Therapists in 89423

Photo of Holly Kampf Robbins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Holly Kampf Robbins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Minden, NV 89423
Do you suffer from sadness, despair or hopelessness? Do you lack drive and motivation? Have you lost your sense of passion or purpose in life? Are you plagued by insurmountable fear or panic? Tired of feeling stuck? Sick of living the same day over and over, frustrated about not really making any real change or progress? I can help!
Do you suffer from sadness, despair or hopelessness? Do you lack drive and motivation? Have you lost your sense of passion or purpose in life? Are you plagued by insurmountable fear or panic? Tired of feeling stuck? Sick of living the same day over and over, frustrated about not really making any real change or progress? I can help!
(775) 306-9368 View (775) 306-9368
Photo of Jennifer L Husung, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Jennifer L Husung
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Minden, NV 89423
Currently, accepting new clients. Hi there! Do you find yourself awake at 1:00 a.m. scrolling through the therapist ads, thinking that it may be time to talk to someone about your struggles? Do you find yourself feeling irritable, overwhelmed, or have you lost your sense of passion in life? Are you having difficulty in your interpersonal relationships or marriage? I honor you for being brave enough to take these first steps. I respect the coping mechanisms that have gotten you this far, and it would be a privilege to help guide you, empower you, and collaborate with you as you embark on your own unique path of self discovery.
Currently, accepting new clients. Hi there! Do you find yourself awake at 1:00 a.m. scrolling through the therapist ads, thinking that it may be time to talk to someone about your struggles? Do you find yourself feeling irritable, overwhelmed, or have you lost your sense of passion in life? Are you having difficulty in your interpersonal relationships or marriage? I honor you for being brave enough to take these first steps. I respect the coping mechanisms that have gotten you this far, and it would be a privilege to help guide you, empower you, and collaborate with you as you embark on your own unique path of self discovery.
(775) 256-7993 View (775) 256-7993
Photo of Jenna Ortiz, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA
Jenna Ortiz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, MA
1 Endorsed
Minden, NV 89423
Clinicians in my office accepting new clients! Welcome. I'm a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist dedicated to providing a compassionate and supportive space where you can explore the challenges that arise in everyday life. Whether you're seeking support as an individual, couple, child, adolescent, or family, therapy is a deeply personal and unique journey — and I honor that with each client I meet. My approach is tailored to your specific needs, drawing from your personal history, current life circumstances, and therapeutic goals. I believe deeply in each person’s capacity for growth and healing.
Clinicians in my office accepting new clients! Welcome. I'm a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist dedicated to providing a compassionate and supportive space where you can explore the challenges that arise in everyday life. Whether you're seeking support as an individual, couple, child, adolescent, or family, therapy is a deeply personal and unique journey — and I honor that with each client I meet. My approach is tailored to your specific needs, drawing from your personal history, current life circumstances, and therapeutic goals. I believe deeply in each person’s capacity for growth and healing.
(702) 820-5241 View (702) 820-5241
Photo of Desiree Seghieri, LPC Intern, MS, CPC-I
Desiree Seghieri
LPC Intern, MS, CPC-I
1 Endorsed
Minden, NV 89423
I’m so glad you’re here. I believe that healing is a journey, and therapy can be a powerful release. Maybe you’re not quite sure what you need yet. Whether you’re experiencing anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, grief, or just an inner knowing that things aren’t how they should be, I’m here to help you navigate those moments of uncertainty. My clinical focus includes trauma treatment, family systems, and dynamics of foster care. I specialize in supporting individuals and families affected by trauma and attachment disruptions. I also work with single parents and families navigating co-parenting and significant stress and loss.
I’m so glad you’re here. I believe that healing is a journey, and therapy can be a powerful release. Maybe you’re not quite sure what you need yet. Whether you’re experiencing anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, grief, or just an inner knowing that things aren’t how they should be, I’m here to help you navigate those moments of uncertainty. My clinical focus includes trauma treatment, family systems, and dynamics of foster care. I specialize in supporting individuals and families affected by trauma and attachment disruptions. I also work with single parents and families navigating co-parenting and significant stress and loss.
