Therapists in Chicago, IL

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Photo of Keely Mizenburg, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Keely Mizenburg
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60613
Not accepting new clients
I have a zestful interest in working with new parents, women of color, and adolescents/emerging adults. I enjoy working with individuals who are experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, relationship issues, identity development, self esteem, racial identity, microaggression and discrimination. I am also passionate about working with the youth, who are juggling academics, familial responsibilities, friendships and relationships, pressure from peers, society and social media, and coming into their own while finding their purpose in life.
I have a zestful interest in working with new parents, women of color, and adolescents/emerging adults. I enjoy working with individuals who are experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, relationship issues, identity development, self esteem, racial identity, microaggression and discrimination. I am also passionate about working with the youth, who are juggling academics, familial responsibilities, friendships and relationships, pressure from peers, society and social media, and coming into their own while finding their purpose in life.
(872) 241-1830 View (872) 241-1830
Photo of Beth Brownfield, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Beth Brownfield
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60660
I feel every person deserves to have a space where they feel heard and supported. Therapy should be a space where you feel safe to explore, laugh, cry, and reach those goals you have been thinking about. I will work to provide a space that you can feel safe and together we can accomplish this goal. I believe therapy is about exploration and understanding. Sometimes we go through life not feeling connected to ourselves, those around us, or activities that once made us happy. We can use this space to discover how to bring fulfillment back into your life, as it is possible!
I feel every person deserves to have a space where they feel heard and supported. Therapy should be a space where you feel safe to explore, laugh, cry, and reach those goals you have been thinking about. I will work to provide a space that you can feel safe and together we can accomplish this goal. I believe therapy is about exploration and understanding. Sometimes we go through life not feeling connected to ourselves, those around us, or activities that once made us happy. We can use this space to discover how to bring fulfillment back into your life, as it is possible!
(773) 985-6193 View (773) 985-6193
Photo of Francisco Verde, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Francisco Verde
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60603  (Online Only)
During life, you may feel sad, stressed, anxious, and you may repeat behavior patterns or establish unhealthy relationships. If you are going through something like this, going to therapy is the best opportunity for you to improve all that you believe is necessary. From my point of view, it is only through meeting with another human being that you can heal and be able to make transcendental changes. That is why within the therapy framework, I offer to create, to find, explore, and experiment with a unique space for each patient that will allow them to change and achieve personal and emotional growth.
During life, you may feel sad, stressed, anxious, and you may repeat behavior patterns or establish unhealthy relationships. If you are going through something like this, going to therapy is the best opportunity for you to improve all that you believe is necessary. From my point of view, it is only through meeting with another human being that you can heal and be able to make transcendental changes. That is why within the therapy framework, I offer to create, to find, explore, and experiment with a unique space for each patient that will allow them to change and achieve personal and emotional growth.
(773) 232-2936 View (773) 232-2936
Photo of Naomi Rawitz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Naomi Rawitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CST, CSE
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60647  (Online Only)
IL & MI licensed! I believe it takes great courage, self-insight, and strength to reach out for support. Whether you are seeking services to process painful experiences from the past, resolve specific challenges that you are facing day-to-day, or gain skills to prepare you for the future, I am here and ready to help you. I believe that you are the expert of your lived experience. In our work together, I will support you in listening to your internal wisdom so that you can honor and actualize your values and goals. Cultural responsiveness and humility are core tenets of my practice. My approach to therapy is non-judgmental and warm.
IL & MI licensed! I believe it takes great courage, self-insight, and strength to reach out for support. Whether you are seeking services to process painful experiences from the past, resolve specific challenges that you are facing day-to-day, or gain skills to prepare you for the future, I am here and ready to help you. I believe that you are the expert of your lived experience. In our work together, I will support you in listening to your internal wisdom so that you can honor and actualize your values and goals. Cultural responsiveness and humility are core tenets of my practice. My approach to therapy is non-judgmental and warm.
(734) 869-8635 View (734) 869-8635
Photo of Whit Lilly, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Whit Lilly
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60603
Whether you want to make a change in your life or are recovering from life events through which you have already changed, my aim is to support the transformational processes that are taking place in you. Change can be daunting or painful, and it can also open up the possibility of living more fully and feeling more real. Together, we will explore the meaning that things have for you and learn to attend to the parts of you that have not been in a position to surface before. I facilitate change through expansion and reorientation around what is, at a deeper level, known.
Whether you want to make a change in your life or are recovering from life events through which you have already changed, my aim is to support the transformational processes that are taking place in you. Change can be daunting or painful, and it can also open up the possibility of living more fully and feeling more real. Together, we will explore the meaning that things have for you and learn to attend to the parts of you that have not been in a position to surface before. I facilitate change through expansion and reorientation around what is, at a deeper level, known.
