Therapists in 75132

Photo of Dr. Casey Vaccaro, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Casey Vaccaro
Psychologist, PsyD
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
I believe in making the most of the time in our lives, with the people in our lives, even when those experiences are clouded by inevitable challenges. Often, it’s difficult to reflect on what exactly we need to thrive in each season of life-thats where I come in. Everyone has the ability to lead a happy and fulfilling life & therapy is a powerful tool in that journey. It takes setting goals, gaining insight into patterns in our lives, exploring solutions, and changing our habits & behaviors to fully achieve wellness.
I believe in making the most of the time in our lives, with the people in our lives, even when those experiences are clouded by inevitable challenges. Often, it’s difficult to reflect on what exactly we need to thrive in each season of life-thats where I come in. Everyone has the ability to lead a happy and fulfilling life & therapy is a powerful tool in that journey. It takes setting goals, gaining insight into patterns in our lives, exploring solutions, and changing our habits & behaviors to fully achieve wellness.
(469) 425-2645 View (469) 425-2645
Photo of Marquetta Harris, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Marquetta Harris
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Serves Area
If you are a professional woman feeling anxious and overwhelmed in your role as a parent, partner, family member, business owner, or colleague and you need someone to partner with you, by focusing on you, being a good listener, providing a safe and comfortable environment, and providing support during your transformation on your life's journey to living a healthy, productive and balanced life, please contact me today.
If you are a professional woman feeling anxious and overwhelmed in your role as a parent, partner, family member, business owner, or colleague and you need someone to partner with you, by focusing on you, being a good listener, providing a safe and comfortable environment, and providing support during your transformation on your life's journey to living a healthy, productive and balanced life, please contact me today.
(972) 440-2252 View (972) 440-2252
Photo of Greg Stehman, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Greg Stehman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
As a retired U.S. Navy veteran and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I bring a steady, grounded, and mission-focused approach to counseling. Years of military service shaped my understanding of discipline, resilience, loyalty, and the unseen emotional toll that high-stress environments place on individuals, couples, and families. I now apply those lessons to help clients navigate life’s most challenging seasons with clarity, accountability, and hope.
As a retired U.S. Navy veteran and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I bring a steady, grounded, and mission-focused approach to counseling. Years of military service shaped my understanding of discipline, resilience, loyalty, and the unseen emotional toll that high-stress environments place on individuals, couples, and families. I now apply those lessons to help clients navigate life’s most challenging seasons with clarity, accountability, and hope.
(469) 689-0145 View (469) 689-0145
Photo of Haley Monea Grayson, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Haley Monea Grayson
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Since my early years in elementary school, I've been drawn to the idea of making a difference in people's lives. The sentiment encapsulated in Leonard Cohen's words, "There is a crack in everything, that's how the light gets in," has resonated deeply with me. It speaks to the inherent resilience and potential for growth within each individual, even amidst challenges and imperfections. Guided by a strengths-based, solution-focused approach, I believe in illuminating these strengths within clients, recognizing them as potent resources for navigating life's complexities.
Since my early years in elementary school, I've been drawn to the idea of making a difference in people's lives. The sentiment encapsulated in Leonard Cohen's words, "There is a crack in everything, that's how the light gets in," has resonated deeply with me. It speaks to the inherent resilience and potential for growth within each individual, even amidst challenges and imperfections. Guided by a strengths-based, solution-focused approach, I believe in illuminating these strengths within clients, recognizing them as potent resources for navigating life's complexities.
(469) 856-2142 View (469) 856-2142
Photo of Katherine L. Crane, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, CBT, EMDR
Katherine L. Crane
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, CBT, EMDR
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
I will walk alongside you as a fellow traveler, helping you explore the beliefs and ideas you hold about yourself and how they align—or don’t—with your lived experiences. Together, we’ll focus on any incongruence between the two, using that awareness as a foundation for meaningful change. I believe that every person has an inherent capacity for growth. Don't let your past hold you down from the life you want now! During our initial sessions, we will delve deeply into the issues at hand, and collaborate to create a plan in a way that helps you get your life back! I’ll help you have the life you love or love the life you have!