(775) 402-1485 View (775) 402-1485
Photo of Kristen Susan Langford, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, LMFTi, MAED
Kristen Susan Langford
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, LMFTi, MAED
Minden, NV 89423
Anxiety. Depression. Life transitions. Grief. Parenting. Trauma. In-Person and Online/Telehealth appointments for individuals, couples and families in Northern Nevada. I meet you where you are and walk with you in your journey, helping you navigate challenges, reframe negative patterns, and become more present. I specialize in working with families, children, and adolescents, and welcome neurodiverse clients. My experience supports meaningful healing through grief and loss.
Anxiety. Depression. Life transitions. Grief. Parenting. Trauma. In-Person and Online/Telehealth appointments for individuals, couples and families in Northern Nevada. I meet you where you are and walk with you in your journey, helping you navigate challenges, reframe negative patterns, and become more present. I specialize in working with families, children, and adolescents, and welcome neurodiverse clients. My experience supports meaningful healing through grief and loss.
(775) 259-0341 View (775) 259-0341
Photo of Stephani Halladay, Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, NCC, MA
Stephani Halladay
Licensed Professional Counselor, LCPC, NCC, MA
1 Endorsed
Minden, NV 89423
As a therapist I strive to build a strong therapeutic relationship with each client through empathy, acceptance, authenticity, and humor. My goals are for you to feel seen and understood, to provide space for processing emotions in a trauma-informed and culturally responsive way, and to join you in your journey to find congruence between your ideal and real self. I enjoy helping people who want to learn how to help themselves. You're the expert, I'm the guide. I appreciate finding what is feasible for you in your life along with identifying incremental goals to help you on your journey.
As a therapist I strive to build a strong therapeutic relationship with each client through empathy, acceptance, authenticity, and humor. My goals are for you to feel seen and understood, to provide space for processing emotions in a trauma-informed and culturally responsive way, and to join you in your journey to find congruence between your ideal and real self. I enjoy helping people who want to learn how to help themselves. You're the expert, I'm the guide. I appreciate finding what is feasible for you in your life along with identifying incremental goals to help you on your journey.
(775) 372-2775 View (775) 372-2775
Photo of Hannah Wilson, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFT-I
Hannah Wilson
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFT-I
Minden, NV 89423
People seek therapy for many reasons, but at the core, most are looking for a place where they can be seen without judgment and supported without pressure. My approach is grounded in the belief that healing happens through connection, clarity, and compassion. I work with youth, adults, and families who are navigating trauma, stress, relationship challenges, and the weight of simply being human in a demanding world.
People seek therapy for many reasons, but at the core, most are looking for a place where they can be seen without judgment and supported without pressure. My approach is grounded in the belief that healing happens through connection, clarity, and compassion. I work with youth, adults, and families who are navigating trauma, stress, relationship challenges, and the weight of simply being human in a demanding world.
(775) 288-9364 View (775) 288-9364
Photo of Liz Crawford Nunez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW
Liz Crawford Nunez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Minden, NV 89423
Accepting new clients! I see clients in person in Minden, NV and am willing to meet online. Welcome, my name is Liz and I hope I can be the one to help you through whatever hardship is currently on your plate. Congratulations on taking the first step towards getting the help you need and “no longer staying stuck in the suck”. I am more than willing to meet you where you are and help you let go of the fear. It is time to make an active change. Therapy can be intimidating to start, and I am flexible in fitting your needs. I work in partnership with you to help you not only overcome the barriers you are facing, but to rise above them.
Accepting new clients! I see clients in person in Minden, NV and am willing to meet online. Welcome, my name is Liz and I hope I can be the one to help you through whatever hardship is currently on your plate. Congratulations on taking the first step towards getting the help you need and “no longer staying stuck in the suck”. I am more than willing to meet you where you are and help you let go of the fear. It is time to make an active change. Therapy can be intimidating to start, and I am flexible in fitting your needs. I work in partnership with you to help you not only overcome the barriers you are facing, but to rise above them.
