Therapists in 75225

Photo of Ryan Sadkin Rodriguez, Licensed Professional Counselor, JD, MA, LPC, EMDR
Ryan Sadkin Rodriguez
Licensed Professional Counselor, JD, MA, LPC, EMDR
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
Are you drinking or using too much? Do you struggle to know your purpose in life? I'm well-equipped to treat those experiencing substance abuse, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, lack of motivation, loss of identity, feelings of not being "good enough," codependency, communication issues, gender role issues, workplace stress, "daddy issues," mom guilt, overwhelming resentments, and feeling "stuck." I help clients discover the root of their issues in order to help them change their thinking, manage their emotions, and develop new routines and behaviors so they can move forward with a happy, peaceful, and productive life.
Are you drinking or using too much? Do you struggle to know your purpose in life? I'm well-equipped to treat those experiencing substance abuse, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, lack of motivation, loss of identity, feelings of not being "good enough," codependency, communication issues, gender role issues, workplace stress, "daddy issues," mom guilt, overwhelming resentments, and feeling "stuck." I help clients discover the root of their issues in order to help them change their thinking, manage their emotions, and develop new routines and behaviors so they can move forward with a happy, peaceful, and productive life.
(469) 405-1567 View (469) 405-1567
Photo of Amy Harberg, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC-S, RPT-S, NCC
Amy Harberg
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC-S, RPT-S, NCC
2 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
I believe that each individual, regardless of age, has the ability to grow and change given the proper tools and support. By providing a meaningful and nurturing environment, I lay the groundwork for personal insight and transformation to occur. I use a non-directive Person Centered Approach to counseling which often involves expressive arts and games. At times, when a more directive approach is appropriate, I use cognitive and/or behavioral techniques.
I believe that each individual, regardless of age, has the ability to grow and change given the proper tools and support. By providing a meaningful and nurturing environment, I lay the groundwork for personal insight and transformation to occur. I use a non-directive Person Centered Approach to counseling which often involves expressive arts and games. At times, when a more directive approach is appropriate, I use cognitive and/or behavioral techniques.
(469) 208-6716 View (469) 208-6716
Photo of William Eugene Flynn - Forensic and Clinical Psychology, Psychologist, PhD
Forensic and Clinical Psychology
Psychologist, PhD
Dallas, TX 75225
I perform evaluations and expert testimony for the courts in criminal law, family law, civil law and, immigration law . My specialities include child sexual abuse, child witnesses, violent behavior, murder, neuropsychology and mitigation at sentencing. The best interest of the child during custody disputes.
I perform evaluations and expert testimony for the courts in criminal law, family law, civil law and, immigration law . My specialities include child sexual abuse, child witnesses, violent behavior, murder, neuropsychology and mitigation at sentencing. The best interest of the child during custody disputes.
(214) 202-7344 View (214) 202-7344
Photo of Amy Jo Secker, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Amy Jo Secker
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
2 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
Amy Jo supports adults and couples navigating unexpected life challenges—such as grief, relationship struggles, or major transitions—who are seeking clarity, healing, and hope. Clients come to Amy Jo carrying weighty questions, deep grief, or seasons of uncertainty.
Amy Jo supports adults and couples navigating unexpected life challenges—such as grief, relationship struggles, or major transitions—who are seeking clarity, healing, and hope. Clients come to Amy Jo carrying weighty questions, deep grief, or seasons of uncertainty.
(469) 769-5948 View (469) 769-5948
Photo of Amanda Steed, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-S, LICSW
Amanda Steed
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-S, LICSW
3 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
You may be carrying the weight of past trauma, navigating the daily overwhelm of OCD or anxiety, or holding space for others as a therapist while longing for a space of your own. My ideal clients are insightful, resilient, and often exhausted from managing so much internally. They want clarity, healing, and to feel more like themselves again. They’re ready for meaningful change and a therapist who gets it—someone who can help them move beyond coping into actual transformation.
