Therapists in Dallas, TX

View neighborhoods in Dallas
Photo of Ami Edge, Pre-Licensed Professional in Dallas, TX
Ami Edge
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, Intern
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75219
I help clients construct solid goals, focusing on strengths. I collaborate with them to cope with overwhelm and help find solutions when stuck. I strive to create a safe, warm space for clients to access and work through deeply held emotions and beliefs in order to build healthier, meaningful relationships with themselves and others.
I help clients construct solid goals, focusing on strengths. I collaborate with them to cope with overwhelm and help find solutions when stuck. I strive to create a safe, warm space for clients to access and work through deeply held emotions and beliefs in order to build healthier, meaningful relationships with themselves and others.
(469) 551-8498 View (469) 551-8498
Photo of Courtlyn Greene, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Courtlyn Greene
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75204
I specialize in treating adults and adolescents with anxiety, depression, addiction, trauma, and PTSD. Over the years, I've gained extensive experience assisting individuals in healing from unhealthy relationships. Moreover, I am passionate about supporting and guiding those exploring their sexual or gender identity and going through transitions. My warm and empathetic nature makes me approachable and easy to talk to. I believe in creating a safe and nurturing space where you can heal from your pain and work towards becoming the best version of yourself.
I specialize in treating adults and adolescents with anxiety, depression, addiction, trauma, and PTSD. Over the years, I've gained extensive experience assisting individuals in healing from unhealthy relationships. Moreover, I am passionate about supporting and guiding those exploring their sexual or gender identity and going through transitions. My warm and empathetic nature makes me approachable and easy to talk to. I believe in creating a safe and nurturing space where you can heal from your pain and work towards becoming the best version of yourself.
(512) 768-2731 View (512) 768-2731
Photo of Gabrielle Larson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Gabrielle Larson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75248
Hello! My name is Gabrielle "Gaby" Larson. I approach therapy from a humanistic perspective, where I incorporate a variety of therapeutic techniques including mindfulness, expressive arts, and highlighting strengths and resources individuals possess. I work to create a therapeutic environment that is comfortable and allows individuals to feel safe exploring their vulnerabilities. Each individual is different and deserves unique care based on their needs. As a humanistic therapist, I focus on acknowledging different identities clients hold and how these impact them on a personal and institutionalized level.
Hello! My name is Gabrielle "Gaby" Larson. I approach therapy from a humanistic perspective, where I incorporate a variety of therapeutic techniques including mindfulness, expressive arts, and highlighting strengths and resources individuals possess. I work to create a therapeutic environment that is comfortable and allows individuals to feel safe exploring their vulnerabilities. Each individual is different and deserves unique care based on their needs. As a humanistic therapist, I focus on acknowledging different identities clients hold and how these impact them on a personal and institutionalized level.
(214) 480-4860 View (214) 480-4860
Photo of Richard Pino, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Richard Pino
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75220
I know how hard it can be finding a therapist you connect with. I want to make it easy for you. Read more about me... What's bugging you? Is it a bad experience or a memory of that bad experience? Maybe it's a combination of those. I can help you feel better fast. I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. My approach focuses on identifying physical cues, recognizing thoughts, considering consequences, implementing solutions, choosing behaviors, and promoting progress and resolution.
I know how hard it can be finding a therapist you connect with. I want to make it easy for you. Read more about me... What's bugging you? Is it a bad experience or a memory of that bad experience? Maybe it's a combination of those. I can help you feel better fast. I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. My approach focuses on identifying physical cues, recognizing thoughts, considering consequences, implementing solutions, choosing behaviors, and promoting progress and resolution.
(469) 824-9769 View (469) 824-9769
Photo of Dov Rabinowitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Dov Rabinowitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-S, SEP, LCDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75230
Therapy is a fearless and courageous journey towards self-discovery. Whether you are struggling with addictions, unhealthy behaviors, depression, relational problems, trauma, or any other significant issue in your life, you are being challenged to look deep within. At Intrepid Counseling we don't look just to eliminate the symptom, but to discover its root and heal within. This indeed is nothing short of a heroic and spiritual journey.
Therapy is a fearless and courageous journey towards self-discovery. Whether you are struggling with addictions, unhealthy behaviors, depression, relational problems, trauma, or any other significant issue in your life, you are being challenged to look deep within. At Intrepid Counseling we don't look just to eliminate the symptom, but to discover its root and heal within. This indeed is nothing short of a heroic and spiritual journey.
