Therapists in 76115

Photo of Jackie Manivanh - Healing Home Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Healing Home Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
3 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76115
I am a trauma informed Licensed Professional Counselor, Supervisor with a primary focus in EMDR therapy. I will help you understand the relationship between your mental and physical pain. I give you permission to be heard and provide guidance and knowledge so that you can explore the essence of your truest self in a safe space. Perhaps you are reading this because you have suffered enough and it is time, time to experience real transformation. If you are ready to heal your whole being, mind and body you are in the right place. In the meantime, know that no matter where you go, there you are, and healing is absolutely possible!
I am a trauma informed Licensed Professional Counselor, Supervisor with a primary focus in EMDR therapy. I will help you understand the relationship between your mental and physical pain. I give you permission to be heard and provide guidance and knowledge so that you can explore the essence of your truest self in a safe space. Perhaps you are reading this because you have suffered enough and it is time, time to experience real transformation. If you are ready to heal your whole being, mind and body you are in the right place. In the meantime, know that no matter where you go, there you are, and healing is absolutely possible!
(469) 620-8972 View (469) 620-8972
Photo of Justin Cordery, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate , ThM, MA, NCC
Justin Cordery
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate , ThM, MA, NCC
3 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76115
Anxiety steals your peace of mind. Depression drains your energy. Maybe it's panic attacks, social anxiety, or ADHD making work impossible. Trauma or PTSD from the past hijacks your present. Relationship struggles: constant conflict, breakups, divorce. You're managing burnout, work stress, or major life transitions. Perhaps dealing with OCD or bipolar disorder. You've tried self-help, but need real therapy now. You want coping skills that work, better emotional regulation, healthier relationships, to feel like yourself again. You need someone who gets it, offers reasonable rates, and provides evening or online sessions.
Anxiety steals your peace of mind. Depression drains your energy. Maybe it's panic attacks, social anxiety, or ADHD making work impossible. Trauma or PTSD from the past hijacks your present. Relationship struggles: constant conflict, breakups, divorce. You're managing burnout, work stress, or major life transitions. Perhaps dealing with OCD or bipolar disorder. You've tried self-help, but need real therapy now. You want coping skills that work, better emotional regulation, healthier relationships, to feel like yourself again. You need someone who gets it, offers reasonable rates, and provides evening or online sessions.
(817) 697-2490 View (817) 697-2490
Photo of Jennifer N Smith - J &S Counseling, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LCDC, IC&RC, SAP
J &S Counseling
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LCDC, IC&RC, SAP
5 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76115
As a substance abuse professional, my commitment is to provide compassionate support and evidence-based treatment tailored to your unique journey towards recovery. I understand the challenges you face and offer a safe, non-judgmental space where you can openly discuss your struggles.Also serving Louisana and Arkansas.
As a substance abuse professional, my commitment is to provide compassionate support and evidence-based treatment tailored to your unique journey towards recovery. I understand the challenges you face and offer a safe, non-judgmental space where you can openly discuss your struggles.Also serving Louisana and Arkansas.
(404) 576-7590 View (404) 576-7590
Photo of Whitney Cunningham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Whitney Cunningham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Fort Worth, TX 76115
Hi there, I'm Whitney! Starting therapy is such an important step, and I want to cheer you on as you begin this journey! I'm here to help make it meaningful and fulfilling for you. I specialize in supporting individuals through life transitions, anxiety, depression, and trauma. My approach is all about you—it's client-centered and collaborative, so each session will be tailored to your unique needs and goals. Whenever you feel ready to start, don’t hesitate to reach out! I’m here to provide a warm and welcoming environment where you can truly be yourself.
Hi there, I'm Whitney! Starting therapy is such an important step, and I want to cheer you on as you begin this journey! I'm here to help make it meaningful and fulfilling for you. I specialize in supporting individuals through life transitions, anxiety, depression, and trauma. My approach is all about you—it's client-centered and collaborative, so each session will be tailored to your unique needs and goals. Whenever you feel ready to start, don’t hesitate to reach out! I’m here to provide a warm and welcoming environment where you can truly be yourself.
(713) 360-2053 View (713) 360-2053
Photo of Alejandra Belluche, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Alejandra Belluche