You may be carrying the weight of past trauma, navigating the daily overwhelm of OCD or anxiety, or holding space for others as a therapist while longing for a space of your own. My ideal clients are insightful, resilient, and often exhausted from managing so much internally. They want clarity, healing, and to feel more like themselves again. They’re ready for meaningful change and a therapist who gets it—someone who can help them move beyond coping into actual transformation.
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Photo of Rhonda Hoover - Rhonda Hoover, LPC-A @ Evolve Psychiatry, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate , MS, LPC-A, LCDC
Rhonda Hoover, LPC-A @ Evolve Psychiatry
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate , MS, LPC-A, LCDC
Dallas, TX 75225
Do racing thoughts, restless nights, and constant self-doubt drain your energy and peace of mind? Are you overwhelmed by the need for certainty, struggling with poor concentration, or feeling burdened by your own hypersensitivity? Whether your challenges stem from brain chemistry, genetics, or hurtful parenting, you don’t have to face them alone. At Evolve Psychiatry, our compassionate team of medical experts and seasoned psychotherapists partners with you to explore and finally answer these questions. Together, we’ll cultivate the skills you need to feel more confident in yourself and more connected to the world around you.
Do racing thoughts, restless nights, and constant self-doubt drain your energy and peace of mind? Are you overwhelmed by the need for certainty, struggling with poor concentration, or feeling burdened by your own hypersensitivity? Whether your challenges stem from brain chemistry, genetics, or hurtful parenting, you don’t have to face them alone. At Evolve Psychiatry, our compassionate team of medical experts and seasoned psychotherapists partners with you to explore and finally answer these questions. Together, we’ll cultivate the skills you need to feel more confident in yourself and more connected to the world around you.
(469) 218-2968 View (469) 218-2968
Photo of Ann Heinrich, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Ann Heinrich
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Dallas, TX 75225
You finally said, "make the call." You are able to go find the help you need to untangle the "I'm OK" that you have been sharing with everyone. "I'm not OK." You have held on long enough. Start the process of forgiveness, healing and shedding all the old pain and hurt. You deserve a life of freedom and joy. Let's do this together.
You finally said, "make the call." You are able to go find the help you need to untangle the "I'm OK" that you have been sharing with everyone. "I'm not OK." You have held on long enough. Start the process of forgiveness, healing and shedding all the old pain and hurt. You deserve a life of freedom and joy. Let's do this together.
(469) 283-6281 View (469) 283-6281
Photo of Madison Duncan, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Madison Duncan
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
In order to get where we want to go, we must first look at where we have been and how that has led to where we are. Reserving judgement and remaining curious are paramount to progress, as is a willingness to engage in change that, at times, may be a little uncomfortable. We will work collaboratively to decide if you agree with the existing beliefs you carry, and leave behind those that no longer serve you. Together, we will incorporate changes that help shape new, congruent ideals that set you on a path to your most fulfilled and authentic self.
In order to get where we want to go, we must first look at where we have been and how that has led to where we are. Reserving judgement and remaining curious are paramount to progress, as is a willingness to engage in change that, at times, may be a little uncomfortable. We will work collaboratively to decide if you agree with the existing beliefs you carry, and leave behind those that no longer serve you. Together, we will incorporate changes that help shape new, congruent ideals that set you on a path to your most fulfilled and authentic self.
(214) 890-4197 View (214) 890-4197
Photo of Deb Dunman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW, LCDC, LCSW-C
Deb Dunman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW, LCDC, LCSW-C
4 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
You don’t have to navigate this alone. If you're feeling stuck—wrestling with self-doubt, the weight of past experiences, or uncertainty about who you are and where you're headed—I'm here to help. Whether you're navigating life transitions, exploring your identity, or working through the impact of trauma, I offer a space where you are fully accepted and seen. As the founder of Healing In Color Collective, I specialize in working with neurodivergent adults—both diagnosed and undiagnosed—who have experienced difficult childhoods, unhealthy relationships, or environments that led to the development of a critical inner voice.