(773) 902-0195 View (773) 902-0195
Photo of Center for Religion and Psychotherapy of Chicago, Counselor in Chicago, IL
Center for Religion and Psychotherapy of Chicago
Counselor
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60602
Are you looking for an outstanding psychotherapist in the Chicago area? Would you like to speak with someone who can understand your spiritual and religious concerns as well as your emotional needs? The Center for Religion and Psychotherapy of Chicago has been in operation since 1965 and offers psychotherapy for adults, children, adolescents, and couples. Fully accredited as a clinical and educational site by the American Association of Pastoral Counselors, the Center is staffed by licensed pastoral professional clinical counselors, social workers, and clinical psychologists.
Are you looking for an outstanding psychotherapist in the Chicago area? Would you like to speak with someone who can understand your spiritual and religious concerns as well as your emotional needs? The Center for Religion and Psychotherapy of Chicago has been in operation since 1965 and offers psychotherapy for adults, children, adolescents, and couples. Fully accredited as a clinical and educational site by the American Association of Pastoral Counselors, the Center is staffed by licensed pastoral professional clinical counselors, social workers, and clinical psychologists.
(312) 263-4368 x9090 View (312) 263-4368 x9090
Photo of Stephanie Grunewald, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Stephanie Grunewald
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60601  (Online Only)
Do you constantly compare yourself to others? Are you tired of feeling “less than” or misunderstood? Social media can lead to feeling insecure, uncertain, or stuck in the comparison trap. It is easy to feel overwhelmed with the many ways we think we are supposed to be, act, look, etc. Feeling secure and finding your own voice may seem impossible. You do not need to be consumed by your emotions or feeling "not good enough" any longer! It is time to take back control and empower yourself to live the life of your dreams.
Do you constantly compare yourself to others? Are you tired of feeling “less than” or misunderstood? Social media can lead to feeling insecure, uncertain, or stuck in the comparison trap. It is easy to feel overwhelmed with the many ways we think we are supposed to be, act, look, etc. Feeling secure and finding your own voice may seem impossible. You do not need to be consumed by your emotions or feeling "not good enough" any longer! It is time to take back control and empower yourself to live the life of your dreams.
(312) 883-7060 View (312) 883-7060
Photo of Gabrielle Hardin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Gabrielle Hardin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60605
Has life been overwhelming lately, and you need a safe space to process it? Are you seeking self-understanding and acceptance? Together we can work through the difficulties and bring some clarity and relief to your life. I offer a safe and non-judgmental space where you can effectively work on the needs you have at the present moment.
Has life been overwhelming lately, and you need a safe space to process it? Are you seeking self-understanding and acceptance? Together we can work through the difficulties and bring some clarity and relief to your life. I offer a safe and non-judgmental space where you can effectively work on the needs you have at the present moment.
(312) 500-3150 View (312) 500-3150
Photo of Jennifer Clark, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Jennifer Clark
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60614
Jennifer Clark is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Illinois who has been practicing since 2008. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology from Washington State University and a Master of Arts degree in Forensic Psychology from The Chicago School of Professional Psychology. Jennifer believes in being an attentive listener with an integrative and person-center therapeutic approach. She strives to understand a client's perspective and offer genuine guidance to empower them towards achieving their goals.
Jennifer Clark is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Illinois who has been practicing since 2008. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology from Washington State University and a Master of Arts degree in Forensic Psychology from The Chicago School of Professional Psychology. Jennifer believes in being an attentive listener with an integrative and person-center therapeutic approach. She strives to understand a client's perspective and offer genuine guidance to empower them towards achieving their goals.
(872) 246-7087 View (872) 246-7087
Photo of Marta S Micko, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Marta S Micko
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60606  (Online Only)
Hi! My name is Marta, Why just survive when we can thrive? This is the question we need to ask ourselves when thinking about starting therapy. I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor that has worked extensively with individuals struggling with relationship dissatisfaction and other relational issues, depression, anxiety, anger and emotion management, emotional eating, panic attacks, trauma, struggles with self-esteem, stress-management and burnout, difficulties with parenting or co-parenting, career related hurdles and work dissatisfaction, adult ADHD, OCD, and intrusive thoughts.
Hi! My name is Marta, Why just survive when we can thrive? This is the question we need to ask ourselves when thinking about starting therapy. I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor that has worked extensively with individuals struggling with relationship dissatisfaction and other relational issues, depression, anxiety, anger and emotion management, emotional eating, panic attacks, trauma, struggles with self-esteem, stress-management and burnout, difficulties with parenting or co-parenting, career related hurdles and work dissatisfaction, adult ADHD, OCD, and intrusive thoughts.