(917) 924-4961 View (917) 924-4961
Photo of Bruce W Cameron, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Bruce W Cameron
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, LSOTP-S
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75243
The mission is to provide quality counseling/consulting services in an atmosphere that is friendly pleasant and efficient. My primary clientele are adolescents, adults, and families that are seeking services related to substance use disorders, compulsive internet abuse, sexual offending/issues, ADHD issues, and criminal offenses. I assist clients in their journey toward positive self-growth and psychological development. Stress is a fact of life, but you may have stress conditions that go beyond the usual. Sober and Recovery Coaching services are also offered.
The mission is to provide quality counseling/consulting services in an atmosphere that is friendly pleasant and efficient. My primary clientele are adolescents, adults, and families that are seeking services related to substance use disorders, compulsive internet abuse, sexual offending/issues, ADHD issues, and criminal offenses. I assist clients in their journey toward positive self-growth and psychological development. Stress is a fact of life, but you may have stress conditions that go beyond the usual. Sober and Recovery Coaching services are also offered.
(214) 431-2032 View (214) 431-2032
Photo of Dr. Nichelle Chandler, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Dr. Nichelle Chandler
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, LCDC , RPT, CEAP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75248
You did it! You've bravely taken the first step towards realizing the life you've envisioned, one free from stress, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. I admire your courage and readiness to embrace a life of fulfillment and well-being. ‍I'm here to support you every step of the way. ARE YOU: Facing challenges in your relationship? Wondering if there's more to life than just going through the motions? Struggling to balance work, family, and personal obligations? DO YOU: Feel consumed by depression, stress or anxiety?
You did it! You've bravely taken the first step towards realizing the life you've envisioned, one free from stress, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. I admire your courage and readiness to embrace a life of fulfillment and well-being. ‍I'm here to support you every step of the way. ARE YOU: Facing challenges in your relationship? Wondering if there's more to life than just going through the motions? Struggling to balance work, family, and personal obligations? DO YOU: Feel consumed by depression, stress or anxiety?
(469) 529-8692 View (469) 529-8692
Photo of Charles Gee, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Charles Gee
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75201  (Online Only)
Sometimes in life, we experience hardships where friends, family, and community are simply not enough to get us through. We often question why me or what did I do to deserve this and now is your opportunity to explore those thoughts and feelings. As a mental health professional, my goal is to create a space for healing, processing, and growth. You can expect me to bring my true and authentic self into sessions. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and I provide therapy online via a HIPAA-compliant platform.
Sometimes in life, we experience hardships where friends, family, and community are simply not enough to get us through. We often question why me or what did I do to deserve this and now is your opportunity to explore those thoughts and feelings. As a mental health professional, my goal is to create a space for healing, processing, and growth. You can expect me to bring my true and authentic self into sessions. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and I provide therapy online via a HIPAA-compliant platform.
(469) 717-3936 View (469) 717-3936
Photo of Life Solutions Counseling & Family Therapy, PLLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Dallas, TX
Life Solutions Counseling & Family Therapy, PLLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT-S, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75201  (Online Only)
Life Solutions Counseling and Family Therapy, PLLC customizes therapeutic services to meet the individual, couple, family, and/or groups goals. Clients can expect a welcoming environment in an effort to make real life changes. With an emphasis on systemic therapy, we take a nonpathological approach to looking at human relationships and challenges. This benefits the client (s) as they learn how to interact and change problems between themselves and others. Congratulations! Problems are not in you, they are between you and another person(s).
Life Solutions Counseling and Family Therapy, PLLC customizes therapeutic services to meet the individual, couple, family, and/or groups goals. Clients can expect a welcoming environment in an effort to make real life changes. With an emphasis on systemic therapy, we take a nonpathological approach to looking at human relationships and challenges. This benefits the client (s) as they learn how to interact and change problems between themselves and others. Congratulations! Problems are not in you, they are between you and another person(s).
(214) 571-7846 View (214) 571-7846
Photo of Marci Orr, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Marci Orr
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75247
Are you feeling stuck? Do you want to Heal, Grow, or Transform your life? Are you ready to create a life that you no longer want to escape from?
Are you feeling stuck? Do you want to Heal, Grow, or Transform your life? Are you ready to create a life that you no longer want to escape from?
(214) 989-4459 View (214) 989-4459
Photo of Brittney Ellis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Brittney Ellis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75202  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who believes in creating a safe space for growth and learning. Successful outcomes are built on trust and rapport. I customize the therapeutic approach to cater to your needs and concerns. I have experience working with children and adults with various concerns and diagnosis’. I am compassionate and will meet you where you are. You will be treated with respect and dignity as we navigate the therapeutic process.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who believes in creating a safe space for growth and learning. Successful outcomes are built on trust and rapport. I customize the therapeutic approach to cater to your needs and concerns. I have experience working with children and adults with various concerns and diagnosis’. I am compassionate and will meet you where you are. You will be treated with respect and dignity as we navigate the therapeutic process.
