Photo of Iman Williams Christians, PhD
Iman Williams Christians
PhD
Verified Verified
Online Only
Change takes courage. I understand the courage it takes to reach out and ask for support when we feel our most stuck. As your therapist, I will remain fully dedicated to strengthening the resiliency needed within to reclaim yourself through connection, self-compassion, and self-love.
Change takes courage. I understand the courage it takes to reach out and ask for support when we feel our most stuck. As your therapist, I will remain fully dedicated to strengthening the resiliency needed within to reclaim yourself through connection, self-compassion, and self-love.
(757) 703-1513 View (757) 703-1513
Photo of Kris Rawls, LCSW, LSCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kris Rawls
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LSCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66045
Kris Rawls, LSCW, offers compassionate and individualized mental health care to children, adolescents, and adults across Kansas. Through a tailored approach, Kris provides a safe and nonjudgmental space where clients can address life s challenges and achieve their personal goals. Whether it s navigating anxiety, managing ADHD, overcoming grief, or processing trauma, Kris is committed to helping clients find effective strategies for lasting emotional well-being.
Kris Rawls, LSCW, offers compassionate and individualized mental health care to children, adolescents, and adults across Kansas. Through a tailored approach, Kris provides a safe and nonjudgmental space where clients can address life s challenges and achieve their personal goals. Whether it s navigating anxiety, managing ADHD, overcoming grief, or processing trauma, Kris is committed to helping clients find effective strategies for lasting emotional well-being.
(785) 504-1372 View (785) 504-1372
Photo of Leigh Jordan, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Leigh Jordan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66045
Welcome! I’m Leigh Jordan, a clinical social worker with 18 years of experience in the field. I have a passion for helping people improve their lives, achieve their goals and determine their own futures. I help clients navigate the complexities of their thoughts, and feelings, gain insight, reconcile past experiences, improve relationships and enhance personal growth. My approach to therapy utilizes Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and the strengths perspective allowing for a holistic and empowering journey towards healing and self-discovery.
Welcome! I’m Leigh Jordan, a clinical social worker with 18 years of experience in the field. I have a passion for helping people improve their lives, achieve their goals and determine their own futures. I help clients navigate the complexities of their thoughts, and feelings, gain insight, reconcile past experiences, improve relationships and enhance personal growth. My approach to therapy utilizes Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and the strengths perspective allowing for a holistic and empowering journey towards healing and self-discovery.
(785) 491-7282 View (785) 491-7282
Photo of Kim Bowers, LCPC
Kim Bowers
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66045
Kim Bowers, LCPC, is a compassionate therapist serving individuals and families across Kansas. With over 14 years of experience, Kim helps clients navigate a variety of mental health challenges through individual, family, couples, and group therapy. She works with all age groups, from young children and adolescents to adults and seniors, offering support tailored to the needs of each stage of life. Whether helping families resolve conflicts or individuals find balance after a crisis, Kims goal is to foster healing, resilience, and personal growth.
Kim Bowers, LCPC, is a compassionate therapist serving individuals and families across Kansas. With over 14 years of experience, Kim helps clients navigate a variety of mental health challenges through individual, family, couples, and group therapy. She works with all age groups, from young children and adolescents to adults and seniors, offering support tailored to the needs of each stage of life. Whether helping families resolve conflicts or individuals find balance after a crisis, Kims goal is to foster healing, resilience, and personal growth.
(785) 513-8167 View (785) 513-8167
Photo of Leigh Jordan - LifeStance Health, LSCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
LifeStance Health
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Verified Verified
Lawrence, KS 66045
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
(785) 675-5548 View (785) 675-5548
Photo of Jacey Small, LCSW, LSCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jacey Small
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LSCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I have worked with survivors of trauma for ten years. As a child survivor of narcissistic and abusive parents myself, I have fallen in love with the work of assisting survivors on their own path to safety, healing, and even joy! I specialize in survivors of narcissistic abuse, especially within adult children of narcissistic parents and intimate partners of narcissists. Having a Narcissist parent/partner is something you can only truly understand if you have experienced it personally, and it is my mission in life to use my own experiences and knowledge to help YOU understand and heal from the impacts of this kind of abuse.
I have worked with survivors of trauma for ten years. As a child survivor of narcissistic and abusive parents myself, I have fallen in love with the work of assisting survivors on their own path to safety, healing, and even joy! I specialize in survivors of narcissistic abuse, especially within adult children of narcissistic parents and intimate partners of narcissists. Having a Narcissist parent/partner is something you can only truly understand if you have experienced it personally, and it is my mission in life to use my own experiences and knowledge to help YOU understand and heal from the impacts of this kind of abuse.
