Therapists in 73103

Photo of Chelsea Dunaway, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Chelsea Dunaway
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
Therapy is not one size fits all. My goal for you as the client is to create a safe and affirming space where you can be yourself. Feeling safe in the therapy room is essential to do the hard work of healing and growing from things that have happened to us in life. Therapy should be a collaboration between the client and therapist in order to help you in the best possible way. I strive to create a non-judgmental, safe, and supportive space for you.
Therapy is not one size fits all. My goal for you as the client is to create a safe and affirming space where you can be yourself. Feeling safe in the therapy room is essential to do the hard work of healing and growing from things that have happened to us in life. Therapy should be a collaboration between the client and therapist in order to help you in the best possible way. I strive to create a non-judgmental, safe, and supportive space for you.
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Photo of Paige Eastwood, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Paige Eastwood
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
Accepting new virtual clients! I help high-achieving young adults and twenty-somethings who feel anxious, stuck, or overwhelmed by big life decisions. Many of my clients struggle with perfectionism, self-criticism, or the pressure to always have it all together. Your 20s are a time of major transitions, including navigating careers, relationships, identity, and independence, all of which can feel overwhelming, especially for high achievers. Past experiences or trauma can add even more weight. In therapy, I offer a supportive space to process what’s beneath the anxiety and build practical tools for coping.
Accepting new virtual clients! I help high-achieving young adults and twenty-somethings who feel anxious, stuck, or overwhelmed by big life decisions. Many of my clients struggle with perfectionism, self-criticism, or the pressure to always have it all together. Your 20s are a time of major transitions, including navigating careers, relationships, identity, and independence, all of which can feel overwhelming, especially for high achievers. Past experiences or trauma can add even more weight. In therapy, I offer a supportive space to process what’s beneath the anxiety and build practical tools for coping.
(580) 379-0372 View (580) 379-0372
Photo of Lauren C Oliphant, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Lauren C Oliphant
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
Do you or your child experience distressing emotions that appear to you, and perhaps to others, to be excessive given the current situation? Do you tend to be highly reactive to certain triggers? Is there one or more dysfunctional belief that you believe about yourself that on an intellectual level you know is not true? Through therapy, we can get you on track to leading a happier, more fulfilling life by equipping you with the tools you need to more efficiently and confidently manage life's challenges.
Do you or your child experience distressing emotions that appear to you, and perhaps to others, to be excessive given the current situation? Do you tend to be highly reactive to certain triggers? Is there one or more dysfunctional belief that you believe about yourself that on an intellectual level you know is not true? Through therapy, we can get you on track to leading a happier, more fulfilling life by equipping you with the tools you need to more efficiently and confidently manage life's challenges.
(405) 251-6283 View (405) 251-6283
Photo of Chelsea Hicks - Gray Rock Counseling, LLC , Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Gray Rock Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
Hello, my name is Chelsea Hicks, and I have been a therapist for over a decade. Finding a therapist that is a good fit for you is a huge component of therapy being effective. Clients who report they are successful with me are focused on change and ready to work. The only one you can control is yourself. "Gray rock" is a therapy technique that allows us to have boundaries with people even if they refuse to comply. Often it seems like there are a lot of people, opinions, and behaviors impacting our lives, but the reality is we do CHOOSE how we feel and respond to them.
Hello, my name is Chelsea Hicks, and I have been a therapist for over a decade. Finding a therapist that is a good fit for you is a huge component of therapy being effective. Clients who report they are successful with me are focused on change and ready to work. The only one you can control is yourself. "Gray rock" is a therapy technique that allows us to have boundaries with people even if they refuse to comply. Often it seems like there are a lot of people, opinions, and behaviors impacting our lives, but the reality is we do CHOOSE how we feel and respond to them.
(405) 477-3182 View (405) 477-3182
Photo of Jenny Mosley, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC-S
Jenny Mosley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC-S
1 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
Therapy can be a daunting task. It is my goal to help you address the issues you are seeking help for and give you real life techniques to use in your therapeutic process. I tend toward cognitive behavioral and solution focused therapies but recognize that everyone is unique and may require different approaches. I have significant experience working with emotionally/behaviorally disturbed children, abused children/adolescents and adult survivors of trauma. I tend to view therapy as a process. I believe it is important to meet people where they are so they can fully embrace the changes they seek to make.
Therapy can be a daunting task. It is my goal to help you address the issues you are seeking help for and give you real life techniques to use in your therapeutic process. I tend toward cognitive behavioral and solution focused therapies but recognize that everyone is unique and may require different approaches. I have significant experience working with emotionally/behaviorally disturbed children, abused children/adolescents and adult survivors of trauma. I tend to view therapy as a process. I believe it is important to meet people where they are so they can fully embrace the changes they seek to make.
