Photo of Meg Kelly, MSW
Meg Kelly
MSW
Verified Verified
Sierra Vista, AZ 85650
Feeling alone? Need someone to talk to who just speaks plain english? Are you trying to sort your life out? Do you feel like no one is listening, that nobody understands what you are going through? Call me. I have been a counselor, healer, artist and listener for 30 years. There are lots of people just like you that need a listening ear and some reasonable feedback. I am not going to tell you what to do. We will figure that out together. You can bring some life back into your life.
Feeling alone? Need someone to talk to who just speaks plain english? Are you trying to sort your life out? Do you feel like no one is listening, that nobody understands what you are going through? Call me. I have been a counselor, healer, artist and listener for 30 years. There are lots of people just like you that need a listening ear and some reasonable feedback. I am not going to tell you what to do. We will figure that out together. You can bring some life back into your life.
(520) 402-3392 View (520) 402-3392
Photo of Jan Barber - Legend Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Legend Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
My name is Jan Barber, and while I prefer the informal first-name approach, I respect individual preferences. I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 30 years’ experience working with individuals, couples and families. My practice focuses on providing a person-centered approach, to empower clients to use their personal strength to develop coping strategies that foster positive change. I have specialized in working with anxiety (PTSD), trauma, relationship concerns, grief, codependency and self-esteem, and I have worked extensively with victim of abuse and individuals exhibiting aggressive behaviors in relationships.
My name is Jan Barber, and while I prefer the informal first-name approach, I respect individual preferences. I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 30 years’ experience working with individuals, couples and families. My practice focuses on providing a person-centered approach, to empower clients to use their personal strength to develop coping strategies that foster positive change. I have specialized in working with anxiety (PTSD), trauma, relationship concerns, grief, codependency and self-esteem, and I have worked extensively with victim of abuse and individuals exhibiting aggressive behaviors in relationships.
(520) 436-5695 x85650 View (520) 436-5695 x85650
Photo of Jessica Ohair, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jessica Ohair
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Online Only
Every individual person experience life in different way. The way we are raised, the way we are taught how to behave, and how we experience it. This is what makes every one of us unique. My focus as your therapist is to help you with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem trauma history, abuse/neglect, interpersonal effectiveness, and parenting/relationship issues.
Every individual person experience life in different way. The way we are raised, the way we are taught how to behave, and how we experience it. This is what makes every one of us unique. My focus as your therapist is to help you with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem trauma history, abuse/neglect, interpersonal effectiveness, and parenting/relationship issues.
(520) 645-3032 View (520) 645-3032
Photo of Davis Plunkett, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Davis Plunkett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Online Only
With over 24 years of clinical experience, I am a true believer in the practice of mindfulness and the ability to change through determination, accountability and a willingness to try new methodologies towards an improved state of mind. I received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors in psychology from Franklin Pierce University in Rindge, New Hampshire and graduated with a Master of Social Work degree from San Diego State University. I have had my LCSW with the Arizona Board of Behavioral Health Examiners since 2005 and also serves on the Clinical Supervisory Board.
With over 24 years of clinical experience, I am a true believer in the practice of mindfulness and the ability to change through determination, accountability and a willingness to try new methodologies towards an improved state of mind. I received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors in psychology from Franklin Pierce University in Rindge, New Hampshire and graduated with a Master of Social Work degree from San Diego State University. I have had my LCSW with the Arizona Board of Behavioral Health Examiners since 2005 and also serves on the Clinical Supervisory Board.
(623) 280-2060 View (623) 280-2060
Photo of Thomas Wills, Licensed Professional Counselor
Thomas Wills
