Therapists in 48844

Photo of Jenny Parmenter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, ACSW, LMSW
Jenny Parmenter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, ACSW, LMSW
Serves Area
Are you in need of a nurturing place to sort out life's challenges? I feel everyone from time to time can use some extra support and insight to gain greater fulfillment in their lives. Over the years, I have had the privilege of working with individuals, couples and families that were committed to making these positive changes. I welcome the opportunity to assist you in life's journey.
Are you in need of a nurturing place to sort out life's challenges? I feel everyone from time to time can use some extra support and insight to gain greater fulfillment in their lives. Over the years, I have had the privilege of working with individuals, couples and families that were committed to making these positive changes. I welcome the opportunity to assist you in life's journey.
(810) 696-8018 View (810) 696-8018
Photo of Maggie Valade, Pre-Licensed Professional, LLP, MA
Maggie Valade
Pre-Licensed Professional, LLP, MA
Serves Area
Maggie has experience working with clients of all ages in a private practice setting, utilizing both individual therapy and psychological assessments. Maggie has specific experience working with individuals seeking bariatric surgery, neuropsychological disorders, as well as experience with those seeking more generalized counseling. She works from a person-centered perspective, as she believes the client should have input in how counseling sessions go and what they want to spend their time talking about and working on. Her work at Michigan Psychological Care includes both therapy and psychological assessments.
Maggie has experience working with clients of all ages in a private practice setting, utilizing both individual therapy and psychological assessments. Maggie has specific experience working with individuals seeking bariatric surgery, neuropsychological disorders, as well as experience with those seeking more generalized counseling. She works from a person-centered perspective, as she believes the client should have input in how counseling sessions go and what they want to spend their time talking about and working on. Her work at Michigan Psychological Care includes both therapy and psychological assessments.
(517) 701-4970 View (517) 701-4970
Photo of Matthew Mosley - Matthew Mosley, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LLC
Matthew Mosley, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LLC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Matthew Mosley, MA, LPC, received his master’s degree in Professional Counseling at Cornerstone University, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Matthew has years of combined experience working with Teens, Men, Woman, and Couples. Matthew’s therapeutic approach is customized to the personality and presenting needs of his clients. Matthew is a passionate, caring, professional who focuses on helping clients achieve their personal and/or relational goals. I offer a non-judgmental approach to doing therapy and strive towards your treatment goals to help increase communications and rebuild trust/respect.
Matthew Mosley, MA, LPC, received his master’s degree in Professional Counseling at Cornerstone University, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Matthew has years of combined experience working with Teens, Men, Woman, and Couples. Matthew’s therapeutic approach is customized to the personality and presenting needs of his clients. Matthew is a passionate, caring, professional who focuses on helping clients achieve their personal and/or relational goals. I offer a non-judgmental approach to doing therapy and strive towards your treatment goals to help increase communications and rebuild trust/respect.
(810) 202-0832 View (810) 202-0832
Photo of Jenny Lantz, Limited Licensed Psychologist, tllp, MS
Jenny Lantz
Limited Licensed Psychologist, tllp, MS
Serves Area
Jenny works from a person-centered perspective as she believes that clients know more about themselves than the therapist can. With the passion and ability to do therapy and psychological evaluations, Jenny is able to accept anyone. From individual, group, family, and couples therapy to substance abuse treatment and psychological evaluations, Jenny can do it all.
Jenny works from a person-centered perspective as she believes that clients know more about themselves than the therapist can. With the passion and ability to do therapy and psychological evaluations, Jenny is able to accept anyone. From individual, group, family, and couples therapy to substance abuse treatment and psychological evaluations, Jenny can do it all.
(517) 300-2139 View (517) 300-2139
Photo of Beth Toplyn, Psychologist, PhD, LP
Beth Toplyn
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Serves Area
Dr. Toplyn has a special passion for DBT related treatment and autism assessment. She enjoys working with issues related to trauma, loss, abuse, adoption and placement. She has continued to work with individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, ADHD, severe and persistent mental illness and can provide both group and individual DBT informed therapy. Her most recent work has been providing forensic evaluations to adults and teens involved in the legal system allowing her to empathize with those involved in the court system.