You don’t have to navigate this alone. If you're feeling stuck—wrestling with self-doubt, the weight of past experiences, or uncertainty about who you are and where you're headed—I'm here to help. Whether you're navigating life transitions, exploring your identity, or working through the impact of trauma, I offer a space where you are fully accepted and seen. As the founder of Healing In Color Collective, I specialize in working with neurodivergent adults—both diagnosed and undiagnosed—who have experienced difficult childhoods, unhealthy relationships, or environments that led to the development of a critical inner voice.
(469) 727-2361 View (469) 727-2361
Photo of Leeiner Munoz, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, Child, Adult, Couples
Leeiner Munoz
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC-S, Child, Adult, Couples
3 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
The most important aspect of therapy is a trusting relationship in which one feels valued, understood, recognized and seen. I work with people who want to understand the connections between past experiences and patterns in their current lives to have more satisfying relationships. The people I work with want to feel connected to others, repair past relationships, participate in corrective and reparatory experiences, understand their feelings, actions and thoughts, and be at peace with themselves. Many suffer from depression, anxiety, trauma, body image or eating, and find themselves in challenging periods of transitions.
The most important aspect of therapy is a trusting relationship in which one feels valued, understood, recognized and seen. I work with people who want to understand the connections between past experiences and patterns in their current lives to have more satisfying relationships. The people I work with want to feel connected to others, repair past relationships, participate in corrective and reparatory experiences, understand their feelings, actions and thoughts, and be at peace with themselves. Many suffer from depression, anxiety, trauma, body image or eating, and find themselves in challenging periods of transitions.
(972) 895-8652 View (972) 895-8652
Photo of Holly Lynch - Dr. Holly Lynch, Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC
Dr. Holly Lynch
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC
8 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
As a trauma therapist with comprehensive training from The Family Institute at Northwestern University and a background in mind-body science, I help clients who seek meaningful change, in both brief/intensive treatment and/or ongoing therapy. EMDR Intensives are for those ready to move beyond distressing experiences. These longer (but fewer) sessions allow for highly concentrated treatment. Participants report increased emotional tolerance and that this focused work has allowed them to experience progress and relief sooner and more efficiently.
As a trauma therapist with comprehensive training from The Family Institute at Northwestern University and a background in mind-body science, I help clients who seek meaningful change, in both brief/intensive treatment and/or ongoing therapy. EMDR Intensives are for those ready to move beyond distressing experiences. These longer (but fewer) sessions allow for highly concentrated treatment. Participants report increased emotional tolerance and that this focused work has allowed them to experience progress and relief sooner and more efficiently.
(214) 692-2335 View (214) 692-2335
Photo of Shenella Karunaratne, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Shenella Karunaratne
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
3 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
My approach to therapy is meeting you where you are at. Each individual deserves personalized treatment that is effective and long-lasting. My goal in therapy is to help you achieve your potential in any capacity you wish to pursue. I take a direct and challenging approach while creating a supportive and empowering relationship for you to reach your goals.
My approach to therapy is meeting you where you are at. Each individual deserves personalized treatment that is effective and long-lasting. My goal in therapy is to help you achieve your potential in any capacity you wish to pursue. I take a direct and challenging approach while creating a supportive and empowering relationship for you to reach your goals.
(469) 529-5970 View (469) 529-5970
Photo of Susan Rosenberg - M Susan Rosenberg, LCSW, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
M Susan Rosenberg, LCSW, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
A therapist can be helpful in times of transition, or when it is time to put some deep thought into why you may be feeling stuck, in a bad relationship or depressed. Our world is a complicated place with external influences adding confusion to our choices. We may invest a great deal of time and money in many things, but we neglect our inner world. Yet our inner world affects all of our decision making. Therapy can help us discover our true, often neglected selves. I offer both psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. I am a graduate of the Dallas Psychoanalytic Center, Psychoanalytic training. I have additional training in alcoholism.
