Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

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Photo of Susan Bollinger-Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Susan Bollinger-Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Not accepting new clients
Free Bird's mission is to ensure that someone is there to support you through your unique life challenges and triumphs. Adjusting to life transitions and life changes, often cause past adverse and traumatic experiences to resurface. Free Bird's therapist is a clinical social worker trained to provide psychotherapy to a wide variety of individuals, couples/partners, groups, families, and concerned others. Free Bird psychotherapists have a keen awareness of trauma and adverse experiences.
Free Bird's mission is to ensure that someone is there to support you through your unique life challenges and triumphs. Adjusting to life transitions and life changes, often cause past adverse and traumatic experiences to resurface. Free Bird's therapist is a clinical social worker trained to provide psychotherapy to a wide variety of individuals, couples/partners, groups, families, and concerned others. Free Bird psychotherapists have a keen awareness of trauma and adverse experiences.
(651) 448-4033 View (651) 448-4033
Photo of Joseph Graves, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Joseph Graves
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I believe that the more we try to change ourselves, the more we become stuck. My goal in our therapeutic process is to understand, as best as I can, what it’s like to be you. By exploring and understanding the obstacles that have hindered your growth a spontaneous process of change and healing emerges. I aim to support you on your unique journey of self-discovery as you navigate life’s challenges and the existential dilemmas we all face.
I believe that the more we try to change ourselves, the more we become stuck. My goal in our therapeutic process is to understand, as best as I can, what it’s like to be you. By exploring and understanding the obstacles that have hindered your growth a spontaneous process of change and healing emerges. I aim to support you on your unique journey of self-discovery as you navigate life’s challenges and the existential dilemmas we all face.
(651) 661-2519 View (651) 661-2519
Photo of Jennah Al, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Jennah Al
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
Waitlist for new clients
I've been working with young people for several years. In that time, I have learned the importance of meeting people where they are, using curiosity and compassion as a guiding principle, and the value of humor and authenticity in building relationships. I am committed to creating a space in which people feel seen and heard and are able be exactly who they are. In our work together, I will support you in developing greater self-awareness, creating capacity for self-advocacy and boundary setting, and developing the ability to navigate relationships with more ease.
I've been working with young people for several years. In that time, I have learned the importance of meeting people where they are, using curiosity and compassion as a guiding principle, and the value of humor and authenticity in building relationships. I am committed to creating a space in which people feel seen and heard and are able be exactly who they are. In our work together, I will support you in developing greater self-awareness, creating capacity for self-advocacy and boundary setting, and developing the ability to navigate relationships with more ease.
(651) 240-6318 View (651) 240-6318
Photo of Kathleen Gjevre, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Kathleen Gjevre
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, MA, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102  (Online Only)
Watching someone you love struggle can be painful. It can be hard to watch someone you love experience the ups and downs of entering recovery and then falling back into old behavior patterns. They can get caught up in their head looking for the perfect answer – or any answer – to solve their problems. Often people find themselves in an uncomfortable limbo of not knowing what to do in those moments of struggle. These are the moments that a professional outside the situation can provide a space for you to reflect and explore how to create a life with less pain and more joy.
Watching someone you love struggle can be painful. It can be hard to watch someone you love experience the ups and downs of entering recovery and then falling back into old behavior patterns. They can get caught up in their head looking for the perfect answer – or any answer – to solve their problems. Often people find themselves in an uncomfortable limbo of not knowing what to do in those moments of struggle. These are the moments that a professional outside the situation can provide a space for you to reflect and explore how to create a life with less pain and more joy.
(651) 661-3768 View (651) 661-3768
Photo of Maureen E Laufenberg, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Maureen E Laufenberg
Counselor, MA, LPCC, CCTP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55104  (Online Only)
I am a down-to-earth, solution-focused and collaborative counselor serving clients in the St. Paul area. If you are a person that seeks enriched understanding, enjoys reflection and desires an enhanced set of skills to manage distress, then we're probably a good fit. My only agenda is to support you in your goals and to make sure that your time in session feels helpful to you. I am a HAES-aware provider, an LGBTQIA affirming space, and an advocate of anti-racism. I strive to make my office space as safe as possible for all bodies and identities.
I am a down-to-earth, solution-focused and collaborative counselor serving clients in the St. Paul area. If you are a person that seeks enriched understanding, enjoys reflection and desires an enhanced set of skills to manage distress, then we're probably a good fit. My only agenda is to support you in your goals and to make sure that your time in session feels helpful to you. I am a HAES-aware provider, an LGBTQIA affirming space, and an advocate of anti-racism. I strive to make my office space as safe as possible for all bodies and identities.