I will walk alongside you as a fellow traveler, helping you explore the beliefs and ideas you hold about yourself and how they align—or don’t—with your lived experiences. Together, we’ll focus on any incongruence between the two, using that awareness as a foundation for meaningful change. I believe that every person has an inherent capacity for growth. Don't let your past hold you down from the life you want now! During our initial sessions, we will delve deeply into the issues at hand, and collaborate to create a plan in a way that helps you get your life back! I’ll help you have the life you love or love the life you have!
(214) 716-0267 View (214) 716-0267
Photo of Stephanie Dowd, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
Stephanie Dowd
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MA, LPC-A
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
You have been through life-altering circumstances. You learned to survive, function, and keep showing up. But slowly, life is feeling out of control and disconnected. You feel heavy and stuck. Maybe you are trying to recover from an eating disorder that has shaped your sense of worth. Maybe you're grieving or have had bariatric surgery and feel overwhelmed by how much this process impacts your emotions, identity, and relationships. Or, maybe trauma has been with you for so long, you don't remember life before it. If you're looking for a counselor who meets you where you are, you are in the right place!
You have been through life-altering circumstances. You learned to survive, function, and keep showing up. But slowly, life is feeling out of control and disconnected. You feel heavy and stuck. Maybe you are trying to recover from an eating disorder that has shaped your sense of worth. Maybe you're grieving or have had bariatric surgery and feel overwhelmed by how much this process impacts your emotions, identity, and relationships. Or, maybe trauma has been with you for so long, you don't remember life before it. If you're looking for a counselor who meets you where you are, you are in the right place!
(469) 300-3827 View (469) 300-3827
Photo of Anita Henrichson, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LPC-S
Anita Henrichson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LPC-S
Serves Area
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor whose foundation is Christian-based. As a professional, I am here to listen, counsel, and guide others into a healthier mindset and to chose positive choices. Having been a Licensed Professional Counselor since 1999, I have counseled numerous clients with a variety of issues. Depression, anxiety, poor coping skills, cognitive distortions, social skills issues, parenting problems, marriage conflicts, divorce, parental alienation, abuse, low self-esteem, and codependency are areas of expertise. I counsel children and teens. Having been a school teacher, I help parents create a loving home.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor whose foundation is Christian-based. As a professional, I am here to listen, counsel, and guide others into a healthier mindset and to chose positive choices. Having been a Licensed Professional Counselor since 1999, I have counseled numerous clients with a variety of issues. Depression, anxiety, poor coping skills, cognitive distortions, social skills issues, parenting problems, marriage conflicts, divorce, parental alienation, abuse, low self-esteem, and codependency are areas of expertise. I counsel children and teens. Having been a school teacher, I help parents create a loving home.
(469) 273-1920 View (469) 273-1920
Photo of Brittany Steigner, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
Brittany Steigner
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, LPC-A
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I believe that no one is beyond hope or healing. I work with clients of all ages, from children to elderly adults. If you are experiencing anxiety, panic attacks, grief, past trauma, depression, eating disorders, abuse, abortion, divorce, social anxiety, family conflict, etc., I would be honored to work with you. I also offer couples and family counseling, as well as Christian counseling. With a background in military life, as well as special needs, I am able to offer support and care for these particular individuals and their families.
I believe that no one is beyond hope or healing. I work with clients of all ages, from children to elderly adults. If you are experiencing anxiety, panic attacks, grief, past trauma, depression, eating disorders, abuse, abortion, divorce, social anxiety, family conflict, etc., I would be honored to work with you. I also offer couples and family counseling, as well as Christian counseling. With a background in military life, as well as special needs, I am able to offer support and care for these particular individuals and their families.
(469) 747-0923 View (469) 747-0923
Photo of Tula Hahn, Pre-Licensed Professional
Tula Hahn
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Welcome! I’m really glad you’re here! If you’re feeling overwhelmed, stuck, hurting, or simply craving someone who will truly listen, you’re in the right place. I believe healing happens when you feel seen, heard, and understood without judgment. My goal is to sit with you in the real, messy, tender parts of life and help you move forward with compassion and curiosity. I work with individuals and couples from all walks of life, supporting people through stress, anxiety, relational wounds, communication issues, trauma, grief, affair recovery, self-esteem struggles, and the moments that feel heavy or complicated.
