Therapists in 63383

Amaranth Counseling, LLC dba Drops Of Hope
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DPSc, PScD, LCSW, MSW, CABSA
Warrenton, MO 63383
Waitlist for new clients
I am a brain based holistic trauma event processing therapist. I specialize in healing of traumatic events so the client is able to heal and go out and live their life to the fullest with out problematic thoughts, emotions or behaviors getting in their way. I use multiple modalities chosen by the client. I am the creator of AEP (Amplified Emotional Processing. Plus Master Certified in Rapid Resolution Therapy and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) as well as instructor for CARE International (Center for Aromatherapy Research and Education).
I am a brain based holistic trauma event processing therapist. I specialize in healing of traumatic events so the client is able to heal and go out and live their life to the fullest with out problematic thoughts, emotions or behaviors getting in their way. I use multiple modalities chosen by the client. I am the creator of AEP (Amplified Emotional Processing. Plus Master Certified in Rapid Resolution Therapy and EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) as well as instructor for CARE International (Center for Aromatherapy Research and Education).
(636) 452-9614 View (636) 452-9614
Photo of Jen Calvin, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, RPT-S
Jen Calvin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, RPT-S
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
I provide counseling services for families and individuals of all ages, from very young children to teens and adults. I have experience helping children, adolescents, adults and families cope with anxiety, depression, ADHD, divorce, grief, and social challenges.
I provide counseling services for families and individuals of all ages, from very young children to teens and adults. I have experience helping children, adolescents, adults and families cope with anxiety, depression, ADHD, divorce, grief, and social challenges.
(636) 393-8666 View (636) 393-8666
Photo of Lindsey Holthaus, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Lindsey Holthaus
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I am focused on meeting you where you are in your journey. Whether you are ready to dive in or just put a toe in the water with therapy. I am glad you are here! I specialize in Anxiety, Depression, ADHD, Grief, Relationship, Life Transition, Stress, Work, Family, Personal Growth, Parenting, and Women's Health. My therapeutic approach includes CBT, Solution-Focused, Mindfulness, Motivational Interviewing, Internal Family Systems, and Narrative Therapy.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I am focused on meeting you where you are in your journey. Whether you are ready to dive in or just put a toe in the water with therapy. I am glad you are here! I specialize in Anxiety, Depression, ADHD, Grief, Relationship, Life Transition, Stress, Work, Family, Personal Growth, Parenting, and Women's Health. My therapeutic approach includes CBT, Solution-Focused, Mindfulness, Motivational Interviewing, Internal Family Systems, and Narrative Therapy.
(636) 442-0422 View (636) 442-0422
Photo of Dr. Joe Cusumano, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, NCC, LPC, LCMHC, LCPC
Dr. Joe Cusumano
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, NCC, LPC, LCMHC, LCPC
Online Only
After retiring as Director of Counseling at Lindenwood University, I moved to Warren County; now in Troy. Videotherapy from my home office only. I've been an LPC in Missouri since 1987, and the author of two books. I very much enjoy working with clients; I have a professional, energetic, friendly style. As a systems therapist, I approach clients in an interdependent manner... never in isolation. When working with individual clients, I am mindful of how their myriad relationships affect them...and how they affect others. I think of all clients psycho-biologically. IFS, spirituality, CBT, and microdose ketamine therapy are utilized.
After retiring as Director of Counseling at Lindenwood University, I moved to Warren County; now in Troy. Videotherapy from my home office only. I've been an LPC in Missouri since 1987, and the author of two books. I very much enjoy working with clients; I have a professional, energetic, friendly style. As a systems therapist, I approach clients in an interdependent manner... never in isolation. When working with individual clients, I am mindful of how their myriad relationships affect them...and how they affect others. I think of all clients psycho-biologically. IFS, spirituality, CBT, and microdose ketamine therapy are utilized.
(636) 389-4046 View (636) 389-4046
Photo of Rebecca Poindexter, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Rebecca Poindexter
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome! I have immediate opens Monday thru Thursday 530p-730p I’m here to support individuals who are ready to improve their well-being and take meaningful steps toward personal growth. My approach to therapy is holistic, recognizing the connection between how we live, think, feel, and learn—and how all of these influence our daily functioning. Life can be overwhelming at times, and seeking support is a courageous first step. Whether you're navigating stress, anxiety, depression, life transitions, or simply seeking better balance, I offer a compassionate, judgement-free space where you can feel heard, supported, and empowered.
Welcome! I have immediate opens Monday thru Thursday 530p-730p I’m here to support individuals who are ready to improve their well-being and take meaningful steps toward personal growth. My approach to therapy is holistic, recognizing the connection between how we live, think, feel, and learn—and how all of these influence our daily functioning. Life can be overwhelming at times, and seeking support is a courageous first step. Whether you're navigating stress, anxiety, depression, life transitions, or simply seeking better balance, I offer a compassionate, judgement-free space where you can feel heard, supported, and empowered.
(636) 689-0655 View (636) 689-0655