(775) 256-8304 View (775) 256-8304
Photo of Jentri Hames, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Jentri Hames
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Minden, NV 89423
Many of my clients come to therapy feeling emotionally disconnected, weighed down by trauma, or struggling to find joy in their lives. Whether you’re navigating past wounds, seeking new ways to manage anxiety, or seeking personal growth, I am here to support you in moving through emotional roadblocks with safety, humor, and a sense of empowerment. Together, we will use evidenced-based techniques and strategies that help you regain clarity, resilience, and confidence in your own healing journey. Healing is not just about overcoming the past—it’s about reclaiming your present and stepping into your fullest self.
Many of my clients come to therapy feeling emotionally disconnected, weighed down by trauma, or struggling to find joy in their lives. Whether you’re navigating past wounds, seeking new ways to manage anxiety, or seeking personal growth, I am here to support you in moving through emotional roadblocks with safety, humor, and a sense of empowerment. Together, we will use evidenced-based techniques and strategies that help you regain clarity, resilience, and confidence in your own healing journey. Healing is not just about overcoming the past—it’s about reclaiming your present and stepping into your fullest self.
(775) 262-8282 View (775) 262-8282
Photo of Maddy Romanowitz, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Maddy Romanowitz
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Minden, NV 89423
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the Carson Valley. Choosing to begin therapy is both a vulnerable and brave decision that deserves to be met with support and compassion. It is my mission to help my clients achieve their therapeutic goals by stepping into their world and gaining a comprehensive understanding of how their life experiences impact their current functioning. My approach involves creating a safe space that promotes self-exploration, growth, and acceptance.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the Carson Valley. Choosing to begin therapy is both a vulnerable and brave decision that deserves to be met with support and compassion. It is my mission to help my clients achieve their therapeutic goals by stepping into their world and gaining a comprehensive understanding of how their life experiences impact their current functioning. My approach involves creating a safe space that promotes self-exploration, growth, and acceptance.
(775) 312-5628 View (775) 312-5628
Photo of Danielle Bennett, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LADC
Danielle Bennett
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MS, LADC
Minden, NV 89423
Struggling with addiction can feel isolating, but healing is possible and support is available. I offer Substance Abuse Evaluations for court or professional needs, as well as counseling for individuals working toward recovery, engaged in MAT, or stepping down from IOP programs. My approach is compassionate, nonjudgmental, and grounded in proven treatment methods, helping clients understand their patterns, strengthen coping skills, and create a healthier path forward.
Struggling with addiction can feel isolating, but healing is possible and support is available. I offer Substance Abuse Evaluations for court or professional needs, as well as counseling for individuals working toward recovery, engaged in MAT, or stepping down from IOP programs. My approach is compassionate, nonjudgmental, and grounded in proven treatment methods, helping clients understand their patterns, strengthen coping skills, and create a healthier path forward.
(775) 364-1101 View (775) 364-1101
Photo of Marci Hinchey, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, LADC
Marci Hinchey
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, LADC
1 Endorsed
Minden, NV 89423
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor in the state of Nevada. I have been practicing for more than 30 years. I have experience working with youth and families, depression and anxiety, as well as in the addictions field. My specialty is treating children and adolescents for issues related to trauma and abuse, as well as emotional and behavioral disturbances. My modalities include play therapy and behavioral therapy with children, as well as cognitive behavioral approach for both young people and adults.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and a Licensed Alcohol and Drug Counselor in the state of Nevada. I have been practicing for more than 30 years. I have experience working with youth and families, depression and anxiety, as well as in the addictions field. My specialty is treating children and adolescents for issues related to trauma and abuse, as well as emotional and behavioral disturbances. My modalities include play therapy and behavioral therapy with children, as well as cognitive behavioral approach for both young people and adults.
