Therapists in Minneapolis, MN

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Photo of Comfort Belbas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Comfort Belbas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, SHE/HER
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55424  (Online Only)
Even in strong relationships, communication is complicated - "How did we get here - again?" Often, having an educated observer - a calm presence in the room - creates a safe space for sorting out issues and listening. During therapy, we may discover your relationship's unique boundaries, expectations, and communication styles. I draw from a broad social perspective and an understanding grounded in attachment and relational psychodynamic theories. If you are looking for couples therapy or individual therapy you will hopefully find our work together life changing. www.comfortbelbastherapy.com
Even in strong relationships, communication is complicated - "How did we get here - again?" Often, having an educated observer - a calm presence in the room - creates a safe space for sorting out issues and listening. During therapy, we may discover your relationship's unique boundaries, expectations, and communication styles. I draw from a broad social perspective and an understanding grounded in attachment and relational psychodynamic theories. If you are looking for couples therapy or individual therapy you will hopefully find our work together life changing. www.comfortbelbastherapy.com
(612) 260-4654 View (612) 260-4654
Photo of Helen Wu, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Helen Wu
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55414
Not accepting new clients
Seeking psychotherapy is a brave decision. My comprehensive training in psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, narrative exposure, and the Gottman models of treatment allows me to work comfortably with adult individuals and couples from all walks of life. I am especially interested in the problems of anxiety, depression, trauma/PTSD, mood disorders, relationship concerns, family of origins issues, identity and personality development, as well as life transitions. I also provide psychological assessments to help develop diagnostic clarity on issues such as ADHD, cognitive functioning, and personality structures.
Seeking psychotherapy is a brave decision. My comprehensive training in psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, narrative exposure, and the Gottman models of treatment allows me to work comfortably with adult individuals and couples from all walks of life. I am especially interested in the problems of anxiety, depression, trauma/PTSD, mood disorders, relationship concerns, family of origins issues, identity and personality development, as well as life transitions. I also provide psychological assessments to help develop diagnostic clarity on issues such as ADHD, cognitive functioning, and personality structures.
(612) 712-9607 View (612) 712-9607
Photo of Jamie Halvorson, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Jamie Halvorson
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55401  (Online Only)
I'm currently accepting new telehealth clients. I see clients for individual telehealth therapy ages 12 and older. Since working as a mental health therapist my clinical experiences include Anxiety, Depression, OCD, trauma, autism, ADHD, challenges making and keeping friends, grief, self-compassion, adoption and attachment, and domestic abuse perpetrators and victims.
I'm currently accepting new telehealth clients. I see clients for individual telehealth therapy ages 12 and older. Since working as a mental health therapist my clinical experiences include Anxiety, Depression, OCD, trauma, autism, ADHD, challenges making and keeping friends, grief, self-compassion, adoption and attachment, and domestic abuse perpetrators and victims.
(763) 402-8254 View (763) 402-8254
Photo of Linnea Logas, MA, Feminist Therapist,Couples Coach, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Linnea Logas, MA, Feminist Therapist,Couples Coach
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55418  (Online Only)
I empower individuals and couples struggling with anxiety, shame, low self-esteem & communication issues to find deep, wholehearted contentedness and inner-freedom. Using a feminist, anti-racist, trauma-informed, gender & sexuality affirming lens, my goal is to help you grow in love with yourself and your people. You are deserving of your love, and contentment and joy in your relationships is absolutely attainable.
I empower individuals and couples struggling with anxiety, shame, low self-esteem & communication issues to find deep, wholehearted contentedness and inner-freedom. Using a feminist, anti-racist, trauma-informed, gender & sexuality affirming lens, my goal is to help you grow in love with yourself and your people. You are deserving of your love, and contentment and joy in your relationships is absolutely attainable.
(612) 268-6717 View (612) 268-6717
Photo of Karen Willette, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Karen Willette
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
I have 35 years of experience helping a wide variety of people find their way to living a richer and more satisfying life. I have a deep respect for the mind and emotional life and believe it's difficult to change without resolving the internal conflicts (which are often out of our awareness) that lead to emotional distress, unwanted behaviors or physical symptoms.
I have 35 years of experience helping a wide variety of people find their way to living a richer and more satisfying life. I have a deep respect for the mind and emotional life and believe it's difficult to change without resolving the internal conflicts (which are often out of our awareness) that lead to emotional distress, unwanted behaviors or physical symptoms.