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Stephanie Holdmeier - Stephanie Holdmeier, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Stephanie Holdmeier, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
Every day I work with people like you to find hope, coping skills, purpose and a true sense of well being. If you are reading this, you are most likely going through something which is leading you to want to talk to someone about it. I support people in figuring out who they are NOW in life and how to take steps to live a quality life that is true to them. Even though it can seem impossible at times, opportunity and possibilities do exist, we just have to discover what can and will work best for you.
Every day I work with people like you to find hope, coping skills, purpose and a true sense of well being. If you are reading this, you are most likely going through something which is leading you to want to talk to someone about it. I support people in figuring out who they are NOW in life and how to take steps to live a quality life that is true to them. Even though it can seem impossible at times, opportunity and possibilities do exist, we just have to discover what can and will work best for you.
(636) 856-4847 View (636) 856-4847
Photo of Holly Nemec, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP
Holly Nemec
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCTP
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
You're feeling like something is wrong. You're afraid this is what life is like now, your new normal. You don't recognize yourself. Maybe you don't know where or when things went left, maybe you do. Either way, you're angry and sad and confused. You're thinking it might be your fault.
You're feeling like something is wrong. You're afraid this is what life is like now, your new normal. You don't recognize yourself. Maybe you don't know where or when things went left, maybe you do. Either way, you're angry and sad and confused. You're thinking it might be your fault.
(636) 500-0836 View (636) 500-0836
Photo of Kaitlyn Davis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Kaitlyn Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
2 Endorsed
Lake Saint Louis, MO 63367
I work with adolescents and young adults (15+) navigating anxiety, self-esteem, relationship challenges, depression, and life transitions. Many of my clients feel overwhelmed, stuck in self-doubt, or unsure of who they are outside of others’ expectations. I provide a warm, supportive space where clients can feel understood while also gaining practical tools to manage emotions, build confidence, improve relationships, and trust themselves more fully.
I work with adolescents and young adults (15+) navigating anxiety, self-esteem, relationship challenges, depression, and life transitions. Many of my clients feel overwhelmed, stuck in self-doubt, or unsure of who they are outside of others’ expectations. I provide a warm, supportive space where clients can feel understood while also gaining practical tools to manage emotions, build confidence, improve relationships, and trust themselves more fully.
(636) 556-4733 View (636) 556-4733
Photo of Emily McCarty, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Emily McCarty
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Serves Area
Hi, I’m Emily McCarty, a Licensed Professional Counselor, and I’m passionate about supporting young adults and people in the helping professions, on their path to healing and self-discovery. I specialize in working with individuals who are navigating anxiety, burnout, life changes and transitions, perfectionism/people-pleasing tendencies, low-self esteem, and the impact of past trauma. My goal is to help you feel seen, heard, and supported while addressing the challenges that may be getting in the way of your well-being.
Hi, I’m Emily McCarty, a Licensed Professional Counselor, and I’m passionate about supporting young adults and people in the helping professions, on their path to healing and self-discovery. I specialize in working with individuals who are navigating anxiety, burnout, life changes and transitions, perfectionism/people-pleasing tendencies, low-self esteem, and the impact of past trauma. My goal is to help you feel seen, heard, and supported while addressing the challenges that may be getting in the way of your well-being.
(417) 764-5323 View (417) 764-5323
Photo of Gwenda Plummer, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, DMin, LPC
Gwenda Plummer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, DMin, LPC
O Fallon, MO 63368
Dr. Gwenda Plummer helps individuals, couples, and families develop healthy relationships, identify and change problem behaviors, overcome challenges, find healing from past pain, and discover tools for an overcoming and enriched life. After the initial intake, each session is designed to achieve the client's goals in a safe and welcoming atmosphere. Change and a fulfilled life are possible! Schedule with Gwenda today to begin your journey toward the healthy life you desire!
Dr. Gwenda Plummer helps individuals, couples, and families develop healthy relationships, identify and change problem behaviors, overcome challenges, find healing from past pain, and discover tools for an overcoming and enriched life. After the initial intake, each session is designed to achieve the client's goals in a safe and welcoming atmosphere. Change and a fulfilled life are possible! Schedule with Gwenda today to begin your journey toward the healthy life you desire!
(417) 651-5743 View (417) 651-5743
Photo of Priscilla Williams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Priscilla Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Serves Area
With a clinical focus on anxiety, depression, and PTSD/trauma, Priscilla integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and mindfulness-based approaches to help clients develop practical coping strategies and long-term emotional balance. Priscilla has experience supporting teens as well as adults across life stages, including those facing midlife and later life transitions.