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Online Only
I have always wanted to be able to help people and help them find more peace in their lives. I have been a therapist for several years. As a therapist, I have worked with couples, PTSD, depression, anxiety, and many other mental health disorders. I am trained in Gottman, Emotional Focused Counseling, EMDR, CBT, and PCT. I served in the National Guard for 12 years in multiple different jobs. I enjoy helping others and seeing them progress and grow. I am married with a few young kids that
I have always wanted to be able to help people and help them find more peace in their lives. I have been a therapist for several years. As a therapist, I have worked with couples, PTSD, depression, anxiety, and many other mental health disorders. I am trained in Gottman, Emotional Focused Counseling, EMDR, CBT, and PCT. I served in the National Guard for 12 years in multiple different jobs. I enjoy helping others and seeing them progress and grow. I am married with a few young kids that
(928) 599-4610 View (928) 599-4610
Photo of Shelley Wolfe, Psychologist
Shelley Wolfe
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hello, I have over 30 years of experience in a wide range of settings, populations, and age groups. I enjoy working with issues such as LGBTQIA+ issues including gender identity and the coming out process, mood disorders, and health and wellness. I have a broad range of experience. I’ve worked with individuals across the life span from toddlers through geriatric patients in many different settings. At this time I am working with adults age 18 and older, primarily in individual therapy.
Hello, I have over 30 years of experience in a wide range of settings, populations, and age groups. I enjoy working with issues such as LGBTQIA+ issues including gender identity and the coming out process, mood disorders, and health and wellness. I have a broad range of experience. I’ve worked with individuals across the life span from toddlers through geriatric patients in many different settings. At this time I am working with adults age 18 and older, primarily in individual therapy.
(520) 341-5619 View (520) 341-5619
Photo of Beth E Banks, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LISAC
Beth E Banks
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LISAC
Verified Verified
Online Only
"The shoe that fits one person may pinch another; there’s no single path in life that works for everyone." – Carl Jung. Much like shoes, therapy isn't a one-size-fits-all experience. Every person is unique, with individual needs shaped by their mind, body, emotions, relationships, culture, and work. People seek therapy for many reasons—some for personal growth, others for healing from pain, trauma, or challenging patterns. Whatever brings you to therapy, your reasons are valid and deserving of care.
"The shoe that fits one person may pinch another; there’s no single path in life that works for everyone." – Carl Jung. Much like shoes, therapy isn't a one-size-fits-all experience. Every person is unique, with individual needs shaped by their mind, body, emotions, relationships, culture, and work. People seek therapy for many reasons—some for personal growth, others for healing from pain, trauma, or challenging patterns. Whatever brings you to therapy, your reasons are valid and deserving of care.
(520) 386-5704 View (520) 386-5704
Photo of Cheryl Holland - Turn Your Life Around, Inc.
Turn Your Life Around, Inc.
Verified Verified
Serves Area
We specialize in Evaluations for DUI,level 1 & 2, Domestic Violence, Anger Management, Substance Abuse counseling .Individual and group counseling , for these programs. Also 16 hour DUI Education ,Treatment and REVOCATION PACKAGES. Services are accepted by all government agencies in the state of Arizona, other states with permission.We also do Diversion classes in Tucson, and throughout the state, with permission other states too Turn Your Life Around, Inc., has a friendly and caring staff to assist you with all of your counseling needs. Special rates for veterans in the veterans homeless court .
We specialize in Evaluations for DUI,level 1 & 2, Domestic Violence, Anger Management, Substance Abuse counseling .Individual and group counseling , for these programs. Also 16 hour DUI Education ,Treatment and REVOCATION PACKAGES. Services are accepted by all government agencies in the state of Arizona, other states with permission.We also do Diversion classes in Tucson, and throughout the state, with permission other states too Turn Your Life Around, Inc., has a friendly and caring staff to assist you with all of your counseling needs. Special rates for veterans in the veterans homeless court .
(520) 329-1326 View (520) 329-1326
Photo of Eric Frey - Freedom Behavior Consulting, MA, BCBA, LBA
Freedom Behavior Consulting
MA, BCBA, LBA
Verified Verified
Serves Area
(520) 353-2080 View (520) 353-2080