(612) 294-8207 View (612) 294-8207
Photo of Cathy Johnston, Marriage & Family Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Cathy Johnston
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CST
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55408
I'm a licensed MFT and AASECT certified Sex Therapist, located in Minnesota and Arizona. I'll help you find grounded, positive approaches to shift your situation. Whether you're dealing with relationship frustrations or personal issues, it's difficult to wonder if things can get better - and to think you should be able to figure it out on your own. If fights with your partner go nowhere, your sex life is disappointing (or non-existent), you suffer with anxiety or depression, or you or your partner struggle with out of control sexual behavior or drug/alcohol use, I can help. I am engaged and active in sessions.
I'm a licensed MFT and AASECT certified Sex Therapist, located in Minnesota and Arizona. I'll help you find grounded, positive approaches to shift your situation. Whether you're dealing with relationship frustrations or personal issues, it's difficult to wonder if things can get better - and to think you should be able to figure it out on your own. If fights with your partner go nowhere, your sex life is disappointing (or non-existent), you suffer with anxiety or depression, or you or your partner struggle with out of control sexual behavior or drug/alcohol use, I can help. I am engaged and active in sessions.
(612) 425-1880 View (612) 425-1880
Photo of Adam Sattler, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Adam Sattler
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55415  (Online Only)
Have you ever had that moment when you're at the mirror, staring at yourself and you wonder, “how did I get here?” Maybe you’re navigating a divorce/breakup, intense work stress, or having difficulty making sense of past trauma. Perhaps you struggle to "open up", or you rarely speak your mind because you're afraid of being judged or upsetting others. You may also be extremely hard on yourself, to the point you’ve become your own worst enemy. So, to cope with all of this, you might turn to substance abuse, overworking, isolation or spend too much time online. But what if it doesn't have to be this way?
Have you ever had that moment when you're at the mirror, staring at yourself and you wonder, “how did I get here?” Maybe you’re navigating a divorce/breakup, intense work stress, or having difficulty making sense of past trauma. Perhaps you struggle to "open up", or you rarely speak your mind because you're afraid of being judged or upsetting others. You may also be extremely hard on yourself, to the point you’ve become your own worst enemy. So, to cope with all of this, you might turn to substance abuse, overworking, isolation or spend too much time online. But what if it doesn't have to be this way?
(612) 324-1383 View (612) 324-1383
Photo of Emily Steece, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Emily Steece
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55416
I believe that everyone is the expert on themselves, but at times this expertise can be difficult to harness due to the curveballs life often throws our way. My approach is empathetic, flexible, non-judgmental with a dash of humor, and some occasional colorful language. I can also be very direct when needed. Utilizing both trauma-informed and attachment-based perspectives, I will collaborate with you on discovering that expertise. I am passionate about diversity and inclusion which allows me to honor the unique needs of everyone who grants me the privilege of joining them on their journey.
I believe that everyone is the expert on themselves, but at times this expertise can be difficult to harness due to the curveballs life often throws our way. My approach is empathetic, flexible, non-judgmental with a dash of humor, and some occasional colorful language. I can also be very direct when needed. Utilizing both trauma-informed and attachment-based perspectives, I will collaborate with you on discovering that expertise. I am passionate about diversity and inclusion which allows me to honor the unique needs of everyone who grants me the privilege of joining them on their journey.
(763) 265-6228 View (763) 265-6228
Photo of Deanna Pelley, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Deanna Pelley
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55416  (Online Only)
Being an adult can be hard even when you are doing your best. Do you ever feel that despite your best efforts you are a mess or like you are putting on a front? I believe therapy can help. Through therapy we build a relationship that sets the foundation for change and gives you the space to explore your thoughts and feelings. Talking about and processing our thoughts and feelings helps us to make sense of our minds which allows us to heal and cultivate needed change in our lives.
Being an adult can be hard even when you are doing your best. Do you ever feel that despite your best efforts you are a mess or like you are putting on a front? I believe therapy can help. Through therapy we build a relationship that sets the foundation for change and gives you the space to explore your thoughts and feelings. Talking about and processing our thoughts and feelings helps us to make sense of our minds which allows us to heal and cultivate needed change in our lives.
(612) 712-1527 View (612) 712-1527
Photo of Stefanie Dearman, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Stefanie Dearman
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55416
Waitlist for new clients
Overall, I would say that I am just a human who enjoys helping other humans no matter who they are or what problems they are navigating in life. Some of the most prevalent diagnoses I have worked with include depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. I am passionate about working with individuals who are part of the LGBTQIA2+ community or are questioning any part of their identity. I also have a passion for supporting individuals have experienced religious or spiritual trauma and helping them unpack and overcome the unique challenges it can cause.
Overall, I would say that I am just a human who enjoys helping other humans no matter who they are or what problems they are navigating in life. Some of the most prevalent diagnoses I have worked with include depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. I am passionate about working with individuals who are part of the LGBTQIA2+ community or are questioning any part of their identity. I also have a passion for supporting individuals have experienced religious or spiritual trauma and helping them unpack and overcome the unique challenges it can cause.
