Photo of Zachary Dorholt, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Zachary Dorholt
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Zachary Dorholt is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) with over a decade of experience working as a psychotherapist with adults and older adolescents. Through his primary work as a psychotherapist in a medical setting, Zach has worked closely with medical providers to assure a whole-person approach is being prioritized, ensuring all elements of a patient’s well-being are addressed. Zach uses a person-centered and trauma-informed approach, prioritized by taking a non-judgmental stance to allow a supportive space for people to address any issue they wish to discuss or explore.
Zachary Dorholt is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) with over a decade of experience working as a psychotherapist with adults and older adolescents. Through his primary work as a psychotherapist in a medical setting, Zach has worked closely with medical providers to assure a whole-person approach is being prioritized, ensuring all elements of a patient’s well-being are addressed. Zach uses a person-centered and trauma-informed approach, prioritized by taking a non-judgmental stance to allow a supportive space for people to address any issue they wish to discuss or explore.
(651) 386-3268 View (651) 386-3268
Photo of Heidi Jamma, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Heidi Jamma
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW), providing tele-health services in Minnesota. I am passionate about helping individuals from ages 16 and up, specializing in grief, goal-setting, weight loss, anxiety, depression, & life transitions. Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Humanistic Therapy, & Solution-Focused Brief Therapy guiding individuals through a transformative experience. I find therapy not only as a tool for overcoming struggles but as an essential part of well-being.
I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW), providing tele-health services in Minnesota. I am passionate about helping individuals from ages 16 and up, specializing in grief, goal-setting, weight loss, anxiety, depression, & life transitions. Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Humanistic Therapy, & Solution-Focused Brief Therapy guiding individuals through a transformative experience. I find therapy not only as a tool for overcoming struggles but as an essential part of well-being.
(651) 383-1462 View (651) 383-1462
Photo of Laurie Sansom, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Laurie Sansom
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi there, I'm Laurie! I am so glad that you have made the choice to engage in the therapy process. I work with adult individuals and specialize in anxiety, grief, and relationship issues. I believe that you will make great progress when you can feel safe and accepted by your therapist, so it is my goal that you will feel that way in every encounter that we have. My goal in therapy is not only to help you feel safe, heard, and accepted, but also to help you reach your goals so that you leave the therapy process feeling like you learned new/better coping mechanisms and that you can perceive how you've grown and changed.
Hi there, I'm Laurie! I am so glad that you have made the choice to engage in the therapy process. I work with adult individuals and specialize in anxiety, grief, and relationship issues. I believe that you will make great progress when you can feel safe and accepted by your therapist, so it is my goal that you will feel that way in every encounter that we have. My goal in therapy is not only to help you feel safe, heard, and accepted, but also to help you reach your goals so that you leave the therapy process feeling like you learned new/better coping mechanisms and that you can perceive how you've grown and changed.
(651) 661-1740 View (651) 661-1740
Photo of Michaelanne Kaszuba, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LADC
Michaelanne Kaszuba
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
Life can provide a number of challenges. I aim to provide a non-judgmental and safe space to help navigate challenges, explore emotions, mend relationships, and foster personal growth. I am a licensed alcohol and drug counselor and a pre-licensed therapist. I specialize in supporting adult individuals dealing with substance use disorders, relationship conflicts, stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, emotion dysregulation, and more. I'm trained in Accelerated Resolution Therapy as well as utilize dialectical behavior therapy, relational-cultural therapy, and interpersonal effectiveness in my therapeutic approach.
Life can provide a number of challenges. I aim to provide a non-judgmental and safe space to help navigate challenges, explore emotions, mend relationships, and foster personal growth. I am a licensed alcohol and drug counselor and a pre-licensed therapist. I specialize in supporting adult individuals dealing with substance use disorders, relationship conflicts, stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, emotion dysregulation, and more. I'm trained in Accelerated Resolution Therapy as well as utilize dialectical behavior therapy, relational-cultural therapy, and interpersonal effectiveness in my therapeutic approach.
(651) 390-5609 View (651) 390-5609
Photo of Hlee Moua, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Hlee Moua
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I have over 10 years of clinical experience working in outpatient clinics, schools, and emergency departments. I enjoy working with adolescents ages 11+ and adults. I specialize in supporting individuals with anxiety, depression, trauma, suicidal ideation, self-harm, life transitions, identity concerns, and cross-cultural challenges. I practice from a systems lens to help clients understand how their personal experiences within their family and communities influence them. I work with clients to explore their values and goals, process difficult emotions, identify maladaptive patterns, and improve coping skills.
I have over 10 years of clinical experience working in outpatient clinics, schools, and emergency departments. I enjoy working with adolescents ages 11+ and adults. I specialize in supporting individuals with anxiety, depression, trauma, suicidal ideation, self-harm, life transitions, identity concerns, and cross-cultural challenges. I practice from a systems lens to help clients understand how their personal experiences within their family and communities influence them. I work with clients to explore their values and goals, process difficult emotions, identify maladaptive patterns, and improve coping skills.