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Heidi L. Southern, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Heidi L. Southern
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Life is challenging! I specialize in teaching adults how to have a more satisfying sense of control over their own lives, and a greater sense of connection to themselves and others through individualized, supportive therapy sessions. Stress makes us anxious. When we are anxious, we become reactive and defensive. Each of us has a unique set of unconscious, habitual coping strategies that kicks-in automatically under stress. I use a unique combination of therapeutic tools to teach adults how to respond rather than react to the big and the small and the positive and the negative stressors that life deals us.
Life is challenging! I specialize in teaching adults how to have a more satisfying sense of control over their own lives, and a greater sense of connection to themselves and others through individualized, supportive therapy sessions. Stress makes us anxious. When we are anxious, we become reactive and defensive. Each of us has a unique set of unconscious, habitual coping strategies that kicks-in automatically under stress. I use a unique combination of therapeutic tools to teach adults how to respond rather than react to the big and the small and the positive and the negative stressors that life deals us.
(520) 436-3811 View (520) 436-3811
Photo of Jennifer O'Neill, Counselor, LAC, NCC
Jennifer O'Neill
Counselor, LAC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Sometimes life brings challenges which become opportunities to grow and change. It can catch one off guard and may cause disillusion. When that happens, we seek answers, resolutions or someone for validation. As a psychotherapist, I am fortunate to witness miracles everyday with my clients. The smallest step forward is still a miracle. It takes courage to take the smallest step.
Sometimes life brings challenges which become opportunities to grow and change. It can catch one off guard and may cause disillusion. When that happens, we seek answers, resolutions or someone for validation. As a psychotherapist, I am fortunate to witness miracles everyday with my clients. The smallest step forward is still a miracle. It takes courage to take the smallest step.
(520) 582-9401 View (520) 582-9401
Photo of Ann Twilley Garcia, Counselor, MA, LPC
Ann Twilley Garcia
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
Do you sometimes feel you are not good enough? Do you have challenges in your life and continue to repeat patterns that don't give you what you want? Or maybe you walk around through life with guilt and shame. I believe we all possess the ability to heal ourselves and just need guidance to do so. I primarily use somatic therapies, working with the nervous system. You will be supported in effectively identifying and addressing beliefs and behaviors that sabotage your efforts to make the changes you desire. You will be given the tools to find peace and freedom in your life and achieve your goals.
Do you sometimes feel you are not good enough? Do you have challenges in your life and continue to repeat patterns that don't give you what you want? Or maybe you walk around through life with guilt and shame. I believe we all possess the ability to heal ourselves and just need guidance to do so. I primarily use somatic therapies, working with the nervous system. You will be supported in effectively identifying and addressing beliefs and behaviors that sabotage your efforts to make the changes you desire. You will be given the tools to find peace and freedom in your life and achieve your goals.
(520) 349-0707 View (520) 349-0707
Photo of Jen Zimmerman, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Jen Zimmerman
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Using a straight forward, respectful, non-blaming approach to counseling, my specialities include OCD, recovery from narcissistic abuse, life transitions, sexuality, grief/loss, co-dependency, ADHD, RSD, self esteem, body image, gender expression, anxiety, depression, codependency recovery, and family of origin issues. I often utilize journaling, narrative therapies, EMDR, grounding and somatic techniques, mindfulness, archetypes, meditation, art, and Internal Family Systems into our sessions.
Using a straight forward, respectful, non-blaming approach to counseling, my specialities include OCD, recovery from narcissistic abuse, life transitions, sexuality, grief/loss, co-dependency, ADHD, RSD, self esteem, body image, gender expression, anxiety, depression, codependency recovery, and family of origin issues. I often utilize journaling, narrative therapies, EMDR, grounding and somatic techniques, mindfulness, archetypes, meditation, art, and Internal Family Systems into our sessions.
(520) 464-4670 View (520) 464-4670
Photo of Marla G Kuhn, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Marla G Kuhn
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