(612) 223-6684 View (612) 223-6684
Photo of Sarah Souder Johnson in Saint Paul, MN
Sarah Souder Johnson
MEd, LPCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55118
Adolescents and young adults often endure complicated transitions and unexpected challenges while learning to navigate the world. I enjoy working with people during dynamic times of life like middle school, high school, and college, and I also specialize in work with creative individuals. Clients are warmly accepted in my practice for who they are today. My goal is to provide a stable environment that is both supportive and challenging. Together, we explore what that person values, where they want to go, what they would like to change, and who they want to become.
Adolescents and young adults often endure complicated transitions and unexpected challenges while learning to navigate the world. I enjoy working with people during dynamic times of life like middle school, high school, and college, and I also specialize in work with creative individuals. Clients are warmly accepted in my practice for who they are today. My goal is to provide a stable environment that is both supportive and challenging. Together, we explore what that person values, where they want to go, what they would like to change, and who they want to become.
(763) 280-7935 View (763) 280-7935
Photo of Eleanor Porter-Nelson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Eleanor Porter-Nelson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55116  (Online Only)
Accepting new clients. Now accepting BCBS MN and HealthPartners insurance. Feeling stuck in your thoughts? Maybe you have trouble finding joy in day-to-day life or you find yourself spending more time worrying than not. In my work, I help people understand their symptoms, learn what might have gotten them here, and help them find a path to feeling better. I do this by using my knowledge of the brain and body to empower people to build self compassion, change their thought and behavior patterns, and build a balanced life.
Accepting new clients. Now accepting BCBS MN and HealthPartners insurance. Feeling stuck in your thoughts? Maybe you have trouble finding joy in day-to-day life or you find yourself spending more time worrying than not. In my work, I help people understand their symptoms, learn what might have gotten them here, and help them find a path to feeling better. I do this by using my knowledge of the brain and body to empower people to build self compassion, change their thought and behavior patterns, and build a balanced life.
(651) 409-5203 View (651) 409-5203
Photo of Peter Freeman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Peter Freeman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, EdD, MSW, MBA, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55108  (Online Only)
I provide therapeutic coaching. Clients seek life coaching to transition through a life-changing time; manage difficult circumstances; understand and improve relationships; engage in professional development; strengthen emotional intelligence; transform workplace conflicts; develop leadership skills, or explore other personal and professional growth opportunities. As a Jungian-oriented therapist/coach, I am motivated to help people identify and nurture their authentic selves.
I provide therapeutic coaching. Clients seek life coaching to transition through a life-changing time; manage difficult circumstances; understand and improve relationships; engage in professional development; strengthen emotional intelligence; transform workplace conflicts; develop leadership skills, or explore other personal and professional growth opportunities. As a Jungian-oriented therapist/coach, I am motivated to help people identify and nurture their authentic selves.
(651) 829-6034 View (651) 829-6034
Photo of Hana Subasic-Sullivan, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Hana Subasic-Sullivan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I have a deep understanding of how our relationships impact and are impacted by our emotional and mental well-being. I help adults and couples learn how to connect emotionally, navigate conflict and communication barriers fairly, and develop authentic and compassionate ways to attune. I have helped many intercultural couples design a road map when there isn’t one in place. I am also passionate about working with developmental trauma, inner-child wounding, and attachment injuries, in order to help you become the person, partner, parent, child, community member or friend you desire to be.
As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I have a deep understanding of how our relationships impact and are impacted by our emotional and mental well-being. I help adults and couples learn how to connect emotionally, navigate conflict and communication barriers fairly, and develop authentic and compassionate ways to attune. I have helped many intercultural couples design a road map when there isn’t one in place. I am also passionate about working with developmental trauma, inner-child wounding, and attachment injuries, in order to help you become the person, partner, parent, child, community member or friend you desire to be.
(651) 333-7540 x507 View (651) 333-7540 x507
Photo of Casey Rae Blum, Pre-Licensed Professional in Saint Paul, MN
Casey Rae Blum
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LADC, MHP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102  (Online Only)
Deciding to make changes in your life can often be overwhelming. Uncertainty and self-doubt can make a path forward seem impossible. Through our work together, I can assist you in identifying the changes you would like to enact in your own life and help establish how to get there. If you find yourself feeling stuck in emotional pain or problems, therapy can be a catalyst for change you seek.Learning how to manage stress more effectively gives us access to new opportunities. I utilize both EMDR and ART therapies as a way to manage a variety of mental health conditions, including trauma, addiction, depression, grief and anxiety.
