Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

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Photo of Hana Subasic-Sullivan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Hana Subasic-Sullivan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I have a deep understanding of how our relationships impact and are impacted by our emotional and mental well-being. I help adults and couples learn how to connect emotionally, navigate conflict and communication barriers fairly, and develop authentic and compassionate ways to attune. I have helped many intercultural couples design a road map when there isn’t one in place. I am also passionate about working with developmental trauma, inner-child wounding, and attachment injuries, in order to help you become the person, partner, parent, child, community member or friend you desire to be.
As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I have a deep understanding of how our relationships impact and are impacted by our emotional and mental well-being. I help adults and couples learn how to connect emotionally, navigate conflict and communication barriers fairly, and develop authentic and compassionate ways to attune. I have helped many intercultural couples design a road map when there isn’t one in place. I am also passionate about working with developmental trauma, inner-child wounding, and attachment injuries, in order to help you become the person, partner, parent, child, community member or friend you desire to be.
(651) 333-7540 x507 View (651) 333-7540 x507
Photo of Paula Anderson, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Paula Anderson
Counselor, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Paula Anderson is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Minnesota who has been practicing since 2022. Paula enjoys working with people making life changes, getting free from substance use, repairing relationships (couples), and finding themselves in a new or unexpected life position. Many of her clients have been stalled by grief or trauma. Paula is a champion of recognizing and appreciating the trauma and grief of people in later life and believes society has ignored our elders' mental health. Outside of work, Paula's dogs are a big part of her life, she enjoys attending training classes and exercising them.
Paula Anderson is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Minnesota who has been practicing since 2022. Paula enjoys working with people making life changes, getting free from substance use, repairing relationships (couples), and finding themselves in a new or unexpected life position. Many of her clients have been stalled by grief or trauma. Paula is a champion of recognizing and appreciating the trauma and grief of people in later life and believes society has ignored our elders' mental health. Outside of work, Paula's dogs are a big part of her life, she enjoys attending training classes and exercising them.
(651) 615-0940 View (651) 615-0940
Photo of Lucy Stewart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Lucy Stewart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55117  (Online Only)
You've likely encountered significant hurdles in life, whether it's trauma, depression, or anxiety. These challenges may leave you feeling overwhelmed, searching for a path through the darkness. If you're an adolescent or adult, you might be wrestling with the complexities of growing up or the pressures of adulthood while carrying these emotional burdens. For those facing pregnancy, postpartum, or fertility issues, additional emotional layers can complicate this deeply personal journey. In your search for solace, understanding, and guidance, you seek support in navigating your way through these challenges.
You've likely encountered significant hurdles in life, whether it's trauma, depression, or anxiety. These challenges may leave you feeling overwhelmed, searching for a path through the darkness. If you're an adolescent or adult, you might be wrestling with the complexities of growing up or the pressures of adulthood while carrying these emotional burdens. For those facing pregnancy, postpartum, or fertility issues, additional emotional layers can complicate this deeply personal journey. In your search for solace, understanding, and guidance, you seek support in navigating your way through these challenges.
(651) 409-5709 View (651) 409-5709
Photo of Rebecca Rathjen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Rebecca Rathjen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Sometimes we need a little extra support. Maybe you feel like something just isn’t quite right, but you’re not sure what it is. Maybe you know what is causing some difficulty, like a big change, a loss, being hurt in a relationship, or trauma. Or maybe you have been feeling a lot of anxiety or stress lately. Life can bring challenges. In our work together I will help you uncover your strengths and capacity to heal.
Sometimes we need a little extra support. Maybe you feel like something just isn’t quite right, but you’re not sure what it is. Maybe you know what is causing some difficulty, like a big change, a loss, being hurt in a relationship, or trauma. Or maybe you have been feeling a lot of anxiety or stress lately. Life can bring challenges. In our work together I will help you uncover your strengths and capacity to heal.
(651) 433-6411 x704 View (651) 433-6411 x704
Photo of Down to Earth Therapy, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Down to Earth Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55105
We have current openings! Our therapists see children as young as 3 and adults as old as one can be. We are a group of therapists who value authenticity, social justice, and relationships. At Down to Earth Therapy we are committed to not only listening, but to actively partnering with you and helping you make the changes you, your partnership, and/or your family desire. We celebrate clients of all class, sexuality, ethnicity, race, gender identity, and spiritual belief. We work with people ages 3-100.