Welcome! I’m really glad you’re here! If you’re feeling overwhelmed, stuck, hurting, or simply craving someone who will truly listen, you’re in the right place. I believe healing happens when you feel seen, heard, and understood without judgment. My goal is to sit with you in the real, messy, tender parts of life and help you move forward with compassion and curiosity. I work with individuals and couples from all walks of life, supporting people through stress, anxiety, relational wounds, communication issues, trauma, grief, affair recovery, self-esteem struggles, and the moments that feel heavy or complicated.
(972) 435-6458 View (972) 435-6458
Photo of Ashley Carney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ashley Carney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I feel deeply honored to do this work and consider it a privilege to walk alongside my clients on their journeys. As a mother of two young children, I have a special appreciation for the complexities of parenting and the ways our own childhood attachments can shape our relationships today.
I feel deeply honored to do this work and consider it a privilege to walk alongside my clients on their journeys. As a mother of two young children, I have a special appreciation for the complexities of parenting and the ways our own childhood attachments can shape our relationships today.
(469) 732-3841 View (469) 732-3841
Photo of Amber Griffin-Tijerina, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Amber Griffin-Tijerina
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 15 years of experience in the mental health field. I focus on providing compassionate, client-centered therapy to individuals facing a range of mental health challenges. My approach is rooted in humanistic principles, where I believe in the inherent potential of every person to grow, heal, and thrive when given the right support. With specialized training and years of hands-on experience, I work with clients to help them set and achieve meaningful goals that promote emotional well-being, personal growth, and long-term success.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 15 years of experience in the mental health field. I focus on providing compassionate, client-centered therapy to individuals facing a range of mental health challenges. My approach is rooted in humanistic principles, where I believe in the inherent potential of every person to grow, heal, and thrive when given the right support. With specialized training and years of hands-on experience, I work with clients to help them set and achieve meaningful goals that promote emotional well-being, personal growth, and long-term success.
(469) 523-5424 View (469) 523-5424
Photo of Jessica Hill, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Jessica Hill
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Hey, most people call me Jess. I believe counseling is a mutual relationship. I view each person I see as the expert in their lives and I am in the passenger seat.
Hey, most people call me Jess. I believe counseling is a mutual relationship. I view each person I see as the expert in their lives and I am in the passenger seat.
(940) 461-9759 View (940) 461-9759
Photo of Taylor Jackson, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Taylor Jackson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Greetings, I’m Taylor. Are you ready to make a change? To shift your current dynamic into something more aspiring? Are you being held back by trauma or shame? Have you struggled to prioritize self-care or practice self-love? I help women of all ages who struggle with depression, anxiety, ADHD, or other mental disorders to feel empowered again. Maybe you feel stuck in your current phase of life and need a nudge to help you move forward through coaching. Or maybe you are exhausted with life’s misfortunes and need to let go of the past. I am here to provide guidance and walk alongside you as you figure out those next steps.
Greetings, I’m Taylor. Are you ready to make a change? To shift your current dynamic into something more aspiring? Are you being held back by trauma or shame? Have you struggled to prioritize self-care or practice self-love? I help women of all ages who struggle with depression, anxiety, ADHD, or other mental disorders to feel empowered again. Maybe you feel stuck in your current phase of life and need a nudge to help you move forward through coaching. Or maybe you are exhausted with life’s misfortunes and need to let go of the past. I am here to provide guidance and walk alongside you as you figure out those next steps.
(469) 871-7396 View (469) 871-7396
Photo of Eva Obergfell, Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MS, NCC
Eva Obergfell
Licensed Professional Counselor Associate, MS, NCC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Life can feel heavy at times. Maybe your thoughts spiral and won’t quiet down, or stress leaves you feeling exhausted and stuck. You might be experiencing anxiety, depression, or big changes, like starting a new career, going back to school, or grieving the loss of someone important, and wondering how you’ll get through it all. These moments can feel lonely, but you don’t have to go through them alone.
Life can feel heavy at times. Maybe your thoughts spiral and won’t quiet down, or stress leaves you feeling exhausted and stuck. You might be experiencing anxiety, depression, or big changes, like starting a new career, going back to school, or grieving the loss of someone important, and wondering how you’ll get through it all. These moments can feel lonely, but you don’t have to go through them alone.
(469) 281-6199 View (469) 281-6199