With a clinical focus on anxiety, depression, and PTSD/trauma, Priscilla integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and mindfulness-based approaches to help clients develop practical coping strategies and long-term emotional balance. Priscilla has experience supporting teens as well as adults across life stages, including those facing midlife and later life transitions.
(636) 405-9165 View (636) 405-9165
Photo of Amy Jo Hawkins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Amy Jo Hawkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
O Fallon, MO 63366
Are you stuck in patterns you can't seem to break — in your relationship, your family, or within yourself? I'm Amy Jo Hawkins, Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 7+ years experience. I specialize in couples therapy, trauma-informed therapy, and life transitions — helping individuals, couples, and families stop surviving and start living with intention. I work with people navigating painful relationship cycles, childhood trauma, emotionally immature or narcissistic caregivers, and the question so many carry: "Why does this keep happening to me?" That question is exactly where our work begins.
Are you stuck in patterns you can't seem to break — in your relationship, your family, or within yourself? I'm Amy Jo Hawkins, Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 7+ years experience. I specialize in couples therapy, trauma-informed therapy, and life transitions — helping individuals, couples, and families stop surviving and start living with intention. I work with people navigating painful relationship cycles, childhood trauma, emotionally immature or narcissistic caregivers, and the question so many carry: "Why does this keep happening to me?" That question is exactly where our work begins.
(636) 205-1661 View (636) 205-1661
Photo of Candace Leigh Finan - Finan Counseling Solutions, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Finan Counseling Solutions, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you stressed by mental health or substance use issues, someone else's concerning behavior, navigating life changes & uncertainties? If you’re reading this, you may be seeking strategies for managing stress and self-care, health concerns, relational conflicts, your own thoughts and feelings. Has something distressing happened that you need to talk about? Talking helps the brain process worried thoughts into meaningful words, diffusing anxious tension. With less tension, you can breathe, open up to help, support, and self-compassion, change and growth.
Are you stressed by mental health or substance use issues, someone else's concerning behavior, navigating life changes & uncertainties? If you’re reading this, you may be seeking strategies for managing stress and self-care, health concerns, relational conflicts, your own thoughts and feelings. Has something distressing happened that you need to talk about? Talking helps the brain process worried thoughts into meaningful words, diffusing anxious tension. With less tension, you can breathe, open up to help, support, and self-compassion, change and growth.
(636) 333-0436 View (636) 333-0436
St. Charles Comprehensive Counseling Svcs, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NBCC
Serves Area
I have had a successful 25 years working within the medical and mental health field. I focus on Solution Based Therapy customized to meet your needs! I use my genuine personality, ingenuity and warm sense of humor to build trusting, caring relationships with clients. My style is practical yet warm, emotionally-focused and engaging.
I have had a successful 25 years working within the medical and mental health field. I focus on Solution Based Therapy customized to meet your needs! I use my genuine personality, ingenuity and warm sense of humor to build trusting, caring relationships with clients. My style is practical yet warm, emotionally-focused and engaging.
(636) 395-6012 View (636) 395-6012
Photo of Dr. Grace Hawley, Psychologist, PhD, PsyD
Dr. Grace Hawley
Psychologist, PhD, PsyD
Serves Area
Dr. Grace Hawley is a Psychologist in North Carolina who has been practicing since 2017. Dr. Hawley prioritizes cultivating a trusting and empathetic therapeutic alliance, which she believes is crucial for effective treatment. She approaches therapy from a holistic perspective, considering the diverse backgrounds and cultural factors that shape each client's experiences. Additionally, Dr. Hawley is committed to promoting client autonomy and empowerment, encouraging self-exploration, and helping clients live a values-driven life.Dr. Grace Hawley is a Psychologist in Missouri who has been practicing since 2017. Dr. Hawley prioritizes
Dr. Grace Hawley is a Psychologist in North Carolina who has been practicing since 2017. Dr. Hawley prioritizes cultivating a trusting and empathetic therapeutic alliance, which she believes is crucial for effective treatment. She approaches therapy from a holistic perspective, considering the diverse backgrounds and cultural factors that shape each client's experiences. Additionally, Dr. Hawley is committed to promoting client autonomy and empowerment, encouraging self-exploration, and helping clients live a values-driven life.Dr. Grace Hawley is a Psychologist in Missouri who has been practicing since 2017. Dr. Hawley prioritizes
(636) 355-8011 View (636) 355-8011
Photo of Meg Humphreys, Counselor, LPC
Meg Humphreys
Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Wentzville, MO 63385
Hello! My name is Meg, and I would love to get to know you! Therapy doesn’t have to feel intimidating and my goal is to create a space where you feel comfortable being yourself, even on the messy, confusing, or “I don’t know what I’m doing with my life” days. I work with individuals who are ready to understand themselves better, break old patterns, and build healthier ways of thinking, feeling, and relating — without being judged or rushed. Whether you’re navigating anxiety, stress, life transitions, relationship challenges, or past experiences that still show up uninvited, you don’t have to do it alone!