We have current openings! Our therapists see children as young as 3 and adults as old as one can be. We are a group of therapists who value authenticity, social justice, and relationships. At Down to Earth Therapy we are committed to not only listening, but to actively partnering with you and helping you make the changes you, your partnership, and/or your family desire. We celebrate clients of all class, sexuality, ethnicity, race, gender identity, and spiritual belief. We work with people ages 3-100.
(651) 376-2749 View (651) 376-2749
Photo of Anesh Patel, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Anesh Patel
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55105
Waitlist for new clients
Do you spend too much time comparing yourself to others? Are you frustrated in trying to communicate with those you love? Does your career feel like a dead end? There is HOPE and a way forward. I see people change their lives on a daily basis. I will be with you on this journey, understanding you, helping you to identify patterns that are getting in your way and encouraging you on your path towards an internal revolution and becoming the best version of you.
Do you spend too much time comparing yourself to others? Are you frustrated in trying to communicate with those you love? Does your career feel like a dead end? There is HOPE and a way forward. I see people change their lives on a daily basis. I will be with you on this journey, understanding you, helping you to identify patterns that are getting in your way and encouraging you on your path towards an internal revolution and becoming the best version of you.
(612) 260-9672 View (612) 260-9672
Photo of Reena Pathak, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Reena Pathak
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114  (Online Only)
I am a licensed Psychologist who utilizes evidence-based therapies. I am committed to helping people learn how to manage and reduce their mental health symptoms more effectively so they can see long-term gains and functioning. I work with adults and young adults in my individual and DBT skills groups who are working on depression, anxiety, trauma, stress management, and shame symptoms.
I am a licensed Psychologist who utilizes evidence-based therapies. I am committed to helping people learn how to manage and reduce their mental health symptoms more effectively so they can see long-term gains and functioning. I work with adults and young adults in my individual and DBT skills groups who are working on depression, anxiety, trauma, stress management, and shame symptoms.
(651) 299-6160 View (651) 299-6160
Photo of Maisha Giles, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Maisha Giles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LMFT, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102  (Online Only)
I’ve had the privilege and honor of working with individuals, couples, and families for over a decade. I’m passionate about helping others identify the necessary tools to become their best version and tap into their inherent power. I believe everyone should be able to create meaning and a narrative that serves them best. Life is a marathon, not a sprint— getting through the tough stuff is part of the process.
I’ve had the privilege and honor of working with individuals, couples, and families for over a decade. I’m passionate about helping others identify the necessary tools to become their best version and tap into their inherent power. I believe everyone should be able to create meaning and a narrative that serves them best. Life is a marathon, not a sprint— getting through the tough stuff is part of the process.
(651) 615-0745 View (651) 615-0745
Photo of Benjamin (Ben) Seim, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Saint Paul, MN
Benjamin (Ben) Seim
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MBA, MA, LAMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55126
We are all on a journey and mine has included 20+ years in corporate America, divorce, re-marriage, infertility, adoption, family issues, etc. I love helping couples win at marriage and walking with them in the hard work to improve their relationship satisfaction. I have been helping couples since 2013 with a variety of challenges including infidelity, addiction, intimacy issues, etc. I also help individuals with relationship challenges, anxiety, depression, etc.
We are all on a journey and mine has included 20+ years in corporate America, divorce, re-marriage, infertility, adoption, family issues, etc. I love helping couples win at marriage and walking with them in the hard work to improve their relationship satisfaction. I have been helping couples since 2013 with a variety of challenges including infidelity, addiction, intimacy issues, etc. I also help individuals with relationship challenges, anxiety, depression, etc.
(651) 372-1372 View (651) 372-1372
Photo of Eva J. W. Morrison, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Eva J. W. Morrison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Currently Accepting Clients - - Do you want to get unstuck from trauma responses and unhelpful patterns? Would you like to feel a sense of ease in your relationships? Do you seek calmness and acceptance within yourself? I see you. Together we will use somatic (body-based) techniques, trauma-informed modalities, and deep compassion to identify where these patterns come from, and focus on building skills to bring you closer to safety and connection. Whether you have been in therapy for decades or if this will be your first session, I look forward to working alongside you.
Currently Accepting Clients - - Do you want to get unstuck from trauma responses and unhelpful patterns? Would you like to feel a sense of ease in your relationships? Do you seek calmness and acceptance within yourself? I see you. Together we will use somatic (body-based) techniques, trauma-informed modalities, and deep compassion to identify where these patterns come from, and focus on building skills to bring you closer to safety and connection. Whether you have been in therapy for decades or if this will be your first session, I look forward to working alongside you.