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Bilingual Therapist – Sessions available in English and Spanish! Terapeuta bilingüe–Sesiones disponibles en inglés y español! Life doesn’t always come with clear directions—especially when you’re juggling responsibilities, relationships, and your own well-being. I work with adolescents, adults, and families who feel stuck, overwhelmed, or disconnected. Whether you’re navigating trauma, anxiety, or relationship challenges, I’m here to support you with compassion, clarity, and practical tools. I also specialize in supporting bilingual and bicultural clients who may benefit from care in English or Spanish.
Bilingual Therapist – Sessions available in English and Spanish! Terapeuta bilingüe–Sesiones disponibles en inglés y español! Life doesn’t always come with clear directions—especially when you’re juggling responsibilities, relationships, and your own well-being. I work with adolescents, adults, and families who feel stuck, overwhelmed, or disconnected. Whether you’re navigating trauma, anxiety, or relationship challenges, I’m here to support you with compassion, clarity, and practical tools. I also specialize in supporting bilingual and bicultural clients who may benefit from care in English or Spanish.
(817) 754-5634 View (817) 754-5634
Photo of Imelda De La Cruz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Imelda De La Cruz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi, my name is Imelda De La Cruz and I a bilingual therapist (English/Spanish). I believe that everyone has the ability to create positive changes to improve their mental and emotional health. My goal is to create a warm and accepting environment where you can explore and process thoughts, feelings and experiences to build resiliency.
Hi, my name is Imelda De La Cruz and I a bilingual therapist (English/Spanish). I believe that everyone has the ability to create positive changes to improve their mental and emotional health. My goal is to create a warm and accepting environment where you can explore and process thoughts, feelings and experiences to build resiliency.
(817) 270-6744 View (817) 270-6744
Photo of Sherrie R Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sherrie R Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you overwhelmed, depressed, grieving, having relationship issues, or workplace related stress? Have you suffered the ending of a significant relationship? Do you need help, support? Are you ready to begin the healing process? Well, I'm here with tools, space, and, support you need in this season of your life. It's your time to work towards wellness and being their best self. As your therapist, I am committed to individuals willing to enter into this brave space, journeying towards attaining optimal mental and social well-being discovering insight, and tools to facilitate mental health and wellness along the way.
Are you overwhelmed, depressed, grieving, having relationship issues, or workplace related stress? Have you suffered the ending of a significant relationship? Do you need help, support? Are you ready to begin the healing process? Well, I'm here with tools, space, and, support you need in this season of your life. It's your time to work towards wellness and being their best self. As your therapist, I am committed to individuals willing to enter into this brave space, journeying towards attaining optimal mental and social well-being discovering insight, and tools to facilitate mental health and wellness along the way.
(817) 242-5871 View (817) 242-5871
Photo of Suzanne Lofton, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LCDC, ADC, SAP, Life, Coach
Suzanne Lofton
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LCDC, ADC, SAP, Life, Coach
Serves Area
Are you or someone you love using alcohol or drugs and want to change? 23 million Americans suffer from drug and alcohol addiction, but only 1 in 10 get the help to overcome it. I can help you have the life you want. Addiction is a family disease, because it usually has a negative impact on the family. Family members often feel lonely, frustrated, angry, ashamed or guilty. They may feel the situation is hopeless. Were you raised by a parent who was a substance users? Adult Children of Alcoholics may feel fear, anxiety, frustration, angry, ashamed and self-hatred.
Are you or someone you love using alcohol or drugs and want to change? 23 million Americans suffer from drug and alcohol addiction, but only 1 in 10 get the help to overcome it. I can help you have the life you want. Addiction is a family disease, because it usually has a negative impact on the family. Family members often feel lonely, frustrated, angry, ashamed or guilty. They may feel the situation is hopeless. Were you raised by a parent who was a substance users? Adult Children of Alcoholics may feel fear, anxiety, frustration, angry, ashamed and self-hatred.
(817) 717-6068 View (817) 717-6068
Photo of Noel Caballero, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A, NCC, MS
Noel Caballero
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A, NCC, MS
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Choosing a therapist can feel overwhelming especially if you’re carrying stress, anxiety, or questions about identity and belonging. Many of the clients I work with feel exhausted from having to explain themselves, navigate systems that weren’t built for them, or hold everything together on their own. Therapy with me is a space where you don’t have to do that. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who works primarily with LGBTQIA+ adults and allied individuals. I provide affirmative, client-centered therapy for concerns such as anxiety, depression, minority stress, internalized shame, identity exploration, and life transitions.