(405) 896-3894 View (405) 896-3894
Photo of Kristen Cole, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Kristen Cole
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
5 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
My goal as your therapist is to provide an honest and encouraging atmosphere to help you navigate through life's highs and lows. I will help you build upon your own unique set of strengths in order to confront problems and overcome obstacles. I will listen to you in a nonjudgmental manner and we will work to smooth out the worry and confusion that life can throw at you. Working together in a relationship of trust and sharing I can help you set a new course in life where you can achieve self-fulfillment and awareness.
My goal as your therapist is to provide an honest and encouraging atmosphere to help you navigate through life's highs and lows. I will help you build upon your own unique set of strengths in order to confront problems and overcome obstacles. I will listen to you in a nonjudgmental manner and we will work to smooth out the worry and confusion that life can throw at you. Working together in a relationship of trust and sharing I can help you set a new course in life where you can achieve self-fulfillment and awareness.
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Photo of Lindsay Wilkins, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Lindsay Wilkins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
4 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
Although at times overwhelming and daunting, therapy should be a place where each person feels accepted and welcome. Whether you are an individual struggling with various life transitions, history of trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties or have other challenging life circumstances, my professional guidance and unwavering support can help develop skills and understanding as how to best cope and manage these tough aspects of life. In doing so, we can identify helpful insights and explore valuable tools to utilize in day-to-day life.
Although at times overwhelming and daunting, therapy should be a place where each person feels accepted and welcome. Whether you are an individual struggling with various life transitions, history of trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship difficulties or have other challenging life circumstances, my professional guidance and unwavering support can help develop skills and understanding as how to best cope and manage these tough aspects of life. In doing so, we can identify helpful insights and explore valuable tools to utilize in day-to-day life.
(405) 956-2463 View (405) 956-2463
Photo of Jason A. Murray, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Jason A. Murray
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
Accepting new clients. My approach to counseling is "It is much easier to move a couch into an upstairs apartment with someone on the other end of it." What I mean by this is that we experience situations that can be very challenging to deal with on our own. We often struggle with wanting to be our authentic selves, in finding our individual purpose, and in healing from our past traumas. We want to improve our self concept, our daily functioning and our relationships. Most issues become much more manageable with someone there to “help carry some of the weight.” This is what I attempt to do as a therapist.
Accepting new clients. My approach to counseling is "It is much easier to move a couch into an upstairs apartment with someone on the other end of it." What I mean by this is that we experience situations that can be very challenging to deal with on our own. We often struggle with wanting to be our authentic selves, in finding our individual purpose, and in healing from our past traumas. We want to improve our self concept, our daily functioning and our relationships. Most issues become much more manageable with someone there to “help carry some of the weight.” This is what I attempt to do as a therapist.
(405) 267-4577 View (405) 267-4577
Photo of Chelsea E Sutton, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS , LPC
Chelsea E Sutton
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS , LPC
2 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
Life is a journey, not a destination. I help adults and couples who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected from themselves, their relationships, or their direction. Clients often come in with anxiety, depression, OCD, ADHD, autism, trauma, anger, low self-esteem, relationship challenges, or major life transitions. Together, we slow things down, make sense of patterns, and reconnect with what matters so you can move forward with more clarity and intention.
Life is a journey, not a destination. I help adults and couples who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected from themselves, their relationships, or their direction. Clients often come in with anxiety, depression, OCD, ADHD, autism, trauma, anger, low self-esteem, relationship challenges, or major life transitions. Together, we slow things down, make sense of patterns, and reconnect with what matters so you can move forward with more clarity and intention.
(405) 643-6969 View (405) 643-6969
Photo of Caleb Lamb-Swanigan, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Caleb Lamb-Swanigan
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
1 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
I work to provide my clients with a space where they can unpack their past and present experiences without fear of judgement. Ideally, this unpacking helps my clients to understand themselves and their symptoms more holistically: they are not defective. Rather, they are individuals striving to live the best lives they can with the tools at their disposal.
I work to provide my clients with a space where they can unpack their past and present experiences without fear of judgement. Ideally, this unpacking helps my clients to understand themselves and their symptoms more holistically: they are not defective. Rather, they are individuals striving to live the best lives they can with the tools at their disposal.
(405) 963-4950 View (405) 963-4950
Photo of Scott Brewer, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Scott Brewer
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
3 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
My name is Scott Brewer and I am an Oklahoma City-based Marriage and Family Therapist.  Being in a committed relationships is far from easy. Especially when mistakes have been made and hurtful words have wounded one another. Sometimes our relationships can become so filled with hurt and resentment that we give thought to giving up. Sometimes the mistakes seem so big it would be easier to just walk away. I want to encourage you to not give up on each other. Are you ready to put in the hard work of making your relationship better than it has ever been?