(708) 419-3877 View (708) 419-3877
Photo of Caitlin E Lynch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Caitlin E Lynch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60602
Life is full of both joyful experiences as well as difficult and painful ones. Caitlin believes everyone can benefit from therapy, whether they seek personal growth or are in need of support through a trying time or transition. She employs a safe, non-judgmental space where she collaborates with clients to identify areas of focus and then provides treatment tailored specifically to them.
Life is full of both joyful experiences as well as difficult and painful ones. Caitlin believes everyone can benefit from therapy, whether they seek personal growth or are in need of support through a trying time or transition. She employs a safe, non-judgmental space where she collaborates with clients to identify areas of focus and then provides treatment tailored specifically to them.
(312) 635-5796 View (312) 635-5796
Photo of Hannah Christine Jones, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Hannah Christine Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60613
I'm a queer psychotherapist who offers individual and relational therapy. I believe mental health is deeply connected to our relationships, our intersectional identities, and our exposure to trauma. By exploring inner narratives, I support clients with building a capacity for emotional regulation and practicing radical self-love. The couples/relationship therapy I offer focuses on identifying how cultural upbringing, identities, needs, and emotions affect our relationships.
I'm a queer psychotherapist who offers individual and relational therapy. I believe mental health is deeply connected to our relationships, our intersectional identities, and our exposure to trauma. By exploring inner narratives, I support clients with building a capacity for emotional regulation and practicing radical self-love. The couples/relationship therapy I offer focuses on identifying how cultural upbringing, identities, needs, and emotions affect our relationships.
(708) 766-9211 View (708) 766-9211
Photo of Elexes Hetzel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
Elexes Hetzel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, APHSW-C, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60606  (Online Only)
Are you feeling frustrated and overwhelmed, as if you have lost control over your own life and are unsure how to get back on track? It happens to all of us sometimes. Our minds can be our biggest enemies, where our expectations get the best of us. Allow me to collaborate with you in order to unpack your thoughts and emotions to gradually make adjustments to help you become a stronger version of yourself.
Are you feeling frustrated and overwhelmed, as if you have lost control over your own life and are unsure how to get back on track? It happens to all of us sometimes. Our minds can be our biggest enemies, where our expectations get the best of us. Allow me to collaborate with you in order to unpack your thoughts and emotions to gradually make adjustments to help you become a stronger version of yourself.
(224) 585-4666 View (224) 585-4666
Photo of Zoe Tennenbaum, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Zoe Tennenbaum
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Not Verified Not Verified
Chicago, IL 60657
Zoe Tennenbaum, LPC, is warm, optimistic, and personable. She prioritizes connecting with each client and makes sure they feel heard, understood, and encouraged. Zoe supports adolescents and adults struggling with bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, ADHD, and more. She uses person-centered therapy to ensure clients are well heard and understood, solution-focused therapy to encourage movement towards goals, REBT to combat faulty assumptions, and art therapy to process emotions on a deeper level. Zoe is also able to support spiritual needs with Christian counseling.
Zoe Tennenbaum, LPC, is warm, optimistic, and personable. She prioritizes connecting with each client and makes sure they feel heard, understood, and encouraged. Zoe supports adolescents and adults struggling with bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, ADHD, and more. She uses person-centered therapy to ensure clients are well heard and understood, solution-focused therapy to encourage movement towards goals, REBT to combat faulty assumptions, and art therapy to process emotions on a deeper level. Zoe is also able to support spiritual needs with Christian counseling.
(855) 641-1658 View (855) 641-1658
Photo of Kayla Buckley, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Kayla Buckley
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60605
I am a clinical intern focused on working with and empowering individuals to be the best version of themselves. My work focuses on the unique challenges we face trying to balance work, relationships, family, and professional obligations.
I am a clinical intern focused on working with and empowering individuals to be the best version of themselves. My work focuses on the unique challenges we face trying to balance work, relationships, family, and professional obligations.
(312) 626-4669 View (312) 626-4669
Photo of Katie Lavery, Licensed Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Katie Lavery
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60612
The individuals who come to me for support are those struggling with eating disorders. We work together to identify goals that are important to you, and address some underlying self esteem concerns and lack of power within your life. Together, we take your power back, eliminating the compulsive need to control food. The second population I serve are those with marital and relationship issues. I have completed Level 1 training of the Gottman method and utilize the strategies to help couples identify the ways in which they sabotage their relationship and restore the friendship that originally brought you together as a couple.