(651) 412-3261 View (651) 412-3261
Photo of Olivia Fesser, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Olivia Fesser
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55115
The process of finding a therapist can feel overwhelming! If you’re reading this, you have officially taken the first step in finding a therapist that is right for you. Im proud of you! The clients that I work with are ready to show up to continue their pursuit towards awareness and change through therapy. Together, we will explore the narratives that have been helpful as well the narratives that are not serving you anymore. I provide an approach that is flexible and adaptable. I recognize that you may need to be challenged and validated all in one session.
The process of finding a therapist can feel overwhelming! If you’re reading this, you have officially taken the first step in finding a therapist that is right for you. Im proud of you! The clients that I work with are ready to show up to continue their pursuit towards awareness and change through therapy. Together, we will explore the narratives that have been helpful as well the narratives that are not serving you anymore. I provide an approach that is flexible and adaptable. I recognize that you may need to be challenged and validated all in one session.
(651) 728-7155 View (651) 728-7155
Photo of Indigo Counseling Center, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Indigo Counseling Center
Counselor
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Indigo Counseling has immediate openings for in-person and telehealth counseling. Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma or grief? Do you have repetitive thoughts or worries? Are you feeling isolated or alone? Do you struggle with relationship issues with your partner or family members ? Indigo's therapists are sensitive to a variety of issues, identities, struggles and needs. Building a good therapeutic relationship is key to healing. We approach therapy in a person-centered, humanistic way. issues. We work with teens and adults, couples and families.
Indigo Counseling has immediate openings for in-person and telehealth counseling. Are you struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma or grief? Do you have repetitive thoughts or worries? Are you feeling isolated or alone? Do you struggle with relationship issues with your partner or family members ? Indigo's therapists are sensitive to a variety of issues, identities, struggles and needs. Building a good therapeutic relationship is key to healing. We approach therapy in a person-centered, humanistic way. issues. We work with teens and adults, couples and families.
(651) 538-6900 View (651) 538-6900
Photo of Ann B. Duevel, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Ann B. Duevel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Have you tried therapy before with only minimal success? Are you looking for practical guidance and effective solutions to the problems that you face? Then you've come to the right place! I work with individuals who have been unsuccessful in therapy before but are still hopeful that there is someone out there who can help them.
Have you tried therapy before with only minimal success? Are you looking for practical guidance and effective solutions to the problems that you face? Then you've come to the right place! I work with individuals who have been unsuccessful in therapy before but are still hopeful that there is someone out there who can help them.
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Photo of Gloria Kranenburg, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Gloria Kranenburg
Pre-Licensed Professional, MPS, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I seek to create a therapeutic space that is validating towards my clients’ identities and lived experiences. I believe both the client and counselor have expertise and insight to bring to the collaborative therapeutic relationship. Together, we can curiously explore feelings, thoughts, identity, life events, meaning, and stressors as I believe increased self-awareness is key in addressing deeply-rooted anxieties and tensions and distressing thoughts and emotions.
I seek to create a therapeutic space that is validating towards my clients’ identities and lived experiences. I believe both the client and counselor have expertise and insight to bring to the collaborative therapeutic relationship. Together, we can curiously explore feelings, thoughts, identity, life events, meaning, and stressors as I believe increased self-awareness is key in addressing deeply-rooted anxieties and tensions and distressing thoughts and emotions.
(651) 927-4174 View (651) 927-4174
Photo of Hannah Rogak, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Hannah Rogak
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT-S
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
Not accepting new clients
As my profile states, I am unable to start with new clients at this time- Sometimes people miss that when they message me and I want to be clear! The people I enjoy working with most are the ones who aren't sure therapy is for them, or haven't had great experiences in the past. I get what it's like for therapy not to go well. Maybe they're nervous I'll side with their spouse. Maybe they're worried it'll be too much too fast. The best part of my job is discovering the unique stories of each person who comes into my office, then developing a relationship to support their progress towards a more comfortable, resilient way of living.
As my profile states, I am unable to start with new clients at this time- Sometimes people miss that when they message me and I want to be clear! The people I enjoy working with most are the ones who aren't sure therapy is for them, or haven't had great experiences in the past. I get what it's like for therapy not to go well. Maybe they're nervous I'll side with their spouse. Maybe they're worried it'll be too much too fast. The best part of my job is discovering the unique stories of each person who comes into my office, then developing a relationship to support their progress towards a more comfortable, resilient way of living.