(651) 998-7405 View (651) 998-7405
Photo of Pari Semsar, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Pari Semsar
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) in Minnesota. I specialize in working with individuals navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, and identity-related concerns. My approach is collaborative and tailored to your needs, ensuring that therapy is both supportive and empowering. Whether you're struggling with overwhelming emotions, self-doubt, or past experiences that continue to affect you, I provide a safe and affirming space where you can explore, heal, and grow.
I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) in Minnesota. I specialize in working with individuals navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, and identity-related concerns. My approach is collaborative and tailored to your needs, ensuring that therapy is both supportive and empowering. Whether you're struggling with overwhelming emotions, self-doubt, or past experiences that continue to affect you, I provide a safe and affirming space where you can explore, heal, and grow.
(651) 386-2741 View (651) 386-2741
Photo of Kristin Petersen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Kristin Petersen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I believe that for therapy to be effective, it is important to work as a collaborative team and in partnership together. MSW, LICSW. Open and honest communication is key to working together for the best possible outcome in therapy. Specific approaches are utilized when considering the presenting problem and personality of the client being seen. I am excited you are here! Thank you so much for taking the time to take care of yourself! Prioritizing your health and wellness can be difficult and you have taken the first step to happiness, stability, and overall wellness by being here! I have been practicing psychotherapy for 12 years.
I believe that for therapy to be effective, it is important to work as a collaborative team and in partnership together. MSW, LICSW. Open and honest communication is key to working together for the best possible outcome in therapy. Specific approaches are utilized when considering the presenting problem and personality of the client being seen. I am excited you are here! Thank you so much for taking the time to take care of yourself! Prioritizing your health and wellness can be difficult and you have taken the first step to happiness, stability, and overall wellness by being here! I have been practicing psychotherapy for 12 years.
(651) 650-3784 View (651) 650-3784
Photo of Keri Mills, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPC
Keri Mills
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a compassionate and dedicated therapist committed to helping individuals navigate life's challenges. With 6 years of experience in cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, trauma recovery & life transitions. My goal is to create a safe, supportive space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences without judgment. I believe that every person has the strength within them to heal, grow, and create lasting change. Whether you're facing anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, or simply seeking personal growth, I am here to guide you toward a healthier, more balanced life.
I am a compassionate and dedicated therapist committed to helping individuals navigate life's challenges. With 6 years of experience in cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, trauma recovery & life transitions. My goal is to create a safe, supportive space where you can explore your thoughts, feelings, and experiences without judgment. I believe that every person has the strength within them to heal, grow, and create lasting change. Whether you're facing anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, or simply seeking personal growth, I am here to guide you toward a healthier, more balanced life.
(651) 372-7421 View (651) 372-7421
Photo of Ryan Gay, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Ryan Gay
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor. I provide virtual individual therapy sessions for adults who are primarily experiencing anxiety and depression struggles, and I strive to be supportive and nonjudgemental in working with people on the challenges they are facing in life. I typically work with people who are experiencing anxiety and depression symptoms. These areas of struggle could be due to a variety of factors, such as recent or ongoing stressors in their home, social, or work life.
I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor. I provide virtual individual therapy sessions for adults who are primarily experiencing anxiety and depression struggles, and I strive to be supportive and nonjudgemental in working with people on the challenges they are facing in life. I typically work with people who are experiencing anxiety and depression symptoms. These areas of struggle could be due to a variety of factors, such as recent or ongoing stressors in their home, social, or work life.
(651) 374-9623 View (651) 374-9623
Photo of Craig Rice, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Craig Rice
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hello, I'm Craig. I am well-versed in several counseling techniques and pride myself on having a compassionate, approachable demeanor. With extensive counseling experience, I bring a high level of organization and attention to detail to my practice. Clients often warm up to me quickly, and I truly enjoy helping them reach their goals and learn new thinking patterns to view life in a more positive manner.
Hello, I'm Craig. I am well-versed in several counseling techniques and pride myself on having a compassionate, approachable demeanor. With extensive counseling experience, I bring a high level of organization and attention to detail to my practice. Clients often warm up to me quickly, and I truly enjoy helping them reach their goals and learn new thinking patterns to view life in a more positive manner.
(651) 350-0809 View (651) 350-0809