(775) 871-0136 View (775) 871-0136
Photo of Misty Guantonio, Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, MA, LMFT, LCADC
Misty Guantonio
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, MA, LMFT, LCADC
1 Endorsed
Minden, NV 89423
When life becomes overwhelming and the strategies that once worked no longer do, therapy can be a meaningful turning point. You may appear capable on the outside while feeling exhausted, burned out, or weighed down internally. Beginning therapy is not a sign of weakness—it is a deliberate step toward clarity, healing, and sustainable change. I specialize in supporting individuals in high-stress, high-responsibility roles, including healthcare professionals, first responders, educators, and legal professionals, with concerns such as trauma, burnout, anxiety, ADHD-related challenges, moral injury, and life or career transitions.
When life becomes overwhelming and the strategies that once worked no longer do, therapy can be a meaningful turning point. You may appear capable on the outside while feeling exhausted, burned out, or weighed down internally. Beginning therapy is not a sign of weakness—it is a deliberate step toward clarity, healing, and sustainable change. I specialize in supporting individuals in high-stress, high-responsibility roles, including healthcare professionals, first responders, educators, and legal professionals, with concerns such as trauma, burnout, anxiety, ADHD-related challenges, moral injury, and life or career transitions.
(775) 237-8020 View (775) 237-8020
Photo of Jenna Willford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jenna Willford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Minden, NV 89423
Feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges? You don’t have to face them alone. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I offer a warm, compassionate space where children, teens, adults, couples, and families feel genuinely heard and supported. My style blends empathy with gentle, productive guidance to help you break unhelpful patterns and create real change. Whether you're navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues, or major life transitions, I’m here to help you move forward with clarity, resilience, and renewed hope.
Feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges? You don’t have to face them alone. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I offer a warm, compassionate space where children, teens, adults, couples, and families feel genuinely heard and supported. My style blends empathy with gentle, productive guidance to help you break unhelpful patterns and create real change. Whether you're navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship issues, or major life transitions, I’m here to help you move forward with clarity, resilience, and renewed hope.
(775) 477-5656 View (775) 477-5656
Photo of Hillary Harris, Counselor, MA, CPC-I, NCC
Hillary Harris
Counselor, MA, CPC-I, NCC
1 Endorsed
Minden, NV 89423
Selecting a therapist is difficult, you’re entrusting them with your vulnerabilities, important relationships, and distressing experiences. You may be resistant to the idea of therapy or “talking about it,” but you’re here because you know something could be better. I believe in creating a non-judgmental, supportive space as we work together to build emotional and relationship resiliency. My aim is to help identify and break negative cycles while fostering lasting change beyond therapy sessions. I have a passion for working with couples, first responders, active military or veterans, relationship loss/divorce, and trauma/PTSD.
Selecting a therapist is difficult, you’re entrusting them with your vulnerabilities, important relationships, and distressing experiences. You may be resistant to the idea of therapy or “talking about it,” but you’re here because you know something could be better. I believe in creating a non-judgmental, supportive space as we work together to build emotional and relationship resiliency. My aim is to help identify and break negative cycles while fostering lasting change beyond therapy sessions. I have a passion for working with couples, first responders, active military or veterans, relationship loss/divorce, and trauma/PTSD.
(775) 441-5958 View (775) 441-5958
Photo of Vanessa Ozolins, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MA, MFT-I
Vanessa Ozolins
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MA, MFT-I
1 Endorsed
Minden, NV 89423
Have you been frustrated by conventional psychotherapy, or maybe looking for something different? Somatic Experiencing is a scientifically-based therapeutic approach that allows the body to do what it was designed to do; repair itself and return to homeostasis. This gentle “bottom up” method allows the body to tap into its own innate wisdom, buried beneath our well-intentioned efforts to heal. Experience what change is possible when we get out of our own way.