(612) 324-4368 View (612) 324-4368
Photo of Katie Reger, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Katie Reger
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55417
I evaluate children and teens who may have learning difficulties, problems focusing, general school problems, mood or anxiety-related concerns, or peer issues. These struggles could impact many aspects of their life and their ability to thrive in their environment. Even if you feel you know your child very well, sometimes it is unclear why they are having such a hard time. Parents who bring their children to my practice are seeking guidance for how to best understand their difficulties and for recommendations for how they can help their child succeed.
I evaluate children and teens who may have learning difficulties, problems focusing, general school problems, mood or anxiety-related concerns, or peer issues. These struggles could impact many aspects of their life and their ability to thrive in their environment. Even if you feel you know your child very well, sometimes it is unclear why they are having such a hard time. Parents who bring their children to my practice are seeking guidance for how to best understand their difficulties and for recommendations for how they can help their child succeed.
(651) 689-3293 View (651) 689-3293
Photo of Katie Immerfall-Strasburg, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Katie Immerfall-Strasburg
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55426  (Online Only)
There are countless reasons why people seek therapy – whether it’s the daily stressors of life, relationship struggles, or painful experiences and emotions.  Challenges are a part of life, and no one is immune to them. Sometimes these challenges become too much to bear on our own, or we find that our efforts to solve the problem simply aren’t working. No matter your reason for seeking therapy, know that I will do my best to support you and understand the challenges you face.
There are countless reasons why people seek therapy – whether it’s the daily stressors of life, relationship struggles, or painful experiences and emotions.  Challenges are a part of life, and no one is immune to them. Sometimes these challenges become too much to bear on our own, or we find that our efforts to solve the problem simply aren’t working. No matter your reason for seeking therapy, know that I will do my best to support you and understand the challenges you face.
(763) 888-0487 View (763) 888-0487
Photo of Elise Davidson, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Elise Davidson
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55415  (Online Only)
I specialize in serving adults age 18+ with with anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression. My philosophy is that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all connected, and these inform how we experience the world. I utilize evidence-based therapies such as CBT and ERP (exposure & response prevention) to help you challenge beliefs that are keeping you stuck or unsatisfied with life. When working together, I would first focus on building a connection with you. Then together, we would collaboratively navigate through the web of your mental health symptoms.
I specialize in serving adults age 18+ with with anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression. My philosophy is that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all connected, and these inform how we experience the world. I utilize evidence-based therapies such as CBT and ERP (exposure & response prevention) to help you challenge beliefs that are keeping you stuck or unsatisfied with life. When working together, I would first focus on building a connection with you. Then together, we would collaboratively navigate through the web of your mental health symptoms.
(612) 361-4735 View (612) 361-4735
Photo of Rhiannon Arkala, LPC Intern in Minneapolis, MN
Rhiannon Arkala
LPC Intern
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55403
It's not easy to form genuine connections these days. It's especially challenging if you are from a marginalized community. My passion is working with teens (14-17) and young adults who are experiencing challenges with work and/or school stress, friendships, or life transitions. As a queer counselor, I enjoy working with members of the LGBTQIA+ community. Clients that work with me develop strong coping skills, gain self-acceptance, and are able to grow their social support system.
It's not easy to form genuine connections these days. It's especially challenging if you are from a marginalized community. My passion is working with teens (14-17) and young adults who are experiencing challenges with work and/or school stress, friendships, or life transitions. As a queer counselor, I enjoy working with members of the LGBTQIA+ community. Clients that work with me develop strong coping skills, gain self-acceptance, and are able to grow their social support system.
(612) 712-5202 View (612) 712-5202
Photo of Jennifer Ostrom-Undis, Pre-Licensed Professional in Minneapolis, MN
Jennifer Ostrom-Undis
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LADC
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
I enjoy working with individuals and couples in a joint effort to help build on strengths that each individual already brings to the table. I believe seeking therapy for any reason takes courage, and anyone can benefit from engaging in the therapeutic process.
I enjoy working with individuals and couples in a joint effort to help build on strengths that each individual already brings to the table. I believe seeking therapy for any reason takes courage, and anyone can benefit from engaging in the therapeutic process.
(763) 415-7797 View (763) 415-7797
Photo of Mindpath College Health - Minneapolis, Psychologist in Minneapolis, MN
Mindpath College Health - Minneapolis
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55414
Mindpath College Health provides outpatient mental health care for college and university students, staff, and the surrounding community. We provide a broad spectrum of individual and group therapy, relationship counseling, psychiatric evaluation, and medication management and psychiatry. Mindpath College Health helps patients 18+ with anxiety, ADHD, bipolar disorder, depression, gender and sexual identity, grief, life changes, OCD, relationships, and trauma and PTSD.