My name is Scott Brewer and I am an Oklahoma City-based Marriage and Family Therapist.  Being in a committed relationships is far from easy. Especially when mistakes have been made and hurtful words have wounded one another. Sometimes our relationships can become so filled with hurt and resentment that we give thought to giving up. Sometimes the mistakes seem so big it would be easier to just walk away. I want to encourage you to not give up on each other. Are you ready to put in the hard work of making your relationship better than it has ever been?
(405) 212-5545 View (405) 212-5545
Photo of Sarah Whitewater, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, CIMHP
Sarah Whitewater
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, CIMHP
2 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
Has life shifted in ways you didn't expect? Are you feeling lost or uncertain? The roles you once held, the relationships that defined you, the version of yourself you thought you knew, they've changed, and no one warned you how disorienting that would feel. When your world is reorganized by grief, life transition, or trauma, it's not just your circumstances that shifts, it's your sense of self shifts too. You may find yourself asking: Who am I now? What do I actually believe? What do I even want? That confusion isn't weakness. It's what happens when identity and attachment are disrupted at their core, this is a liminal space.
Has life shifted in ways you didn't expect? Are you feeling lost or uncertain? The roles you once held, the relationships that defined you, the version of yourself you thought you knew, they've changed, and no one warned you how disorienting that would feel. When your world is reorganized by grief, life transition, or trauma, it's not just your circumstances that shifts, it's your sense of self shifts too. You may find yourself asking: Who am I now? What do I actually believe? What do I even want? That confusion isn't weakness. It's what happens when identity and attachment are disrupted at their core, this is a liminal space.
(405) 999-7525 View (405) 999-7525
Photo of Jillian Chelini, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT-C
Jillian Chelini
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT-C
6 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
I help people who feel stuck, anxious, or unfulfilled and want to understand why certain patterns keep repeating in their lives. Many of my clients struggle with self-esteem, people-pleasing, or relationship challenges rooted in unresolved past experiences. I support clients in gaining insight, building confidence, and creating healthier relationships so they can feel more grounded, connected, and in control of their lives.
I help people who feel stuck, anxious, or unfulfilled and want to understand why certain patterns keep repeating in their lives. Many of my clients struggle with self-esteem, people-pleasing, or relationship challenges rooted in unresolved past experiences. I support clients in gaining insight, building confidence, and creating healthier relationships so they can feel more grounded, connected, and in control of their lives.
(405) 877-6291 View (405) 877-6291
Photo of Margo Call, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Margo Call
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
4 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
Here’s what to expect in a session with me: I offer a space for you to come exactly as you are, no matter your gender expression, sexuality, race, able-ness, spiritual beliefs or lack thereof. My only expectation is that you show up as yourself. Trauma-informed care looks like respecting your personal boundaries on when or if you feel ready to address traumatic events or symptoms you may be experiencing. I’m always going to give you the hype you deserve—showing up and doing therapy work is challenging! We will always honor the work you’re doing and growth you’re making, especially on the days don’t see it for yourself.
Here’s what to expect in a session with me: I offer a space for you to come exactly as you are, no matter your gender expression, sexuality, race, able-ness, spiritual beliefs or lack thereof. My only expectation is that you show up as yourself. Trauma-informed care looks like respecting your personal boundaries on when or if you feel ready to address traumatic events or symptoms you may be experiencing. I’m always going to give you the hype you deserve—showing up and doing therapy work is challenging! We will always honor the work you’re doing and growth you’re making, especially on the days don’t see it for yourself.
(405) 877-6246 View (405) 877-6246
Photo of Sheila Ridley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, LCSW
Sheila Ridley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
Are you feeling stuck in your relationships? Are you seeking change? What would your life look like if your magic wand was working? What is in the way of living the most effective life possible? Is it your belief system, your behavior? Is it a situation, a relationship or an unmet need? Building a strong relationship with yourself is the foundation for effective living. Self esteem is a result of knowing yourself, growing yourself and accepting your true self. It requires honesty, willingness and discomfort. The most effective way to change someone else's behavior is to change your own. Nothing changes if nothing changes.
Are you feeling stuck in your relationships? Are you seeking change? What would your life look like if your magic wand was working? What is in the way of living the most effective life possible? Is it your belief system, your behavior? Is it a situation, a relationship or an unmet need? Building a strong relationship with yourself is the foundation for effective living. Self esteem is a result of knowing yourself, growing yourself and accepting your true self. It requires honesty, willingness and discomfort. The most effective way to change someone else's behavior is to change your own. Nothing changes if nothing changes.