Choosing a therapist can feel overwhelming especially if you’re carrying stress, anxiety, or questions about identity and belonging. Many of the clients I work with feel exhausted from having to explain themselves, navigate systems that weren’t built for them, or hold everything together on their own. Therapy with me is a space where you don’t have to do that. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who works primarily with LGBTQIA+ adults and allied individuals. I provide affirmative, client-centered therapy for concerns such as anxiety, depression, minority stress, internalized shame, identity exploration, and life transitions.
(469) 333-7076 View (469) 333-7076
Photo of Mariah Cordery, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, CMHC
Mariah Cordery
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, CMHC
1 Endorsed
Fort Worth, TX 76115
Waitlist for new clients
I help individuals, children, and families who are navigating emotional pain, spiritual questions, and life transitions. Whether you're facing anxiety, burnout, faith deconstruction, or parenting challenges, I offer person-centered, Christ-centered care rooted in compassion and clinical excellence. My clients long for healing that honors their full story—body, mind, and spirit. We create a safe space to wrestle, reflect, and grow, trusting that even in struggle, joy can take root.
I help individuals, children, and families who are navigating emotional pain, spiritual questions, and life transitions. Whether you're facing anxiety, burnout, faith deconstruction, or parenting challenges, I offer person-centered, Christ-centered care rooted in compassion and clinical excellence. My clients long for healing that honors their full story—body, mind, and spirit. We create a safe space to wrestle, reflect, and grow, trusting that even in struggle, joy can take root.
(817) 592-8621 View (817) 592-8621
Photo of Whitney Sheree Cunningham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, MCJ, LCDC
Whitney Sheree Cunningham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, MCJ, LCDC
5 Endorsed
Online Only
To cultivate healthy relationships, we first need to develop a healthy mindset. Have you ever felt that there is more to life than what you are currently experiencing? Are you exhausted from battling anger, depression, anxiety, or addiction? There is no greater agony than carrying an untold story within you. I offer individual, family, and group psychotherapy to adults and adolescents facing a wide range of challenges, including mental health issues, grief and loss, trauma, and substance abuse. As Maya Angelou said, "My mission in life is not merely to survive but to thrive, and to do so with passion, compassion, humor, and style."
To cultivate healthy relationships, we first need to develop a healthy mindset. Have you ever felt that there is more to life than what you are currently experiencing? Are you exhausted from battling anger, depression, anxiety, or addiction? There is no greater agony than carrying an untold story within you. I offer individual, family, and group psychotherapy to adults and adolescents facing a wide range of challenges, including mental health issues, grief and loss, trauma, and substance abuse. As Maya Angelou said, "My mission in life is not merely to survive but to thrive, and to do so with passion, compassion, humor, and style."
(817) 934-5635 View (817) 934-5635
Photo of S M Noorahmed Siddiquee, Licensed Professional Counselor, MPH, MS, LPC
S M Noorahmed Siddiquee
Licensed Professional Counselor, MPH, MS, LPC
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or weighed down by life’s challenges? You don’t have to face it alone. I’m here to walk alongside you with compassion and clarity. My approach is rooted in helping you discover and reconnect with your strengths, even those you may not realize you possess. Together, we will uncover your hidden potential and work toward meaningful, lasting change. I believe in your capacity to grow, heal, and thrive—and I’m here to help you get there.
Are you feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or weighed down by life’s challenges? You don’t have to face it alone. I’m here to walk alongside you with compassion and clarity. My approach is rooted in helping you discover and reconnect with your strengths, even those you may not realize you possess. Together, we will uncover your hidden potential and work toward meaningful, lasting change. I believe in your capacity to grow, heal, and thrive—and I’m here to help you get there.
(817) 859-7271 View (817) 859-7271
Photo of Nadine Clavo, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Nadine Clavo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 10 years of experience working in Behavioral Mental Health. My clinical expertise ranges from adolescent to older adult populations providing therapeutic services that focus on behavioral, emotional, and mental health wellness.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over 10 years of experience working in Behavioral Mental Health. My clinical expertise ranges from adolescent to older adult populations providing therapeutic services that focus on behavioral, emotional, and mental health wellness.
(281) 377-6687 View (281) 377-6687