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Rosalyn Bowie, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT
Rosalyn Bowie
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT
Serves Area
Are you feeling stuck-repeating the same patterns and wondering why things aren't changing? You're not alone. Many of my clients come to me feeling overwhelmed by life transitions, anxiety, depression, or relationship struggles. Often, there's a deeper root: childhood experiences, family dynamics, or old wounds that still affect the present. I help people make sense of their story, gain clarity, and heal from within-so they can finally stop surviving and start truly living. If you're ready for lasting change, let's talk.
Are you feeling stuck-repeating the same patterns and wondering why things aren't changing? You're not alone. Many of my clients come to me feeling overwhelmed by life transitions, anxiety, depression, or relationship struggles. Often, there's a deeper root: childhood experiences, family dynamics, or old wounds that still affect the present. I help people make sense of their story, gain clarity, and heal from within-so they can finally stop surviving and start truly living. If you're ready for lasting change, let's talk.
(817) 631-8141 View (817) 631-8141
Photo of Shanna Roberson, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Shanna Roberson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Dallas, TX 75204
My focus is to walk alongside individuals as they navigate trauma, anxiety, ADHD, childhood trauma, and experiences of sexual abuse. I believe healing is not a one-size-fits-all process—every story is unique and deserves to be met with compassion, curiosity, and respect. As a Licensed Professional Counselor and Clinical Trauma Professional, I strive to create a safe and supportive space where clients feel genuinely seen and heard. My work is grounded in authenticity, humility, and the belief that connection is at the heart of healing.
My focus is to walk alongside individuals as they navigate trauma, anxiety, ADHD, childhood trauma, and experiences of sexual abuse. I believe healing is not a one-size-fits-all process—every story is unique and deserves to be met with compassion, curiosity, and respect. As a Licensed Professional Counselor and Clinical Trauma Professional, I strive to create a safe and supportive space where clients feel genuinely seen and heard. My work is grounded in authenticity, humility, and the belief that connection is at the heart of healing.
(214) 960-2483 View (214) 960-2483
Photo of Andrea Marie Davis - Andrea Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, ATR-BC, ATCS
Andrea Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, ATR-BC, ATCS
5 Endorsed
Richardson, TX 75080
I believe in creating a safe and trusting relationship between the client and therapist. Therapy can be hard work and getting started can be scary, however making art and stimulating creativity can ease this process. As your therapist, I will encourage you to use your creative imagination as a vehicle to understanding your inner turmoil, psychic pain or stagnancy. Along the way we will be implementing these effective tools in cultivating a more fulfilling life experience. Main office line is 972-544-6633.
I believe in creating a safe and trusting relationship between the client and therapist. Therapy can be hard work and getting started can be scary, however making art and stimulating creativity can ease this process. As your therapist, I will encourage you to use your creative imagination as a vehicle to understanding your inner turmoil, psychic pain or stagnancy. Along the way we will be implementing these effective tools in cultivating a more fulfilling life experience. Main office line is 972-544-6633.
(972) 992-1948 View (972) 992-1948
Photo of Dretha Burris - Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry Rowlett, Licensed Professional Counselor
Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry Rowlett
Licensed Professional Counselor
Rowlett, TX 75088
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
(469) 940-5291 View (469) 940-5291
Photo of Kenitres Wiley, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Kenitres Wiley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
4 Endorsed
Rockwall, TX 75087
Are you feeling overwhelmed by a recent life change, navigating ongoing stress, or struggling with anxiety that just won’t let up? Maybe you’re realizing it's time to reconnect with yourself – to understand who you are beyond the roles you play and the pressures you carry. I help my clients move through life transitions, manage stress and anxiety, and develop a stronger, kinder relationship with themselves. I assist with empowering others to manage their anxiety and develop healthy relationships with themselves. My practice is based in diversity, awareness, and inclusion. I welcome all clients of orientations and identities.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by a recent life change, navigating ongoing stress, or struggling with anxiety that just won’t let up? Maybe you’re realizing it's time to reconnect with yourself – to understand who you are beyond the roles you play and the pressures you carry. I help my clients move through life transitions, manage stress and anxiety, and develop a stronger, kinder relationship with themselves. I assist with empowering others to manage their anxiety and develop healthy relationships with themselves. My practice is based in diversity, awareness, and inclusion. I welcome all clients of orientations and identities.
(972) 636-4368 View (972) 636-4368
Photo of Stephen W Baker, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, EdD, LPC
Stephen W Baker
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, EdD, LPC
Dallas, TX 75243
My name is Stephen W. Baker M.A., Ed.D, LPC and I have been employed with Lifestance Health since May of 2021. Understanding that our feelings are ours alone, we sometimes require an objective ear to speak to when processing emotional concerns. As a licensed professional counselor, I value open talk-therapy and evaluate and discuss client's emotions as they see appropriate in the open counseling environment. As a practitioner, I believe that simply needing a calming environment to vent frustrations and or process feelings can be paramount to finding a personal sense of balance and wellness.
My name is Stephen W. Baker M.A., Ed.D, LPC and I have been employed with Lifestance Health since May of 2021. Understanding that our feelings are ours alone, we sometimes require an objective ear to speak to when processing emotional concerns. As a licensed professional counselor, I value open talk-therapy and evaluate and discuss client's emotions as they see appropriate in the open counseling environment. As a practitioner, I believe that simply needing a calming environment to vent frustrations and or process feelings can be paramount to finding a personal sense of balance and wellness.
(469) 947-9263 View (469) 947-9263

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 75132

10+

Average cost per session

$100

Therapists in 75132 who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
86% Self Esteem
79% Depression
79% Trauma and PTSD
79% Life Transitions
71% Relationship Issues
71% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

3 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
60% Other
60% Optum

How Therapists in 75132 see their clients

71% In Person and Online
29% Online Only

Gender breakdown

91% Female
9% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 75132?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.