(405) 896-3004 View (405) 896-3004
Photo of Mackenzie Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Mackenzie Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
I have experience working in outpatient private practice, inpatient, hospital, community mental health, & school settings since 2013. My primary areas of focus and clinical experience includes helping adults with anxiety, depression, self esteem, anger, health issues (illness and injury), relational issues/stresses, life transitions, grief, loss, & trauma. I strive to create a safe & nonjudgemental environment in which the individuals I work with can explore their pain & distresses while also working to create meaning and growth.
I have experience working in outpatient private practice, inpatient, hospital, community mental health, & school settings since 2013. My primary areas of focus and clinical experience includes helping adults with anxiety, depression, self esteem, anger, health issues (illness and injury), relational issues/stresses, life transitions, grief, loss, & trauma. I strive to create a safe & nonjudgemental environment in which the individuals I work with can explore their pain & distresses while also working to create meaning and growth.
(405) 477-0663 View (405) 477-0663
Photo of Mena Ganesan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Mena Ganesan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
I am an LCSW who enjoys working with a diverse population of adults and older teens. My hope is to be a practitioner who helps to reduce barriers to access therapy in marginalized communities, communities of color, gender diverse communities, LGBTQ+ communities and any other individuals who are seeking a creative, culturally competent provider and a safe space to process and de-stress.
I am an LCSW who enjoys working with a diverse population of adults and older teens. My hope is to be a practitioner who helps to reduce barriers to access therapy in marginalized communities, communities of color, gender diverse communities, LGBTQ+ communities and any other individuals who are seeking a creative, culturally competent provider and a safe space to process and de-stress.
(405) 627-9263 View (405) 627-9263
Photo of Jen Sword, LPC Candidate, MCMHC
Jen Sword
LPC Candidate, MCMHC
8 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
I'll help guide your personal journey of self-exploration so you can uncover the answers that are already within you. My role isn’t to give you all the solutions but to walk alongside you as you discover them for yourself. I aim to create a safe, nonjudgmental space where you feel heard, accepted, and empowered to grow. Whether you're processing painful experiences, navigating loss, or exploring relationship patterns, I’ll meet you with compassion and curiosity. Together, we’ll work to understand your story, strengthen your sense of self, and move toward healing at a pace that feels right for you.
I'll help guide your personal journey of self-exploration so you can uncover the answers that are already within you. My role isn’t to give you all the solutions but to walk alongside you as you discover them for yourself. I aim to create a safe, nonjudgmental space where you feel heard, accepted, and empowered to grow. Whether you're processing painful experiences, navigating loss, or exploring relationship patterns, I’ll meet you with compassion and curiosity. Together, we’ll work to understand your story, strengthen your sense of self, and move toward healing at a pace that feels right for you.
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Photo of Hope Williams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Hope Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Oklahoma City, OK 73103
I enjoy supporting folks who are struggling with issues around life direction and finding meaning. In this late stage of capitalism, many people are suffering the consequences of understandable responses to negative life situations and the burdens imposed by modern society. As a therapist, I see myself not as a distant expert but as a fellow human who has also experienced existential anxiety and fear. I strive to guide others through the difficult process of accepting and living with the inevitabilities of human life. Ultimately, I believe lasting health and wholeness come from living an embodied and authentic life.
I enjoy supporting folks who are struggling with issues around life direction and finding meaning. In this late stage of capitalism, many people are suffering the consequences of understandable responses to negative life situations and the burdens imposed by modern society. As a therapist, I see myself not as a distant expert but as a fellow human who has also experienced existential anxiety and fear. I strive to guide others through the difficult process of accepting and living with the inevitabilities of human life. Ultimately, I believe lasting health and wholeness come from living an embodied and authentic life.
(872) 320-4792 View (872) 320-4792
Photo of Lindsey Baker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lindsey Baker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hello! My name is Lindsey and I have been a therapist for about 10 years. My approach to therapy is to create a safe, non-judgmental space where you can be your true self. I want to help you achieve your goals and will respect you as the expert in your situation. I a member of the LGBTQIA+ community and I want to create a safe, affirming space for all.
Hello! My name is Lindsey and I have been a therapist for about 10 years. My approach to therapy is to create a safe, non-judgmental space where you can be your true self. I want to help you achieve your goals and will respect you as the expert in your situation. I a member of the LGBTQIA+ community and I want to create a safe, affirming space for all.
(918) 203-8469 View (918) 203-8469

See more therapy options for 73103

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 73103

70+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 73103 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
93% Social Anxiety
93% Health Anxiety
93% Driving Anxiety
87% Depression
86% Trauma and PTSD
86% Complex PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% BlueCross and BlueShield
78% Aetna
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 73103 see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

72% Female
27% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 73103?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.