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Photo of Carla DeHetre, LSCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Carla DeHetre
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Welcome to my page, I'm glad you stopped by. Navigating the transitions we experience during our lifetime can be difficult. Depression, anxiety, stress, grief and loss can cause difficulties in our work, relationships with others and with ourself. It is during these times, it can be helpful to seek out support. Over the past 20 + years, I have had the pleasure of being a part of the journey of others, helping people help themselves within the therapeutic process.
Welcome to my page, I'm glad you stopped by. Navigating the transitions we experience during our lifetime can be difficult. Depression, anxiety, stress, grief and loss can cause difficulties in our work, relationships with others and with ourself. It is during these times, it can be helpful to seek out support. Over the past 20 + years, I have had the pleasure of being a part of the journey of others, helping people help themselves within the therapeutic process.
(785) 509-2816 View (785) 509-2816
Photo of Isabella Tambone, MA, LCPC, Counselor
Isabella Tambone
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am here to be a compassionate, non-judgmental witness to any human that needs one. I believe a strong, collaborative relationship between client and therapist is important to helping you grow and heal. I am certified in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and EMDR trained. I have experience working with children, adolescents and adults, with an emphasis on trauma-work and sexual assault. I have experience working with couples, families, and individuals. I am also mindful of my clients’ intersectional and multicultural identities and how that may influence our work together. Reach out to schedule a free 15 minute consult!
I am here to be a compassionate, non-judgmental witness to any human that needs one. I believe a strong, collaborative relationship between client and therapist is important to helping you grow and heal. I am certified in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and EMDR trained. I have experience working with children, adolescents and adults, with an emphasis on trauma-work and sexual assault. I have experience working with couples, families, and individuals. I am also mindful of my clients’ intersectional and multicultural identities and how that may influence our work together. Reach out to schedule a free 15 minute consult!
(913) 382-8874 View (913) 382-8874
Photo of Alex J. Chase, MEd, LCPC, Counselor
Alex J. Chase
Counselor, MEd, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Life issues are hard enough, but going through them alone or unsupported is even harder. You are not your symptoms and you are not alone. Counseling can be a powerful asset. Choosing the right therapist for you can be a daunting task. I would love the opportunity to see if we are a good match. I strive to create a safe, non-judgmental environment so that personal exploration, reflection, growth, and positive changes can occur. I specialize in working with LGBTQIA+ community, trans (and partners of trans) individuals, mood disorders (anxiety/depression/bipolar, etc.), OCD, trauma, neurodivergent individuals, and other clinicians.
Life issues are hard enough, but going through them alone or unsupported is even harder. You are not your symptoms and you are not alone. Counseling can be a powerful asset. Choosing the right therapist for you can be a daunting task. I would love the opportunity to see if we are a good match. I strive to create a safe, non-judgmental environment so that personal exploration, reflection, growth, and positive changes can occur. I specialize in working with LGBTQIA+ community, trans (and partners of trans) individuals, mood disorders (anxiety/depression/bipolar, etc.), OCD, trauma, neurodivergent individuals, and other clinicians.
(316) 999-8182 View (316) 999-8182
Photo of Christine Juliano, LCP
Christine Juliano
LCP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I see clients by telehealth who are in KS and I am accepting new clients. I am passionate about helping you find the healing and peace of mind that you deserve. Whether your problems are related to relationships, abuse, trauma, grief/loss, stuck patterns of behavior or simply a problem where you want some direction, I am here to be your guide! Together we will identify your needs and goals, and I will provide you with resources to help you manage your life. I have many tools in my toolbox, and I customize them for each clients specific needs. I tell people, some of the things may seem odd, but I use them because they work!
I see clients by telehealth who are in KS and I am accepting new clients. I am passionate about helping you find the healing and peace of mind that you deserve. Whether your problems are related to relationships, abuse, trauma, grief/loss, stuck patterns of behavior or simply a problem where you want some direction, I am here to be your guide! Together we will identify your needs and goals, and I will provide you with resources to help you manage your life. I have many tools in my toolbox, and I customize them for each clients specific needs. I tell people, some of the things may seem odd, but I use them because they work!
(913) 538-0371 View (913) 538-0371
Photo of Andrew Sherwood - Andrew Sherwood, Ph.D., LCSW - Jungian Analyst, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andrew Sherwood, Ph.D., LCSW - Jungian Analyst
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Clients I work with have often undergone therapy, found it helpful and wish to continue their journey with another modality or they’ve not had a good experience and seek a style of therapy that is oriented uniquely to each individual. Jungian analysis can provide profound insight into self, life purpose - bridging your present situation with a more interesting future. I’ve helped many people work through concerns like: depression, anxiety, life transitions, sexuality, divorce, grief. Whatever your concerns, we can work through them together. There is no standard therapy template. Each client undertakes a uniquely individual process.