Photo of Mandy Doocy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Mandy Doocy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Thank you for reaching out. I am a licensed clinical social worker with a diverse background in many areas, including Mental Health Counseling, Vocational Services, Vocational Counseling, and Health and Human Services. My goal in the therapeutic process is to help clients achieve a greater sense of well-being. My practice includes cognitive and behavioral approaches, exposure, mindfulness, and trauma-informed practices. I provide traditional Therapy Services, Walk &Talk Therapy, and Vocational/Career Counseling. I have always enjoyed helping others and look forward to working with you.
Thank you for reaching out. I am a licensed clinical social worker with a diverse background in many areas, including Mental Health Counseling, Vocational Services, Vocational Counseling, and Health and Human Services. My goal in the therapeutic process is to help clients achieve a greater sense of well-being. My practice includes cognitive and behavioral approaches, exposure, mindfulness, and trauma-informed practices. I provide traditional Therapy Services, Walk &Talk Therapy, and Vocational/Career Counseling. I have always enjoyed helping others and look forward to working with you.
(651) 661-4723 View (651) 661-4723
Photo of Maggie O'Malley, Counselor, MA, LPCC
Maggie O'Malley
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Saint Paul, MN 55106
Not accepting new clients
I specialize in working with anxiety concerns, OCD, generalized anxiety, phobias, and body-focused repetitive behaviors in individual therapy. I am a certified Exposure and Response Prevention Therapist (EX/RP) for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Working with an exposure therapist will help you work through feared situations and thoughts with supportive feedback and skill development. I also offer traditional talk therapy to assist clients in gaining coping skills and processing distress tailored to individual needs using a person-centered, non-judgmental, and present-focused approach to my practice.
I specialize in working with anxiety concerns, OCD, generalized anxiety, phobias, and body-focused repetitive behaviors in individual therapy. I am a certified Exposure and Response Prevention Therapist (EX/RP) for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Working with an exposure therapist will help you work through feared situations and thoughts with supportive feedback and skill development. I also offer traditional talk therapy to assist clients in gaining coping skills and processing distress tailored to individual needs using a person-centered, non-judgmental, and present-focused approach to my practice.
(651) 359-9512 View (651) 359-9512
Photo of Chris Ochocki, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC
Chris Ochocki
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
For the past 25 years, I have worked extensively with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression or other complex feelings related to difficult life transitions, relationships, traumas. My overall goal of therapy is simple: to help each client connect with tools and supports that will allow them to live the meaningful life they are striving for. I am humanistic, compassionate, actively engaged and enjoy humor. My goals are to work hard alongside you in creating a life that matches your values, while also creating a safe place for you to explore.
For the past 25 years, I have worked extensively with individuals experiencing anxiety, depression or other complex feelings related to difficult life transitions, relationships, traumas. My overall goal of therapy is simple: to help each client connect with tools and supports that will allow them to live the meaningful life they are striving for. I am humanistic, compassionate, actively engaged and enjoy humor. My goals are to work hard alongside you in creating a life that matches your values, while also creating a safe place for you to explore.
(651) 401-7561 View (651) 401-7561
Photo of Taylre Werner, Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, LGSW
Taylre Werner
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, LGSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
Prior to joining the ANEW team, Taylre was working at the Domestic Abuse Project with both survivors of abuse as well as those who use abuse in both individual and group settings. Taylre also has experience in medical social work and work with adolescents. Her clinical interests include treating co-occurring disorders, substance misuse, complex trauma, attachment disorders, domestic violence, relationship issues, animal therapy, and life transitions.
Prior to joining the ANEW team, Taylre was working at the Domestic Abuse Project with both survivors of abuse as well as those who use abuse in both individual and group settings. Taylre also has experience in medical social work and work with adolescents. Her clinical interests include treating co-occurring disorders, substance misuse, complex trauma, attachment disorders, domestic violence, relationship issues, animal therapy, and life transitions.
(651) 400-2712 View (651) 400-2712
Photo of Michaelene Colestock - ANEW Health and Wellness Clinic, Counselor, MA, LPCC, LADC
ANEW Health and Wellness Clinic
Counselor, MA, LPCC, LADC
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
“We believe that women can start their lives anew!” Our team of professionals have extensive knowledge in providing trauma-responsive and chemical health outpatient individual and group therapy. ANEW Chemical Health Services is proud to be serving women, children and their families! Although we specialize in serving women and children, we'd love to help any individual looking for help. Our brand new, inviting and calming, beautiful space is a great place to start ANEW!
“We believe that women can start their lives anew!” Our team of professionals have extensive knowledge in providing trauma-responsive and chemical health outpatient individual and group therapy. ANEW Chemical Health Services is proud to be serving women, children and their families! Although we specialize in serving women and children, we'd love to help any individual looking for help. Our brand new, inviting and calming, beautiful space is a great place to start ANEW!
(651) 401-6185 View (651) 401-6185
Photo of Shelly Foster, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Shelly Foster