If you are looking at this website you, or someone you love, is hurting and you're not sure what to do about it. Asking a stranger for help is a difficult move to make and I acknowledge the courage that has gotten you this far. I honor that you are doing the very best you can with the knowledge and resources that you currently have available and I can help you build on your own strengths to do even better. A joyful and rewarding life is your birthright and I'd like to help you reclaim that gift.
If you are looking at this website you, or someone you love, is hurting and you're not sure what to do about it. Asking a stranger for help is a difficult move to make and I acknowledge the courage that has gotten you this far. I honor that you are doing the very best you can with the knowledge and resources that you currently have available and I can help you build on your own strengths to do even better. A joyful and rewarding life is your birthright and I'd like to help you reclaim that gift.
(520) 549-2037 View (520) 549-2037
Photo of Shelly Myers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Shelly Myers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sierra Vista, AZ 85635
I am a part of the Help and Hope Counseling team. I can see clients in person at the Mesa office location or I'm available statewide via Telehealth. My background is in Child Welfare where I've had the opportunity to serve one of Arizona's most vulnerable populations for 5+ years. Life is a journey that takes us down many roads, some lead to beautiful destinations, others to those pesky turnarounds and occasionally, we find ourselves spinning our wheels. Feeling stuck? I can help! Together we can get you back on track toward the places you want to go. As a Licensed Master Social Worker, I've worked with people in all walks of life.
I am a part of the Help and Hope Counseling team. I can see clients in person at the Mesa office location or I'm available statewide via Telehealth. My background is in Child Welfare where I've had the opportunity to serve one of Arizona's most vulnerable populations for 5+ years. Life is a journey that takes us down many roads, some lead to beautiful destinations, others to those pesky turnarounds and occasionally, we find ourselves spinning our wheels. Feeling stuck? I can help! Together we can get you back on track toward the places you want to go. As a Licensed Master Social Worker, I've worked with people in all walks of life.
(602) 341-3495 View (602) 341-3495
Photo of Sage Knapp, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Sage Knapp
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am accepting clients now to start therapy in July. The best way to schedule a free consultation is by emailing me. I work with teens, college students, and older adults, offering a safe and affirming space, especially for LGBTQ+ clients. I have experience with ADHD, brain injuries, grief, OCD, and anxiety, and trauma. I’m committed to helping you navigate these challenges. I believe you are the expert on your own life, and I’m here to support you at your pace, focusing on what matters most to you. My role is to provide you with the tools you need to succeed.
I am accepting clients now to start therapy in July. The best way to schedule a free consultation is by emailing me. I work with teens, college students, and older adults, offering a safe and affirming space, especially for LGBTQ+ clients. I have experience with ADHD, brain injuries, grief, OCD, and anxiety, and trauma. I’m committed to helping you navigate these challenges. I believe you are the expert on your own life, and I’m here to support you at your pace, focusing on what matters most to you. My role is to provide you with the tools you need to succeed.
View
Photo of Sabrina Plamondon, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Sabrina Plamondon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Sometimes patterns that kept us safe in our past no longer serve us in the present. Maybe you had to avoid vulnerability at all costs to get through and survive a tough situation, but now you might have friends, family, or partners voicing concerns that they don’t really know you. Maybe you felt that you had to be the caretaker and hold everything together, but now you find yourself overworked, overwhelmed, and struggling to find the motivation for day-to-day challenges. Maybe seemingly small situations leave you feeling like you’re on an emotional rollercoaster. Sometimes these patterns are the echoes of trauma.
Sometimes patterns that kept us safe in our past no longer serve us in the present. Maybe you had to avoid vulnerability at all costs to get through and survive a tough situation, but now you might have friends, family, or partners voicing concerns that they don’t really know you. Maybe you felt that you had to be the caretaker and hold everything together, but now you find yourself overworked, overwhelmed, and struggling to find the motivation for day-to-day challenges. Maybe seemingly small situations leave you feeling like you’re on an emotional rollercoaster. Sometimes these patterns are the echoes of trauma.
(726) 266-2318 View (726) 266-2318