Deciding to make changes in your life can often be overwhelming. Uncertainty and self-doubt can make a path forward seem impossible. Through our work together, I can assist you in identifying the changes you would like to enact in your own life and help establish how to get there. If you find yourself feeling stuck in emotional pain or problems, therapy can be a catalyst for change you seek.Learning how to manage stress more effectively gives us access to new opportunities. I utilize both EMDR and ART therapies as a way to manage a variety of mental health conditions, including trauma, addiction, depression, grief and anxiety.
(651) 412-1612 View (651) 412-1612
Photo of Joshua Powell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Joshua Powell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55102
I know it can be hard to reach out for help, especially when you're reaching out to a stranger. I really hope that you take this important step. You deserve to feel better. I promise to listen to what's bothering you, what's important to you, and to help you be the best you. I'm not here to judge or make you into someone you don't want to be.
I know it can be hard to reach out for help, especially when you're reaching out to a stranger. I really hope that you take this important step. You deserve to feel better. I promise to listen to what's bothering you, what's important to you, and to help you be the best you. I'm not here to judge or make you into someone you don't want to be.
(651) 410-1732 View (651) 410-1732
Steven Kaspari Baker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55116
Steven Kaspari Baker is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in Minnesota who has been practicing since 2018. He has a Master of Social Work from the University of Minnesota Twin Cities and a Bachelor of Science in Psychology from North Dakota State University. Steven is here to support you, working to broaden perspectives and highlight strengths as a means of making positive and lasting change. He uses a reflective, solution-focused lens in therapy to explore challenges and join you in working toward your goals.
Steven Kaspari Baker is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker in Minnesota who has been practicing since 2018. He has a Master of Social Work from the University of Minnesota Twin Cities and a Bachelor of Science in Psychology from North Dakota State University. Steven is here to support you, working to broaden perspectives and highlight strengths as a means of making positive and lasting change. He uses a reflective, solution-focused lens in therapy to explore challenges and join you in working toward your goals.
(612) 441-3023 View (612) 441-3023
Photo of Elizabeth Hayes, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Elizabeth Hayes
Psychologist, PsyD, MS, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
CURRENTLY FULL, maintaining a waitlist. You feel shut down, trapped by negative feelings and memories. Unhappiness and worry are familiar companions. Negative emotions and thoughts interrupt the ability to be your full self. Unsatisfying relationships with friends and family sap your energy. You’d like to change the patterns in your life that don't seem to be working, but can’t find a way to do so. You want a therapist who accepts, understands and validates you, while offering real skills and strategies for dealing with your distress.
CURRENTLY FULL, maintaining a waitlist. You feel shut down, trapped by negative feelings and memories. Unhappiness and worry are familiar companions. Negative emotions and thoughts interrupt the ability to be your full self. Unsatisfying relationships with friends and family sap your energy. You’d like to change the patterns in your life that don't seem to be working, but can’t find a way to do so. You want a therapist who accepts, understands and validates you, while offering real skills and strategies for dealing with your distress.
(651) 321-9638 View (651) 321-9638
Photo of Eugene Hall, Marriage & Family Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Eugene Hall
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55108  (Online Only)
Many come to therapy knowing only that they are struggling to get things done, their relationships have become a source of stress rather than comfort, or they need help processing trauma, loss, or other painful experiences impacting their daily lives. Whatever your circumstances, I strive to help each person or family I work with achieve greater emotional, psychological, and social well-being, while also alleviating symptoms. I use the power of storytelling and understand that each person I work with has many, important stories to tell. I also value and work with each person's nervous system in the healing process.
Many come to therapy knowing only that they are struggling to get things done, their relationships have become a source of stress rather than comfort, or they need help processing trauma, loss, or other painful experiences impacting their daily lives. Whatever your circumstances, I strive to help each person or family I work with achieve greater emotional, psychological, and social well-being, while also alleviating symptoms. I use the power of storytelling and understand that each person I work with has many, important stories to tell. I also value and work with each person's nervous system in the healing process.
(612) 429-4092 View (612) 429-4092
Photo of Colleen (Kelley) Garry Marschall, Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Colleen (Kelley) Garry Marschall
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
Waitlist for new clients
Worried? Anxious? Maybe I can help. My speciality is helping people get to know and understand themselves in a way that helps manage anxiety, uncertainty, avoidance, and the pursuit of perfection. I work from a person-centered cognitive behavioral perspective, meaning we work together to change anxious thoughts and the behavior those thoughts can trigger.
Worried? Anxious? Maybe I can help. My speciality is helping people get to know and understand themselves in a way that helps manage anxiety, uncertainty, avoidance, and the pursuit of perfection. I work from a person-centered cognitive behavioral perspective, meaning we work together to change anxious thoughts and the behavior those thoughts can trigger.
(612) 294-8366 View (612) 294-8366
Photo of G Zachariah White, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
G Zachariah White