Have you been frustrated by conventional psychotherapy, or maybe looking for something different? Somatic Experiencing is a scientifically-based therapeutic approach that allows the body to do what it was designed to do; repair itself and return to homeostasis. This gentle “bottom up” method allows the body to tap into its own innate wisdom, buried beneath our well-intentioned efforts to heal. Experience what change is possible when we get out of our own way.
(775) 330-8771 View (775) 330-8771
Photo of Bodie Ward Coates - Sandstone Therapy, LMFT-S, LCADC-S, NCC
Sandstone Therapy
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minden, NV 89423
Sandstone Therapy’s exceptional practitioners provide individuals, couples, and families relief from suffering through an accessible, confidential, humanistic and culturally aware helping alliance. We work with a wide variety of clients and problems, so please reach out to see if we can help!
Sandstone Therapy’s exceptional practitioners provide individuals, couples, and families relief from suffering through an accessible, confidential, humanistic and culturally aware helping alliance. We work with a wide variety of clients and problems, so please reach out to see if we can help!
(775) 261-9430 View (775) 261-9430
Photo of Shawna Pisciotti, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCSW
Shawna Pisciotti
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Minden, NV 89423
I offer a grounded, welcoming space for people who are holding a lot and need room to pause. My approach is collaborative and thoughtfully paced, with attention to both emotional and nervous-system needs. I work with caregivers, parents, teens, and adults navigating family stress, transitions, or feeling stretched thin. We begin where you are and work toward greater steadiness and clarity.
I offer a grounded, welcoming space for people who are holding a lot and need room to pause. My approach is collaborative and thoughtfully paced, with attention to both emotional and nervous-system needs. I work with caregivers, parents, teens, and adults navigating family stress, transitions, or feeling stretched thin. We begin where you are and work toward greater steadiness and clarity.
(775) 514-8461 View (775) 514-8461
Photo of Wendy Talavera - Element Mind & Body, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC
Element Mind & Body
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LCPC
1 Endorsed
Minden, NV 89423
Accepting new clients. Hablo Español. My passion lies in helping individuals uncover their full potential, that inner strength that is necessary to live the life you desire. Although I primarily work with children/adolescents, I have specialized training in trauma and affair recovery. Through use of various modalities I focus on the wellbeing of mind and body as they are inextricably linked. I provide a nonjudgmental and supportive environment where empathy, compassion, authenticity, and unwavering support meet to provide you with unparalleled care.
Accepting new clients. Hablo Español. My passion lies in helping individuals uncover their full potential, that inner strength that is necessary to live the life you desire. Although I primarily work with children/adolescents, I have specialized training in trauma and affair recovery. Through use of various modalities I focus on the wellbeing of mind and body as they are inextricably linked. I provide a nonjudgmental and supportive environment where empathy, compassion, authenticity, and unwavering support meet to provide you with unparalleled care.
(775) 368-1624 View (775) 368-1624
Photo of Laurren Quinones, LPC Intern
Laurren Quinones
LPC Intern
Minden, NV 89423
I specialize in working with first responders, military personnel, veterans, and anyone navigating trauma, critical incident stress, or loss. Whether you're dealing with the emotional aftermath of a call, struggling with long-term burnout, or carrying the weight of grief, you're not alone—and you don’t have to process it all on your own.
I specialize in working with first responders, military personnel, veterans, and anyone navigating trauma, critical incident stress, or loss. Whether you're dealing with the emotional aftermath of a call, struggling with long-term burnout, or carrying the weight of grief, you're not alone—and you don’t have to process it all on your own.
(775) 369-3494 View (775) 369-3494

See more therapy options for 89423

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 89423

30+

Average cost per session

$145

Therapists in 89423 who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
80% Trauma and PTSD
74% Grief
71% Marriage Counseling
54% Relationship Issues
54% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

87% Aetna
74% BlueCross and BlueShield
68% Hometown Health

How Therapists in 89423 see their clients

83% In Person and Online
17% Online Only

Gender breakdown

88% Female
12% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 89423?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.