A therapist can be helpful in times of transition, or when it is time to put some deep thought into why you may be feeling stuck, in a bad relationship or depressed. Our world is a complicated place with external influences adding confusion to our choices. We may invest a great deal of time and money in many things, but we neglect our inner world. Yet our inner world affects all of our decision making. Therapy can help us discover our true, often neglected selves. I offer both psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. I am a graduate of the Dallas Psychoanalytic Center, Psychoanalytic training. I have additional training in alcoholism.
(469) 721-6459 View (469) 721-6459
Photo of Susan White - Mazzy Health (Therapy for Teens & Young Adults), Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Mazzy Health (Therapy for Teens & Young Adults)
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP
Dallas, TX 75225
Welcome to Mazzy Health. We're an evidence-based therapy practice with telehealth appointments available today.
Welcome to Mazzy Health. We're an evidence-based therapy practice with telehealth appointments available today.
(469) 754-8798 View (469) 754-8798
Molly Odgers
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate , MCMHC
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
I often work with those who are struggling with feeling stuck or like they just don’t know how to make sense of how they’re feeling. This can look like trauma, relationship/family issues, grief, depression, or anxiety. Whatever it is you’re struggling with, you don’t have to do it alone. My deepest hope is that in working together, you'll be able to look in the mirror with trust and acceptance, experience an increased familiarity with hope, joy, and purpose, and find how to cope with the parts of life that feel heavy in a way that feels good to you. You are the expert on you, my job is to help you discover or remember who that is.
I often work with those who are struggling with feeling stuck or like they just don’t know how to make sense of how they’re feeling. This can look like trauma, relationship/family issues, grief, depression, or anxiety. Whatever it is you’re struggling with, you don’t have to do it alone. My deepest hope is that in working together, you'll be able to look in the mirror with trust and acceptance, experience an increased familiarity with hope, joy, and purpose, and find how to cope with the parts of life that feel heavy in a way that feels good to you. You are the expert on you, my job is to help you discover or remember who that is.
(469) 689-3321 View (469) 689-3321
Photo of Dr. Rachael Cash - Gate Well Counseling, Pastoral Counselor, PhD
Gate Well Counseling
Pastoral Counselor, PhD
Dallas, TX 75225
You may be feeling overwhelmed, frustrated, or hurt beyond anything you have ever felt before. It is so difficult when you feel boxed in and alone, but there is a power that God has placed within your heart. We will help you access an understanding of that power and reach the absolute freedom that God desires for you.
You may be feeling overwhelmed, frustrated, or hurt beyond anything you have ever felt before. It is so difficult when you feel boxed in and alone, but there is a power that God has placed within your heart. We will help you access an understanding of that power and reach the absolute freedom that God desires for you.
(469) 715-4349 View (469) 715-4349
Photo of Kate Whitley, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC, CCTP
Kate Whitley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC, CCTP
2 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
Who am I? What is my purpose? Why do I feel so little control over my life? These are common questions my clients come to counseling asking. As a therapist, I understand that life can be challenging, stressful, and even traumatic. That's why I'd love to partner with you in finding healing and safety in a nonjudgmental space. I'm very passionate in working with those who have experienced childhood trauma, sexual abuse, neglect, complex trauma, dissociation, relationship stress, anxiety/panic, stressful life transitions, and codependency. I help teens, their parents, and adults to have healthy relationships internally and externally.
Who am I? What is my purpose? Why do I feel so little control over my life? These are common questions my clients come to counseling asking. As a therapist, I understand that life can be challenging, stressful, and even traumatic. That's why I'd love to partner with you in finding healing and safety in a nonjudgmental space. I'm very passionate in working with those who have experienced childhood trauma, sexual abuse, neglect, complex trauma, dissociation, relationship stress, anxiety/panic, stressful life transitions, and codependency. I help teens, their parents, and adults to have healthy relationships internally and externally.