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55114  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I would like to help you overcome whatever it is that interferes with your sexual, emotional, or relational health. I will work with you to create a safe and compassionate space where you can see yourself and your problem in a new light. Together we will examine how the problem came into your life, how it affects you, and how you might change your relationship with it. I have experience working with lesbian, gay, straight, bisexual, transgender, queer, polyamorous, and kinky clients individually and with partners.
I would like to help you overcome whatever it is that interferes with your sexual, emotional, or relational health. I will work with you to create a safe and compassionate space where you can see yourself and your problem in a new light. Together we will examine how the problem came into your life, how it affects you, and how you might change your relationship with it. I have experience working with lesbian, gay, straight, bisexual, transgender, queer, polyamorous, and kinky clients individually and with partners.
(612) 354-8130 View (612) 354-8130
Photo of Tiffany Ogden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Tiffany Ogden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104
What would you say if I told you that you could hope again? That your relationships with your spouse, your family, and your friends could be improved? That you don't need to be controlled by your fears and that you could find relief from worry? Taking the first steps to explore these challenges can be the most difficult. I understand how fear and doubt can keep you from finding the courage to seek healing. I am willing to walk by your side as you face the concerns that have kept you from enjoying your life to its fullest.
What would you say if I told you that you could hope again? That your relationships with your spouse, your family, and your friends could be improved? That you don't need to be controlled by your fears and that you could find relief from worry? Taking the first steps to explore these challenges can be the most difficult. I understand how fear and doubt can keep you from finding the courage to seek healing. I am willing to walk by your side as you face the concerns that have kept you from enjoying your life to its fullest.
(651) 964-1880 View (651) 964-1880
Photo of Sara Valentino, PhD, LP LLC, Psychologist in Saint Paul, MN
Sara Valentino, PhD, LP LLC
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55114
I am straightforward, compassionate, and, at times, a bit irreverent. My style is pretty candid. With a background in behavioral neuroscience, I have a deep understanding of how the brain and behavior interact to create patterns of relating to self, others, and the world. So, I help clients create new patterns. Rather than assume one approach meets the needs of all clients, I adapt strategies from across types of therapies according to the individual.
I am straightforward, compassionate, and, at times, a bit irreverent. My style is pretty candid. With a background in behavioral neuroscience, I have a deep understanding of how the brain and behavior interact to create patterns of relating to self, others, and the world. So, I help clients create new patterns. Rather than assume one approach meets the needs of all clients, I adapt strategies from across types of therapies according to the individual.
(612) 431-8812 View (612) 431-8812
Photo of Nikki Malecek, Licensed Professional Counselor in Saint Paul, MN
Nikki Malecek
Licensed Professional Counselor, MPS, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55104  (Online Only)
Nikki is a compassionate and dedicated licensed professional clinical counselor and a licensed drug and alcohol counselor. Her areas of expertise include working with individuals experiencing co-occurring disorders and anxiety, depression, and PTSD. With over 5 years of experience in the field, Nikki is committed to providing evidence-based and individualized care to help clients overcome challenges and achieve their therapeutic goals.
Nikki is a compassionate and dedicated licensed professional clinical counselor and a licensed drug and alcohol counselor. Her areas of expertise include working with individuals experiencing co-occurring disorders and anxiety, depression, and PTSD. With over 5 years of experience in the field, Nikki is committed to providing evidence-based and individualized care to help clients overcome challenges and achieve their therapeutic goals.
(651) 240-2450 View (651) 240-2450
Photo of Lucy Stewart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Saint Paul, MN
Lucy Stewart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55117  (Online Only)
You've likely encountered significant hurdles in life, whether it's trauma, depression, or anxiety. These challenges may leave you feeling overwhelmed, searching for a path through the darkness. If you're an adolescent or adult, you might be wrestling with the complexities of growing up or the pressures of adulthood while carrying these emotional burdens. For those facing pregnancy, postpartum, or fertility issues, additional emotional layers can complicate this deeply personal journey. In your search for solace, understanding, and guidance, you seek support in navigating your way through these challenges.
You've likely encountered significant hurdles in life, whether it's trauma, depression, or anxiety. These challenges may leave you feeling overwhelmed, searching for a path through the darkness. If you're an adolescent or adult, you might be wrestling with the complexities of growing up or the pressures of adulthood while carrying these emotional burdens. For those facing pregnancy, postpartum, or fertility issues, additional emotional layers can complicate this deeply personal journey. In your search for solace, understanding, and guidance, you seek support in navigating your way through these challenges.
(651) 409-5709 View (651) 409-5709

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Saint Paul, MN

1,000+

Average cost per session

$170

Therapists in Saint Paul, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
75% Trauma and PTSD
68% Stress
66% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% UCare
68% HealthPartners of MN and WI

How Therapists in Saint Paul, MN see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
21% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Saint Paul?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.