Photo of Tanya Fuentes, Counselor, LAC-T, MA
Tanya Fuentes
Counselor, LAC-T, MA
Verified Verified
Sierra Vista, AZ 85635
Hi! I’m Tanya, and I and a part of the Help and Hope Counseling team. I am here to listen. Having been on my own personal journey towards healing, from a young age I was curious about how to help people live their best lives. I love to meet people where they are in their journey and walk alongside them to where they want to be. Deep down, we are all looking for connection and understanding. As we move through life, we inevitably encounter situations and events that make us feel isolated and alone. My purpose is to cultivate a therapeutic experience in-person or via telehealth that is collaborative, comfortable, and offers hope.
Hi! I’m Tanya, and I and a part of the Help and Hope Counseling team. I am here to listen. Having been on my own personal journey towards healing, from a young age I was curious about how to help people live their best lives. I love to meet people where they are in their journey and walk alongside them to where they want to be. Deep down, we are all looking for connection and understanding. As we move through life, we inevitably encounter situations and events that make us feel isolated and alone. My purpose is to cultivate a therapeutic experience in-person or via telehealth that is collaborative, comfortable, and offers hope.
(520) 597-7936 View (520) 597-7936
Photo of Mona Rivera - Sierra Counseling and Consulting, PLLC , Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MFT, LPC
Sierra Counseling and Consulting, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MFT, LPC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Are you ready to make positive changes in your life? I specialize in women's mental health across all stages, from young adult through midlife and beyond. As a certified EMDR therapist, Licensed Professional Counselor, Marriage and Family Therapist, Integrative Health Coach, and Yoga Instructor, I offer a unique, holistic approach that connects mind, body, and spirit. In our work together, you'll find a safe, empathetic space where we focus on your strengths and build resilience. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, stress, trauma, or life transitions, I’m here to support you with evidence-based strategies and compassionate care.
Are you ready to make positive changes in your life? I specialize in women's mental health across all stages, from young adult through midlife and beyond. As a certified EMDR therapist, Licensed Professional Counselor, Marriage and Family Therapist, Integrative Health Coach, and Yoga Instructor, I offer a unique, holistic approach that connects mind, body, and spirit. In our work together, you'll find a safe, empathetic space where we focus on your strengths and build resilience. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, stress, trauma, or life transitions, I’m here to support you with evidence-based strategies and compassionate care.
(520) 650-6987 View (520) 650-6987
Photo of Yolanda A Liriano, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Yolanda A Liriano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bisbee, AZ 85603
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges, struggling to cope with transitions, or navigating the lasting effects of trauma? Whether you’re dealing with depression, anxiety, complex trauma, or chronic health concerns, I’m here to support you. Together, we can create a path toward healing, resilience, and self-confidence, allowing you to embrace the best version of yourself. My approach is compassionate, tailored, and designed to help you regain balance and move forward with purpose. With over 25 years of experience, I specialize in providing therapy to adults, adolescents, and families facing life’s difficulties.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges, struggling to cope with transitions, or navigating the lasting effects of trauma? Whether you’re dealing with depression, anxiety, complex trauma, or chronic health concerns, I’m here to support you. Together, we can create a path toward healing, resilience, and self-confidence, allowing you to embrace the best version of yourself. My approach is compassionate, tailored, and designed to help you regain balance and move forward with purpose. With over 25 years of experience, I specialize in providing therapy to adults, adolescents, and families facing life’s difficulties.
(520) 502-5040 View (520) 502-5040

See more therapy options for 85650

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 85650

< 10

Therapists in 85650 who prioritize treating:

78% Anxiety
78% Stress
67% Depression
56% Relationship Issues
56% Grief
56% Family Conflict
44% Spirituality

Average years in practice

32 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% Cigna and Evernorth
67% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in 85650 see their clients

66% Online Only
34% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

63% Female
37% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 85650?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.