PhD, Psychologist
Jennifer Luboski
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Reno, NV 89502
Are you struggling to figure out how to cope with a difficult situation from your past or present? Does it seem like your current strategies and resources aren't working anymore? Are you looking to make changes in your relationships in your personal or professional life?
Are you struggling to figure out how to cope with a difficult situation from your past or present? Does it seem like your current strategies and resources aren't working anymore? Are you looking to make changes in your relationships in your personal or professional life?
(775) 871-1003 View (775) 871-1003
Photo of Pamela Swanner - Sierra Dragonfly Center, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sierra Dragonfly Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Reno, NV 89502
At Sierra Dragonfly Center, we have a great love for our community and a passion for overcoming the stigma that has surrounded mental health for far too long. Our focus is on helping individuals, couples, and families of all ages, backgrounds, and identities. We offer in person and video visits so we can help members of our rural communities as well. Too many people in our community suffer in silence with limited providers, long waiting lists, and a failing system. We strive to provide another layer of access to the care our community deserves, while also creating awareness and understanding of the importance of mental health care.
At Sierra Dragonfly Center, we have a great love for our community and a passion for overcoming the stigma that has surrounded mental health for far too long. Our focus is on helping individuals, couples, and families of all ages, backgrounds, and identities. We offer in person and video visits so we can help members of our rural communities as well. Too many people in our community suffer in silence with limited providers, long waiting lists, and a failing system. We strive to provide another layer of access to the care our community deserves, while also creating awareness and understanding of the importance of mental health care.
(775) 256-9230 View (775) 256-9230
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 89502

100+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 89502 who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
90% Depression
81% Trauma and PTSD
75% Self Esteem
72% Relationship Issues
72% Stress
67% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Aetna
62% BlueCross and BlueShield
62% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 89502 see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
18% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 89502?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.