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Marlon Martin, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCDC, CART
Marlon Martin
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LCDC, CART
Dallas, TX 75247
Marlon Martin is an esteemed therapist located in the Pearland, Texas area, bringing over three decades of experience working with individuals and couples. Clients seek Marlon's guidance in addressing a spectrum of challenges, including anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, substance abuse, and mental health concerns. Notably, Marlon is deeply committed to assisting those who sense untapped potential in their lives, irrespective of the challenges they face, demonstrating a particular passion for this transformative work.
Marlon Martin is an esteemed therapist located in the Pearland, Texas area, bringing over three decades of experience working with individuals and couples. Clients seek Marlon's guidance in addressing a spectrum of challenges, including anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, substance abuse, and mental health concerns. Notably, Marlon is deeply committed to assisting those who sense untapped potential in their lives, irrespective of the challenges they face, demonstrating a particular passion for this transformative work.
(346) 449-4519 View (346) 449-4519
Photo of Chase K Torres, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PsyD
Chase K Torres
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PsyD
Colleyville, TX 76034
The saying, "It is the relationship that heals," is of central focus with my work with clients. I aim to accompany them as they gain insight into their situation and who they are as an individual. This results in added options in managing and enhancing life. We know that problematic areas are multi-determined and multi-layered. Examining and understanding the inter relatedness of all the forces of life allows for overall growth and symptom reduction. This process is a powerful ingredient that spurs lasting change across life stages, relationships and the overall experience of life.
The saying, "It is the relationship that heals," is of central focus with my work with clients. I aim to accompany them as they gain insight into their situation and who they are as an individual. This results in added options in managing and enhancing life. We know that problematic areas are multi-determined and multi-layered. Examining and understanding the inter relatedness of all the forces of life allows for overall growth and symptom reduction. This process is a powerful ingredient that spurs lasting change across life stages, relationships and the overall experience of life.
(817) 241-2360 View (817) 241-2360
Photo of Heather Scoggins, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Heather Scoggins
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
1 Endorsed
Keller, TX 76248
Are you a woman hurting from marital infidelity, including a husband or partner’s pornography usage? Do past hurts have you stuck and you are not able to live the abundant life you desire? This type of betrayal is painful to your heart. Your emotions are up and down from denial, anger, revenge, anxiety or just numb. You may feel as you are unsure how to move forward day to day.
Are you a woman hurting from marital infidelity, including a husband or partner’s pornography usage? Do past hurts have you stuck and you are not able to live the abundant life you desire? This type of betrayal is painful to your heart. Your emotions are up and down from denial, anger, revenge, anxiety or just numb. You may feel as you are unsure how to move forward day to day.
(682) 277-1626 View (682) 277-1626
Photo of Melissa White, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
Melissa White
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S
6 Endorsed
Arlington, TX 76012
Do you ever feel like talk therapy on its own doesn’t quite go deep enough? My passion for adventure and exploration naturally extends into the way I approach therapy. I enjoy uncovering the experiences that have shaped people’s lives and exploring how those experiences influence their present functioning. I especially enjoy working with clients who are curious about this process—those who are ready to dive in and discover what lies beneath the surface. Within each of us exists an entire universe of possibility, waiting to be explored if we’re open to it.
Do you ever feel like talk therapy on its own doesn’t quite go deep enough? My passion for adventure and exploration naturally extends into the way I approach therapy. I enjoy uncovering the experiences that have shaped people’s lives and exploring how those experiences influence their present functioning. I especially enjoy working with clients who are curious about this process—those who are ready to dive in and discover what lies beneath the surface. Within each of us exists an entire universe of possibility, waiting to be explored if we’re open to it.
(817) 809-3931 View (817) 809-3931
Photo of Unaka 'niki' Jones - The Recovery Room Therapy Services, PLLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, MBA, MS, LPC
The Recovery Room Therapy Services, PLLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MBA, MS, LPC
1 Endorsed
Desoto, TX 75115
Life, the existence of an individual; the period between the birth and death of a living thing; to be filled with joyous occasions and milestones, like graduation, marriage, birth of children, new jobs, and success in general. Unfortunately, along with life's successes, come life stressors of many kinds, at many stages in life; that sometimes leave us broken, hurt, and lost. Our practice provides a place for mending, healing, and consoling......your remedy.
Life, the existence of an individual; the period between the birth and death of a living thing; to be filled with joyous occasions and milestones, like graduation, marriage, birth of children, new jobs, and success in general. Unfortunately, along with life's successes, come life stressors of many kinds, at many stages in life; that sometimes leave us broken, hurt, and lost. Our practice provides a place for mending, healing, and consoling......your remedy.
(469) 518-2626 View (469) 518-2626
Photo of Erica L Lester, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Erica L Lester
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Desoto, TX 75115
Welcome! Erica is a dedicated Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a wealth of experience in supporting aging adults and their families. She is committed to providing care and guidance for those navigating the challenges that come with significant life transitions, aiming to instill hope and facilitate a renewed sense of purpose during these pivotal moments. To explore her services and book a consultation, a visit to her website is encouraged.
Welcome! Erica is a dedicated Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a wealth of experience in supporting aging adults and their families. She is committed to providing care and guidance for those navigating the challenges that come with significant life transitions, aiming to instill hope and facilitate a renewed sense of purpose during these pivotal moments. To explore her services and book a consultation, a visit to her website is encouraged.
(469) 378-5299 View (469) 378-5299
Photo of Kristen Diou, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, RPT
Kristen Diou
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, RPT
3 Endorsed
Southlake, TX 76092
My clients have felt misunderstood for much of their lives and struggle with expressing themselves in a healthy way. I love helping kids, teens and young adults find confidence in how they show up in the world. Together, I help my clients express themselves without judgment and learn new coping skills.
My clients have felt misunderstood for much of their lives and struggle with expressing themselves in a healthy way. I love helping kids, teens and young adults find confidence in how they show up in the world. Together, I help my clients express themselves without judgment and learn new coping skills.
(940) 242-3184 View (940) 242-3184

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 76115

10+

Average cost per session

$115

Therapists in 76115 who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
85% Anxiety
85% Marriage Counseling
69% Stress
62% Grief
62% Trauma and PTSD
54% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 76115 see their clients

77% In Person and Online
23% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
23% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 76115?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.