(214) 949-1859 View (214) 949-1859
Photo of Mayra Ramos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Mayra Ramos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75254  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am Mayra Ramos, LCSW Seeking counseling can be quite nerve wrecking, not knowing what to expect, and often doubting that it will actually help. But, counseling doesn't have to be so complicated. Counseling is about building a trusting relationship with your therapist, knowing that you can talk about anything that comes to mind. You don't have to second doubt yourself, as counseling is all about you. It's a place where you will be understood, where you will be listened to, supported, and where the ultimate goal is to increase your overall well being.
Welcome! I am Mayra Ramos, LCSW Seeking counseling can be quite nerve wrecking, not knowing what to expect, and often doubting that it will actually help. But, counseling doesn't have to be so complicated. Counseling is about building a trusting relationship with your therapist, knowing that you can talk about anything that comes to mind. You don't have to second doubt yourself, as counseling is all about you. It's a place where you will be understood, where you will be listened to, supported, and where the ultimate goal is to increase your overall well being.
(214) 949-1844 View (214) 949-1844
Photo of Dr. Shelby L. Zavala-Barajas, Psychologist in Dallas, TX
Dr. Shelby L. Zavala-Barajas
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75204
Scheduling open for assessments starting 4/24/2024! Hello & welcome! I am passionate about utilizing psychotherapy and psychodiagnostic assessment to help people discover and embrace their most authentic selves. I believe that a collaborative and supportive therapeutic relationship is the foundation for creating a safe space for you to increase your insight and flourish. I work with children and teens who are looking to better understand themselves, increase relationship satisfaction, heal from painful or traumatic experiences, increase their emotional regulation, process life transitions, or pursue a more meaningful future.
Scheduling open for assessments starting 4/24/2024! Hello & welcome! I am passionate about utilizing psychotherapy and psychodiagnostic assessment to help people discover and embrace their most authentic selves. I believe that a collaborative and supportive therapeutic relationship is the foundation for creating a safe space for you to increase your insight and flourish. I work with children and teens who are looking to better understand themselves, increase relationship satisfaction, heal from painful or traumatic experiences, increase their emotional regulation, process life transitions, or pursue a more meaningful future.
(469) 765-3796 View (469) 765-3796
Photo of Michelle Spurgeon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Dallas, TX
Michelle Spurgeon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75218
Clients I work with may be trying to find their footing after overwhelming experiences, traumatic experiences, experiencing anxiety, or a big change. So much is different, but there are moments when it feels hard- harder than you hoped it would be by now. You’ve wondered how much those challenges have impacted who you are, how you feel, and how you connect in relationships. Even if you’ve found ways to get by- it doesn’t have to keep being this hard. I want to come alongside you on this journey and discover how much better it can become.
Clients I work with may be trying to find their footing after overwhelming experiences, traumatic experiences, experiencing anxiety, or a big change. So much is different, but there are moments when it feels hard- harder than you hoped it would be by now. You’ve wondered how much those challenges have impacted who you are, how you feel, and how you connect in relationships. Even if you’ve found ways to get by- it doesn’t have to keep being this hard. I want to come alongside you on this journey and discover how much better it can become.
(214) 954-6349 View (214) 954-6349
Photo of Mindy Bell, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Mindy Bell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75219
I hope visiting my office feels warm & safe - a place you can relax, let your guard down, & connect deeply with yourself. Many of my clients seek therapy for support as they navigate important relationships in their lives that are difficult. Or they want to feel more confident living authentically. Or they want better self-understanding so that they can get to the root of things bothering them. I specialize in helping older teens and adults heal from past relational wounds so that they can trust themselves more fully in the present & move forward with more freedom and joy! I also offer play therapy for children & work w/couples.
I hope visiting my office feels warm & safe - a place you can relax, let your guard down, & connect deeply with yourself. Many of my clients seek therapy for support as they navigate important relationships in their lives that are difficult. Or they want to feel more confident living authentically. Or they want better self-understanding so that they can get to the root of things bothering them. I specialize in helping older teens and adults heal from past relational wounds so that they can trust themselves more fully in the present & move forward with more freedom and joy! I also offer play therapy for children & work w/couples.
(469) 351-6576 x5 View (469) 351-6576 x5
Photo of Lauren Attiah, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Lauren Attiah
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75203
Transition is often hard. Adjusting between being independent and being in a relationship, adjusting from a school career to a professional career, adjusting to a new sexual or gender identity or simply adjusting to the reality and responsibilities of being an independent adult. Despite often times feeling intelligent and capable, feelings of being stuck, depression and anxiety seem to get the best of you in this present moment. Transition can cause one to question one's self identity and self worth. There are approaches to adapt to these changes and create a more meaningful approach to identity and life.