Hello! My name is Meg, and I would love to get to know you! Therapy doesn’t have to feel intimidating and my goal is to create a space where you feel comfortable being yourself, even on the messy, confusing, or “I don’t know what I’m doing with my life” days. I work with individuals who are ready to understand themselves better, break old patterns, and build healthier ways of thinking, feeling, and relating — without being judged or rushed. Whether you’re navigating anxiety, stress, life transitions, relationship challenges, or past experiences that still show up uninvited, you don’t have to do it alone!
(636) 253-3382 View (636) 253-3382
Photo of Stacie Henson, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Stacie Henson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Lake Saint Louis, MO 63367
Raising kids can feel like riding a roller coaster—and there’s no manual! As a therapist and mom, I understand how deeply a child’s behavior and mental health can impact the whole family. Behavior is a window into their feelings and needs. When it turns challenging, it’s a signal to connect and listen. You are the expert on your family, and your involvement is key to helping your child heal and thrive. You're not alone—we'll navigate this together.
Raising kids can feel like riding a roller coaster—and there’s no manual! As a therapist and mom, I understand how deeply a child’s behavior and mental health can impact the whole family. Behavior is a window into their feelings and needs. When it turns challenging, it’s a signal to connect and listen. You are the expert on your family, and your involvement is key to helping your child heal and thrive. You're not alone—we'll navigate this together.
(636) 238-2751 View (636) 238-2751
Photo of Antoine Allen, Counselor, LPC
Antoine Allen
Counselor, LPC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Feeling stressed, anxious, or stuck? You don’t have to face it alone. I provide a supportive, nonjudgmental space to explore challenges like depression, anxiety, self-esteem, stress, and overwhelming emotions. Using Person-Centered Therapy, DBT, and Motivational Interviewing, I help clients ages 18+ build coping skills, manage stressors, and move toward the changes they want. Together, we’ll focus on self-care, clarity, and confidence one step at a time so you can move from surviving to thriving and begin creating a life that feels authentic, balanced, and meaningful to you! And Yes, Nerds and Gamers are Welcome too!
Feeling stressed, anxious, or stuck? You don’t have to face it alone. I provide a supportive, nonjudgmental space to explore challenges like depression, anxiety, self-esteem, stress, and overwhelming emotions. Using Person-Centered Therapy, DBT, and Motivational Interviewing, I help clients ages 18+ build coping skills, manage stressors, and move toward the changes they want. Together, we’ll focus on self-care, clarity, and confidence one step at a time so you can move from surviving to thriving and begin creating a life that feels authentic, balanced, and meaningful to you! And Yes, Nerds and Gamers are Welcome too!
(314) 384-5594 View (314) 384-5594
Photo of Ryan Michael Schwartzmeyer, Licensed Professional Counselor, MSc, LPC, LCPC
Ryan Michael Schwartzmeyer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSc, LPC, LCPC
Lake Saint Louis, MO 63367
I specialize in helping individuals who are ready to make meaningful changes in their lives. Whether it's a lack of skills, motivation, or intrusive thoughts, I support clients through various challenges such as depression, self-harm, motivation issues, mindset shifts, ADHD, and more. My primary approach is Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and IFS. I also do a lot of Gottman Method work with couples. Additionally, I provide ADHD and Autism assessments, as well as clinical supervision for PLPCs pursuing licensure.
I specialize in helping individuals who are ready to make meaningful changes in their lives. Whether it's a lack of skills, motivation, or intrusive thoughts, I support clients through various challenges such as depression, self-harm, motivation issues, mindset shifts, ADHD, and more. My primary approach is Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and IFS. I also do a lot of Gottman Method work with couples. Additionally, I provide ADHD and Autism assessments, as well as clinical supervision for PLPCs pursuing licensure.
(314) 648-8007 View (314) 648-8007
Photo of Michelle Inouye, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, R-ATR
Michelle Inouye
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, R-ATR
6 Endorsed
O Fallon, MO 63367
I believe everyone has a unique story to tell. I offer traditional talk therapy and art therapy services that help you discover your creative potential and heal your soul. Whether you want to explore your emotions, cope with challenges, or express yourself, I am here to support you on your journey of transformation and growth!
I believe everyone has a unique story to tell. I offer traditional talk therapy and art therapy services that help you discover your creative potential and heal your soul. Whether you want to explore your emotions, cope with challenges, or express yourself, I am here to support you on your journey of transformation and growth!
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See more therapy options for 63383

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 63383

< 10

Therapists in 63383 who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
100% Grief
100% Self Esteem
100% Life Transitions
100% Stress
100% Social Anxiety
100% Health Anxiety

Average years in practice

23 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 63383 see their clients

60% Online Only
40% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

80% Female
20% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 63383?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.