Mindpath College Health provides outpatient mental health care for college and university students, staff, and the surrounding community. We provide a broad spectrum of individual and group therapy, relationship counseling, psychiatric evaluation, and medication management and psychiatry. Mindpath College Health helps patients 18+ with anxiety, ADHD, bipolar disorder, depression, gender and sexual identity, grief, life changes, OCD, relationships, and trauma and PTSD.
(612) 448-9971 View (612) 448-9971
Photo of Shae Loucks, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Shae Loucks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55416
If you're here because your past traumas are creeping up on you, what you show the world doesn't align with what's on the inside, or your anxiety/depression has depleted you---I want to work with you. You might be someone who has a hard time asking for help, so the fact that you're even thinking about getting it is a big step. You don't have to keep feeling the way you are. Sometimes, we just need a therapist to guide us along our path to feeling better. I want you to feel equipped to handle life’s ever-changing ups and downs, and to be able to do it with a sense of purpose, stability, and self-awareness.
If you're here because your past traumas are creeping up on you, what you show the world doesn't align with what's on the inside, or your anxiety/depression has depleted you---I want to work with you. You might be someone who has a hard time asking for help, so the fact that you're even thinking about getting it is a big step. You don't have to keep feeling the way you are. Sometimes, we just need a therapist to guide us along our path to feeling better. I want you to feel equipped to handle life’s ever-changing ups and downs, and to be able to do it with a sense of purpose, stability, and self-awareness.
(612) 662-6082 View (612) 662-6082
Photo of Cindy Nelson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Minneapolis, MN
Cindy Nelson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
Minneapolis, MN 55408
I am dedicated to helping people on their unique journeys toward healing and personal growth. In my role as therapist, I know that trust is sacred. I have a deep respect for the journeys people are on, whether that is a journey across borders, facing a challenge, or simply coming to know oneself better. My goal in therapy is to let compassion guide me.
I am dedicated to helping people on their unique journeys toward healing and personal growth. In my role as therapist, I know that trust is sacred. I have a deep respect for the journeys people are on, whether that is a journey across borders, facing a challenge, or simply coming to know oneself better. My goal in therapy is to let compassion guide me.
(612) 453-3876 View (612) 453-3876
Photo of Jamie Larson Jones, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
Jamie Larson Jones
Counselor, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55416
Life is full of relationships, experiences, and events that impact us and ultimately shape who we are and how we interact with the others in the world. I strive to join with my patients to work through the challenging and painful things in life so that together we can move towards greater understanding. The relationship between patient and therapist creates the foundation essential to explore and ultimately work through these difficulties that cause pain and struggle. In order to move towards healing we need to feel heard, understood, and accepted just as we are.
Life is full of relationships, experiences, and events that impact us and ultimately shape who we are and how we interact with the others in the world. I strive to join with my patients to work through the challenging and painful things in life so that together we can move towards greater understanding. The relationship between patient and therapist creates the foundation essential to explore and ultimately work through these difficulties that cause pain and struggle. In order to move towards healing we need to feel heard, understood, and accepted just as we are.
(612) 294-8202 View (612) 294-8202
Photo of John Rogers, Counselor in Minneapolis, MN
John Rogers
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Minneapolis, MN 55406
I work from a non-judgmental, non-shaming, non-pathologizing perspective. My role is to help clients understand, heal and/or transcend underlying and often unconscious patterns that manifest as addiction, anxiety, depression and so many other complex ways our lives get stuck, stagnate and lose vitality. I am certified in NeuroAffective Relational Model (NARM), which is a globally recognized modality for resolving Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD). Through our work together, clients report feeling more ease, freedom and energy to pursue a life that allows stuck energy to move toward growth, wholeness and fulfillment.
I work from a non-judgmental, non-shaming, non-pathologizing perspective. My role is to help clients understand, heal and/or transcend underlying and often unconscious patterns that manifest as addiction, anxiety, depression and so many other complex ways our lives get stuck, stagnate and lose vitality. I am certified in NeuroAffective Relational Model (NARM), which is a globally recognized modality for resolving Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD). Through our work together, clients report feeling more ease, freedom and energy to pursue a life that allows stuck energy to move toward growth, wholeness and fulfillment.
(651) 571-4113 View (651) 571-4113

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Minneapolis, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$165

Therapists in Minneapolis, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
73% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% UCare
67% Aetna

How Therapists in Minneapolis, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
21% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Minneapolis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.