The individuals who come to me for support are those struggling with eating disorders. We work together to identify goals that are important to you, and address some underlying self esteem concerns and lack of power within your life. Together, we take your power back, eliminating the compulsive need to control food. The second population I serve are those with marital and relationship issues. I have completed Level 1 training of the Gottman method and utilize the strategies to help couples identify the ways in which they sabotage their relationship and restore the friendship that originally brought you together as a couple.
(630) 728-1744 View (630) 728-1744
Photo of Cay Carroll Kidd, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Chicago, IL
Cay Carroll Kidd
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60604  (Online Only)
I'm a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with 18 years of experience. My work consists of individual psychotherapy with adult clientele only. I enjoy helping people and compassionate in my work with clients. Everyone experiences challenges in life; however, it's through the challenges that you grow the most. Together, we will work closely to analyze what struggles you are facing and their underlying causes, and work towards implementing change to the behaviors and thought patterns that are keeping you from being the best version of yourself.
I'm a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor with 18 years of experience. My work consists of individual psychotherapy with adult clientele only. I enjoy helping people and compassionate in my work with clients. Everyone experiences challenges in life; however, it's through the challenges that you grow the most. Together, we will work closely to analyze what struggles you are facing and their underlying causes, and work towards implementing change to the behaviors and thought patterns that are keeping you from being the best version of yourself.
(312) 626-7561 View (312) 626-7561
Photo of Judith S. Tellerman, Psychologist in Chicago, IL
Judith S. Tellerman
Psychologist, MAT, MEd, PhD, ABPP, FAAGP
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60614  (Online Only)
I have a deep gratitude for all the patients I've known whose lives have been transformed. That's what makes it all worthwhile. My approach to psychotherapy is collaborative. We work together and as soon as I have a realization that I think can help you I will share it with you so we can use it to move forward. We draw from creativity, science, spirit and all of our mutual resources to succeed. Speaking about yourself opens up new pathways in your mind. Progress and change can then happen at any age and I'm there to see that it does.
I have a deep gratitude for all the patients I've known whose lives have been transformed. That's what makes it all worthwhile. My approach to psychotherapy is collaborative. We work together and as soon as I have a realization that I think can help you I will share it with you so we can use it to move forward. We draw from creativity, science, spirit and all of our mutual resources to succeed. Speaking about yourself opens up new pathways in your mind. Progress and change can then happen at any age and I'm there to see that it does.
(773) 570-2350 View (773) 570-2350
Photo of Margaret A Dandridge, Pre-Licensed Professional in Chicago, IL
Margaret A Dandridge
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSMFT
Verified Verified
Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
So many families, children, adolescents, and couples are in need of an outlet and extra support. My goal is to help educate and collaborate with individuals in their various family dynamics to help find solutions to their problems. It is my passion to assist families and individuals with achieving their desired goals of leading happy, healthy, and well-functioning lives. Together we can explore new ways to communicate and come to terms with your circumstances. Together we can create an effective support network that will make a positive impact in your life and help eliminate unnecessary stress.
So many families, children, adolescents, and couples are in need of an outlet and extra support. My goal is to help educate and collaborate with individuals in their various family dynamics to help find solutions to their problems. It is my passion to assist families and individuals with achieving their desired goals of leading happy, healthy, and well-functioning lives. Together we can explore new ways to communicate and come to terms with your circumstances. Together we can create an effective support network that will make a positive impact in your life and help eliminate unnecessary stress.
(773) 839-9663 View (773) 839-9663
Photo of LifeSpan Counseling for Older Adults, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Chicago, IL
LifeSpan Counseling for Older Adults, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Chicago, IL 60640  (Online Only)
Welcome! My name is Karen Elliott and I specialize in working with middle-aged and older adults. If you or a family member have been leading an independent life and are now facing life changes, seeking professional support will be invaluable. Whether it's coping with chronic illness, caregiving, or battling loneliness, these experiences can profoundly impact one's life. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Psychotherapist, I offer guided counseling tailored to your needs and will help you access necessary resources.
Welcome! My name is Karen Elliott and I specialize in working with middle-aged and older adults. If you or a family member have been leading an independent life and are now facing life changes, seeking professional support will be invaluable. Whether it's coping with chronic illness, caregiving, or battling loneliness, these experiences can profoundly impact one's life. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Psychotherapist, I offer guided counseling tailored to your needs and will help you access necessary resources.
(224) 651-8787 View (224) 651-8787

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Chicago, IL

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Chicago, IL who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
77% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
67% Coping Skills
67% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% BlueCross and BlueShield
59% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Chicago, IL see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Chicago?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.