Clients I work with have often undergone therapy, found it helpful and wish to continue their journey with another modality or they’ve not had a good experience and seek a style of therapy that is oriented uniquely to each individual. Jungian analysis can provide profound insight into self, life purpose - bridging your present situation with a more interesting future. I’ve helped many people work through concerns like: depression, anxiety, life transitions, sexuality, divorce, grief. Whatever your concerns, we can work through them together. There is no standard therapy template. Each client undertakes a uniquely individual process.
(913) 667-2714 View (913) 667-2714
Photo of Shadow Love- Erckert, MS, LMLP, Psychologist
Shadow Love- Erckert
Psychologist, MS, LMLP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Shadow has a masters in Clinical Psychology and is board certified as a Licensed Master Level Psychologist in the state of Kansas; with certification in Crisis prevention, suicide intervention, and counseling on access to lethal means. She takes a strong person centered approach with a combination of self-compassion and intentional action to reflect on your decision-making and inspire growth and change in your day-to-day lives and relationships.
Shadow has a masters in Clinical Psychology and is board certified as a Licensed Master Level Psychologist in the state of Kansas; with certification in Crisis prevention, suicide intervention, and counseling on access to lethal means. She takes a strong person centered approach with a combination of self-compassion and intentional action to reflect on your decision-making and inspire growth and change in your day-to-day lives and relationships.
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Photo of Uriah Cty, MA, LCMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Uriah Cty
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LCMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I'm Licensed in California, Kansas, and Texas and am accepting new clients. Taking time for yourself can often feel like a daunting task, particularly for those who consistently place the needs of others above their own. In our journey together, we'll delve into your inner world—examining your thoughts, emotions, decisions, and desires. By reflecting on your choices and understanding your own wants and needs, we’ll work toward empowering you to express yourself more freely. My goal is to support you in discovering and embracing your unique voice.
I'm Licensed in California, Kansas, and Texas and am accepting new clients. Taking time for yourself can often feel like a daunting task, particularly for those who consistently place the needs of others above their own. In our journey together, we'll delve into your inner world—examining your thoughts, emotions, decisions, and desires. By reflecting on your choices and understanding your own wants and needs, we’ll work toward empowering you to express yourself more freely. My goal is to support you in discovering and embracing your unique voice.
(213) 513-5553 View (213) 513-5553
Photo of Jeremy High, LSCSW, LCAC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jeremy High
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW, LCAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi, I'm Jeremy, a Licensed Specialist Clinical Social Worker based in Kansas. I offer empathetic support to adults facing various life challenges, including anger management, men's issues, anxiety, addiction, LGBTQ + matters, motivation, self-esteem, and confidence. With twelve years of experience, I use a personalized approach combining cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and mindfulness techniques to guide you on your journey of self-discovery and personal growth!
Hi, I'm Jeremy, a Licensed Specialist Clinical Social Worker based in Kansas. I offer empathetic support to adults facing various life challenges, including anger management, men's issues, anxiety, addiction, LGBTQ + matters, motivation, self-esteem, and confidence. With twelve years of experience, I use a personalized approach combining cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and mindfulness techniques to guide you on your journey of self-discovery and personal growth!
(785) 384-6574 View (785) 384-6574
Photo of Stacy Johnson - Lawrence Play Therapy, LLC, Counselor
Lawrence Play Therapy, LLC
Counselor
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Serves Area
Children often do not have the words to express what they are feeling or thinking. Traditional talk therapy alone is rarely successful in helping children process difficult life situations. At Lawrence Play Therapy, therapists can work with your child and family to bring healing. Play therapy involves children exploring their thoughts and feelings by using play rather than just talking. The toys are the child's words and play is the child's language. We specialize in therapy with children ages 2 - 12. We also incorporate family therapy, Theraplay, and EMDR when appropriate.
Children often do not have the words to express what they are feeling or thinking. Traditional talk therapy alone is rarely successful in helping children process difficult life situations. At Lawrence Play Therapy, therapists can work with your child and family to bring healing. Play therapy involves children exploring their thoughts and feelings by using play rather than just talking. The toys are the child's words and play is the child's language. We specialize in therapy with children ages 2 - 12. We also incorporate family therapy, Theraplay, and EMDR when appropriate.