(214) 225-8556 View (214) 225-8556
Photo of Courtney Reagan Crawford, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, LMFT-A
Courtney Reagan Crawford
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, LMFT-A
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
Do aspects of your marriage frustrate you? Is your family struggling to see eye to eye on important issues? Does your teen need someone else to talk to besides you? Do you need guidance through life’s challenges? I treat couples, families, teens and adults dealing with relational issues, stress, anxiety, parenting issues and everyday life struggles. I collaborate with clients to help identify problems, develop custom treatment plans and learn effective coping skills to deal with difficult times. I want clients to leave each session feeling that progress towards their goals is attainable.
Do aspects of your marriage frustrate you? Is your family struggling to see eye to eye on important issues? Does your teen need someone else to talk to besides you? Do you need guidance through life’s challenges? I treat couples, families, teens and adults dealing with relational issues, stress, anxiety, parenting issues and everyday life struggles. I collaborate with clients to help identify problems, develop custom treatment plans and learn effective coping skills to deal with difficult times. I want clients to leave each session feeling that progress towards their goals is attainable.
(469) 457-3824 View (469) 457-3824
Photo of Jordan Kerr, LPC-Associate, MS, LPC-A
Jordan Kerr
LPC-Associate, MS, LPC-A
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
You’re intelligent, reliable, and compassionate, but, on the inside, you feel overwhelmed, stuck, and disconnected from who you used to be. You’re tired of overthinking everything, trying to do it all “right,” or pushing your needs aside. Maybe you’re in a new phase of life – graduating, starting a new career, becoming a partner or a mother. You feel like you should be happy and yet, you are anxious and struggling to cope. You’re left wondering – why does this feel so hard? If this sounds familiar, you’re in the right place.
You’re intelligent, reliable, and compassionate, but, on the inside, you feel overwhelmed, stuck, and disconnected from who you used to be. You’re tired of overthinking everything, trying to do it all “right,” or pushing your needs aside. Maybe you’re in a new phase of life – graduating, starting a new career, becoming a partner or a mother. You feel like you should be happy and yet, you are anxious and struggling to cope. You’re left wondering – why does this feel so hard? If this sounds familiar, you’re in the right place.
(469) 557-4202 View (469) 557-4202
Photo of Dr. Daniela Krotzer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, EMDR-C, IFS-C, CDBT
Dr. Daniela Krotzer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW, EMDR-C, IFS-C, CDBT
1 Endorsed
Dallas, TX 75225
The last years have been trying years for everyone. Perhaps they brought new behaviors from your partner, family member, or yourself. Maybe they reminded you of past traumas. Many have "big T" traumas like abuse or near-death experiences. We all have some "little t" traumas, like feeling rejected by others. Part of us gets stuck back to when we experienced the trauma. But you don't have to stay there! You can escape the grip of both "big T" & "little t" traumas. These no longer have to affect you, your relationships, or many other things. Sign up today for a consultation at drdanielakrotzer. com.
The last years have been trying years for everyone. Perhaps they brought new behaviors from your partner, family member, or yourself. Maybe they reminded you of past traumas. Many have "big T" traumas like abuse or near-death experiences. We all have some "little t" traumas, like feeling rejected by others. Part of us gets stuck back to when we experienced the trauma. But you don't have to stay there! You can escape the grip of both "big T" & "little t" traumas. These no longer have to affect you, your relationships, or many other things. Sign up today for a consultation at drdanielakrotzer. com.
(469) 963-2453 View (469) 963-2453

See more therapy options for 75225

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 75225

400+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in 75225 who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
86% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
73% Stress
69% Life Transitions
66% Self Esteem
65% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
73% Cigna and Evernorth
58% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in 75225 see their clients

62% In Person and Online
38% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 75225?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.