(320) 348-7513 View (320) 348-7513
Photo of Colleen Clarke, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Colleen Clarke
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Hi! I am open-minded, curious, empathetic, and non-judgmental. I believe in community and reaching out to others for support. Having raised three young adults, I am drawn to conversations about life transition, identity and career exploration, relationships, trauma, anxiety, depression, and mental health issues affecting young adults and adults of all ages. I seek to listen to and support adults in their process of healing and self-exploration. As a cis-gendered, white woman who has lived in many different communities around the US, I continue to strive to learn about others’ culture and experiences with humility and curiosity.
Hi! I am open-minded, curious, empathetic, and non-judgmental. I believe in community and reaching out to others for support. Having raised three young adults, I am drawn to conversations about life transition, identity and career exploration, relationships, trauma, anxiety, depression, and mental health issues affecting young adults and adults of all ages. I seek to listen to and support adults in their process of healing and self-exploration. As a cis-gendered, white woman who has lived in many different communities around the US, I continue to strive to learn about others’ culture and experiences with humility and curiosity.
(612) 662-4227 View (612) 662-4227
Photo of Sarah Johnston, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Sarah Johnston
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I love working with clients who are interested in developing a therapeutic relationship to improve their mental health symptoms. Clients who are insightful and reflective, but are also really wanting to feel better. There is so much that can be done to improve symptoms related to trauma, anxiety, and depression.
I love working with clients who are interested in developing a therapeutic relationship to improve their mental health symptoms. Clients who are insightful and reflective, but are also really wanting to feel better. There is so much that can be done to improve symptoms related to trauma, anxiety, and depression.
(612) 284-0532 View (612) 284-0532
Photo of Jennifer Ann LaCroix, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Jennifer Ann LaCroix
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55102
The therapeutic relationship is transformative and at the root of our work together. It is my honor to walk alongside individuals, couples, and families working to heal from past traumas, gain perspective and insight, and strengthen and deepen their most important relationships. I currently work primarily with couples, co-parents, as well as individuals and folks in non-traditional relationships. Perspective is an incredibly powerful tool and one of the many gifts of therapy. I utilize an eclectic blend of theoretical approaches depending on client's needs and desired outcomes.
The therapeutic relationship is transformative and at the root of our work together. It is my honor to walk alongside individuals, couples, and families working to heal from past traumas, gain perspective and insight, and strengthen and deepen their most important relationships. I currently work primarily with couples, co-parents, as well as individuals and folks in non-traditional relationships. Perspective is an incredibly powerful tool and one of the many gifts of therapy. I utilize an eclectic blend of theoretical approaches depending on client's needs and desired outcomes.
(651) 877-6588 View (651) 877-6588
Photo of Patrick Castrenze, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Patrick Castrenze
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104
I specialize in working with adults, young adults, college students, and parents/caregivers who want to feel less anxious, less overwhelmed, and more present in their lives. Many of my clients are facing major life transitions, feeling held back by old patterns, or wanting to explore different parts of themselves. And many of the parents I work with are struggling to be the parents they can or want to be. Together, we'll address your struggles with your partner(s), friends, or family members. Contact me here on Psychology Today, or reach out via our website: www.collegetherapycenter.com.
I specialize in working with adults, young adults, college students, and parents/caregivers who want to feel less anxious, less overwhelmed, and more present in their lives. Many of my clients are facing major life transitions, feeling held back by old patterns, or wanting to explore different parts of themselves. And many of the parents I work with are struggling to be the parents they can or want to be. Together, we'll address your struggles with your partner(s), friends, or family members. Contact me here on Psychology Today, or reach out via our website: www.collegetherapycenter.com.
(612) 712-6435 View (612) 712-6435
Photo of Michelle Linnihan, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Michelle Linnihan
Psychologist, MA, LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I have had the privilege of getting to know and connect with people from every walk of life for almost 20 years. These experiences have helped me to understand that we all have so much in common as humans trying to navigate and accept the struggles we all have. I value all that I have learned from my clients, and hopefully helped them to find a level of peace in their lives. Using a variety of techniques, such as DBT and mindfulness with adults, couples and teens, I work to help individuals come to understand life choices.
I have had the privilege of getting to know and connect with people from every walk of life for almost 20 years. These experiences have helped me to understand that we all have so much in common as humans trying to navigate and accept the struggles we all have. I value all that I have learned from my clients, and hopefully helped them to find a level of peace in their lives. Using a variety of techniques, such as DBT and mindfulness with adults, couples and teens, I work to help individuals come to understand life choices.
(651) 571-4133 View (651) 571-4133

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% UCare
68% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
21% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.