(785) 657-4099 View (785) 657-4099
Photo of Jennifer Bidwell, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Bidwell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Jennifer Betts said, "While some climb mountains, others are carrying them." You are struggling, in pain, suffering & yet don't feel like you can find a way out or forward. Perhaps you've lost someone or something that was important to you. Maybe the weight of traumas, physical or emotional wounds, betrayals, or feelings of inadequacy & worthlessness are pulling you under despite all your efforts to hold on. You may not even be able to pinpoint what exactly you are feeling or why because everything is so jumbled and intertwined that sorting it out feels like a Herculean task. And, sometimes, life is just really hard.
Jennifer Betts said, "While some climb mountains, others are carrying them." You are struggling, in pain, suffering & yet don't feel like you can find a way out or forward. Perhaps you've lost someone or something that was important to you. Maybe the weight of traumas, physical or emotional wounds, betrayals, or feelings of inadequacy & worthlessness are pulling you under despite all your efforts to hold on. You may not even be able to pinpoint what exactly you are feeling or why because everything is so jumbled and intertwined that sorting it out feels like a Herculean task. And, sometimes, life is just really hard.
(785) 347-6736 View (785) 347-6736
Photo of Katherine Dillon, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Katherine Dillon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Hi there! I'm Katherine and I'm excited about the possibility of working together. I am here to offer steady support as you navigate the challenges of early adulthood. I work with teens and young adults to overcome anxiety, enhance self-esteem, and address life's transitions with confidence. I believe that growth begins with practicing kindness and empathy towards ourselves, especially during setbacks. I am here to encourage you, listen without judgement, and guide you towards a better you.
Hi there! I'm Katherine and I'm excited about the possibility of working together. I am here to offer steady support as you navigate the challenges of early adulthood. I work with teens and young adults to overcome anxiety, enhance self-esteem, and address life's transitions with confidence. I believe that growth begins with practicing kindness and empathy towards ourselves, especially during setbacks. I am here to encourage you, listen without judgement, and guide you towards a better you.
(785) 384-4145 View (785) 384-4145
Photo of Karen D Kriger, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Karen D Kriger
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
You are meant to thrive. I believe that every life circumstance carries the potential to grow our health, resilience & sense of Self. Sometimes we need someone to come alongside to help & hope for us as we heal & make sense of our stories. Helping couples, families, adults & children pursue this healing & transformation is a privilege.
You are meant to thrive. I believe that every life circumstance carries the potential to grow our health, resilience & sense of Self. Sometimes we need someone to come alongside to help & hope for us as we heal & make sense of our stories. Helping couples, families, adults & children pursue this healing & transformation is a privilege.
(785) 450-1426 View (785) 450-1426
Photo of Susanne Kohn Eyman, PhD, Psychologist
Susanne Kohn Eyman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Online Only
It is a privilege for me to participate in my clients' efforts to grow, change unproductive patterns, and build healthier, more satisfying lives. Whether a person suffers from anxiety, depression, traumatic experiences, the pain of divorce, or simply needs help navigating life's transitions, the relationship built in therapy allows understanding, exploration and transformation to take place. I help individuals, couples, and families in crisis as well as working with those who seek enduring change and significant self-awareness.
It is a privilege for me to participate in my clients' efforts to grow, change unproductive patterns, and build healthier, more satisfying lives. Whether a person suffers from anxiety, depression, traumatic experiences, the pain of divorce, or simply needs help navigating life's transitions, the relationship built in therapy allows understanding, exploration and transformation to take place. I help individuals, couples, and families in crisis as well as working with those who seek enduring change and significant self-awareness.
(785) 818-4320 View (785) 818-4320
Photo of Kelly Hughes, LSCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kelly Hughes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Change can be difficult, whether it's a change you choose or a change you are forced to make. Therapy can provide support as you adapt to life's countless transitions. As an outpatient therapist, I have worked alongside teens, young adults, and adults as they address a wide range of issues originating from shifts in stages of life, unexpected crises, and processing major life traumas. I am grounded in a strengths-based approach, and incorporate Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Acceptance Commitment Therapy to address issues surrounding anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, and sexuality.
Change can be difficult, whether it's a change you choose or a change you are forced to make. Therapy can provide support as you adapt to life's countless transitions. As an outpatient therapist, I have worked alongside teens, young adults, and adults as they address a wide range of issues originating from shifts in stages of life, unexpected crises, and processing major life traumas. I am grounded in a strengths-based approach, and incorporate Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Acceptance Commitment Therapy to address issues surrounding anxiety, depression, trauma, grief and loss, and sexuality.
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See more therapy options for 66045

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 66045

40+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 66045 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
90% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
78% Trauma and PTSD
75% Life Transitions
68% Grief
68% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% BlueCross and BlueShield
60% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
53% Aetna

How Therapists in 66045 see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
16% Male
5% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 66045?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.