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
You have taken a big step to start therapy. I know it can feel somewhat frightening. I am here to walk with you on your journey by providing a safe, non-judgmental space for you to deal with life's challenges. I work to customize each session to meet the unique needs of the individual I am working with. I encourage you to reach out when you are ready to begin. I look forward to meeting you soon.
You have taken a big step to start therapy. I know it can feel somewhat frightening. I am here to walk with you on your journey by providing a safe, non-judgmental space for you to deal with life's challenges. I work to customize each session to meet the unique needs of the individual I am working with. I encourage you to reach out when you are ready to begin. I look forward to meeting you soon.
(651) 377-4886 View (651) 377-4886
Photo of Morgan Gulbranson, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Morgan Gulbranson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Thank you for stopping by, and congratulations on making the first step in positive life changes. ​I look forward to working with you!​​​​My experience in working in the mental health field varies from group homes, schools, day treatment programs, and private practice settings. I have worked with individuals, couples, and families of all ages, but most of my experience includes children, adolescents, and young adults. I am always learning and growing as a therapist and enjoy working with a variety of people.
Thank you for stopping by, and congratulations on making the first step in positive life changes. ​I look forward to working with you!​​​​My experience in working in the mental health field varies from group homes, schools, day treatment programs, and private practice settings. I have worked with individuals, couples, and families of all ages, but most of my experience includes children, adolescents, and young adults. I am always learning and growing as a therapist and enjoy working with a variety of people.
(651) 504-8525 View (651) 504-8525
Photo of Chanel Flower, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Chanel Flower
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Welcome! I specialize in working with individuals who are managing life transitions, difficult relationships, anxiety, depression, ADHD, grief and loss, career and academic stress, and identity concerns. I also specialize in working with first responders and individuals working in helping professions. I view therapy as a partnership in which we build trust in our sessions and work together towards your specific goals at a therapeutic pace.
Welcome! I specialize in working with individuals who are managing life transitions, difficult relationships, anxiety, depression, ADHD, grief and loss, career and academic stress, and identity concerns. I also specialize in working with first responders and individuals working in helping professions. I view therapy as a partnership in which we build trust in our sessions and work together towards your specific goals at a therapeutic pace.
(651) 317-8244 View (651) 317-8244
Photo of Kylie Davis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Kylie Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
I specialize in working with adolescents (ages 12-24). I have 30 years experience working with children and families and have a passion for helping teenagers and young adults navigate through difficult times, mental health struggles and barriers and to help them experience feelings of success and happiness. I work to help empower clients to navigate through challenging emotions and situations. I start with the client and what the client identifies as their own goals. I am very solution and client focused.
I specialize in working with adolescents (ages 12-24). I have 30 years experience working with children and families and have a passion for helping teenagers and young adults navigate through difficult times, mental health struggles and barriers and to help them experience feelings of success and happiness. I work to help empower clients to navigate through challenging emotions and situations. I start with the client and what the client identifies as their own goals. I am very solution and client focused.
(651) 394-0106 View (651) 394-0106
Photo of Kelly Ann Pieper, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, IMH-E®
Kelly Ann Pieper
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, IMH-E®
Verified Verified
Saint Paul, MN 55106
I am an outpatient therapist and clinical supervisor with more than 10 years of experience in providing services to children and families. I have specific specialties in early childhood mental health and permanency/adoption concerns. I am trained in Trauma Informed Child Parent Psychotherapy (TI- CPP) for children under 6 and completed the Permanency and Adoption Competency program through the UMN in early 2015. My approach integrates a broad spectrum of modalities based on the child’s development, age, needs, presenting concerns. I believe strongly in the need to integrate family and work to involve caregivers at every step.
I am an outpatient therapist and clinical supervisor with more than 10 years of experience in providing services to children and families. I have specific specialties in early childhood mental health and permanency/adoption concerns. I am trained in Trauma Informed Child Parent Psychotherapy (TI- CPP) for children under 6 and completed the Permanency and Adoption Competency program through the UMN in early 2015. My approach integrates a broad spectrum of modalities based on the child’s development, age, needs, presenting concerns. I believe strongly in the need to integrate family and work to involve caregivers at every step.
(651) 374-9220 View (651) 374-9220
1

See more therapy options for 55106

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 55106

100+

Average cost per session

$160

Therapists in 55106 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
85% Depression
70% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills
68% Self Esteem
67% Life Transitions
66% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% BlueCross and BlueShield
77% Aetna
74% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 55106 see their clients

50% In Person and Online
50% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 55106?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.