Transition is often hard. Adjusting between being independent and being in a relationship, adjusting from a school career to a professional career, adjusting to a new sexual or gender identity or simply adjusting to the reality and responsibilities of being an independent adult. Despite often times feeling intelligent and capable, feelings of being stuck, depression and anxiety seem to get the best of you in this present moment. Transition can cause one to question one's self identity and self worth. There are approaches to adapt to these changes and create a more meaningful approach to identity and life.
(817) 383-0415 View (817) 383-0415
Photo of Aaron Hands, Psychologist in Dallas, TX
Aaron Hands
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75206
As a licensed psychologist, I provide individual therapy for adolescents and adults, specializing in the assessment and treatment of depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, learning difficulties, social dysfunction, and trauma. I use various evidence-based practices in treatment, primarily employing psychodynamic techniques and drawing upon cognitive-behavioral strategies as necessary. I believe in an integrative approach to therapy, one in which treatment is uniquely tailored to best address the needs of the individual or family.
As a licensed psychologist, I provide individual therapy for adolescents and adults, specializing in the assessment and treatment of depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, learning difficulties, social dysfunction, and trauma. I use various evidence-based practices in treatment, primarily employing psychodynamic techniques and drawing upon cognitive-behavioral strategies as necessary. I believe in an integrative approach to therapy, one in which treatment is uniquely tailored to best address the needs of the individual or family.
(469) 416-3318 View (469) 416-3318
Photo of Marty Glass, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Marty Glass
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75230
We don't control what life gives us but we create what we have around what life gives us. I teach people to be aware of "how" they are creating what they are having... when they know how they create it, then they now have the power to change it- IF and WHEN they ( not spouse, family, friends, or me) want to. Creating change is a person's REAL POWER. Assessment of needs is done in a safe, comfortable environment utilizing Individual, Couple, Family, and Group settings.
We don't control what life gives us but we create what we have around what life gives us. I teach people to be aware of "how" they are creating what they are having... when they know how they create it, then they now have the power to change it- IF and WHEN they ( not spouse, family, friends, or me) want to. Creating change is a person's REAL POWER. Assessment of needs is done in a safe, comfortable environment utilizing Individual, Couple, Family, and Group settings.
(972) 734-1830 View (972) 734-1830
Photo of Stacy Quiroz Vernon, Counselor in Dallas, TX
Stacy Quiroz Vernon
Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75238
I am a counselor who considers the development of a strong therapeutic relationship to be the centerpiece of my treatment. I provide both short-term and long-term counseling to a diverse group of clients. My priority is to help clients experience relief from their most distressing symptoms and then to address the roots of those symptoms so that healing is long-lasting.
I am a counselor who considers the development of a strong therapeutic relationship to be the centerpiece of my treatment. I provide both short-term and long-term counseling to a diverse group of clients. My priority is to help clients experience relief from their most distressing symptoms and then to address the roots of those symptoms so that healing is long-lasting.
(972) 885-6122 View (972) 885-6122
Photo of Gina Bolanos Saunders, Licensed Professional Counselor in Dallas, TX
Gina Bolanos Saunders
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S
Verified Verified
Dallas, TX 75225
I work with preteens, teens, college students, adults, and couples. Expectations: A warm, nurturing, and supportive experience, as we identify and address immediate and underlying sources of distress impeding your ability to live a happier and more fulfilling life. I individualize an eclectic mix of mindfulness, cognitive behavioral, and solution-focused therapy techniques with each individual. In addition to individual therapy, I provide family therapy, couples counseling, premarital & marital counseling, and career counseling. I also offer executive function training & am a Cogmed Provider (brain training for attention & memory).
I work with preteens, teens, college students, adults, and couples. Expectations: A warm, nurturing, and supportive experience, as we identify and address immediate and underlying sources of distress impeding your ability to live a happier and more fulfilling life. I individualize an eclectic mix of mindfulness, cognitive behavioral, and solution-focused therapy techniques with each individual. In addition to individual therapy, I provide family therapy, couples counseling, premarital & marital counseling, and career counseling. I also offer executive function training & am a Cogmed Provider (brain training for attention & memory).
(940) 355-0053 View (940) 355-0053

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Dallas, TX

3,000+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in Dallas, TX who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
70% Coping Skills
67% Trauma and PTSD
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Aetna
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
73% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Dallas, TX see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Dallas?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.