Dr. Toplyn has a special passion for DBT related treatment and autism assessment. She enjoys working with issues related to trauma, loss, abuse, adoption and placement. She has continued to work with individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, ADHD, severe and persistent mental illness and can provide both group and individual DBT informed therapy. Her most recent work has been providing forensic evaluations to adults and teens involved in the legal system allowing her to empathize with those involved in the court system.
(517) 697-5608 View (517) 697-5608
Photo of Celine M Klecker, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CADC, NBCC
Celine M Klecker
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CADC, NBCC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
You don’t have to be diagnosed with a mental health problem to benefit from therapy. Many people in therapy seek help for everyday concerns: relationship problems, anxiety, job stress, low self-esteem or self-doubt, Others turn to therapy during difficult times, such as a trauma, depression bipolar, mood disorders, or relationship problems. But in order to reap its benefits, it’s important to choose the right therapist—someone you trust who makes you feel cared for and has the experience to help you make changes for the better in your life.
You don’t have to be diagnosed with a mental health problem to benefit from therapy. Many people in therapy seek help for everyday concerns: relationship problems, anxiety, job stress, low self-esteem or self-doubt, Others turn to therapy during difficult times, such as a trauma, depression bipolar, mood disorders, or relationship problems. But in order to reap its benefits, it’s important to choose the right therapist—someone you trust who makes you feel cared for and has the experience to help you make changes for the better in your life.
(810) 379-9974 View (810) 379-9974
Photo of Lavina Jo Miller - Livingston Psyhological Services, Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Livingston Psyhological Services
Limited Licensed Psychologist, MA, LLP
Serves Area
Everyone wishes to be happy. However, personal struggles frequently interfere with the quality of life we crave. Those barriers frequently are characterized by poor social skills, emotional disorders, inability to cope with adversity and frustration, inadequate life planning, self-destructive behaviors and poor judgment when making decisions. However, the worst form of thinking is when someone gives up and believes they can't change their life. But when people can combine their hopes and efforts through the guidance of an experienced therapist, they begin writing their own success story by which they acquire that quality of life that is so precious, meaningful and satisfying.
Everyone wishes to be happy. However, personal struggles frequently interfere with the quality of life we crave. Those barriers frequently are characterized by poor social skills, emotional disorders, inability to cope with adversity and frustration, inadequate life planning, self-destructive behaviors and poor judgment when making decisions. However, the worst form of thinking is when someone gives up and believes they can't change their life. But when people can combine their hopes and efforts through the guidance of an experienced therapist, they begin writing their own success story by which they acquire that quality of life that is so precious, meaningful and satisfying.
(810) 285-7129 View (810) 285-7129

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Kristina J Rask, Psychologist, PhD
Kristina J Rask
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Since 1999, I have been providing therapy across the lifespan to those experiencing anxiety, depression, life challenges, and grief. I work primarily from a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) perspective, integrating ACT and DBT tools when helpful and will work collaboratively with you to help manage your emotional or mental health concerns. I have co-therapists - guinea pigs! - in my office. I also enjoy consulting and coordinating care with physicians, and/or psychiatrists on behalf of my clients. Email me today, I look forward to working with you! Note: Sullivan, Nolan and Associates is now WestArbor Psychological Associates
Since 1999, I have been providing therapy across the lifespan to those experiencing anxiety, depression, life challenges, and grief. I work primarily from a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) perspective, integrating ACT and DBT tools when helpful and will work collaboratively with you to help manage your emotional or mental health concerns. I have co-therapists - guinea pigs! - in my office. I also enjoy consulting and coordinating care with physicians, and/or psychiatrists on behalf of my clients. Email me today, I look forward to working with you! Note: Sullivan, Nolan and Associates is now WestArbor Psychological Associates
(734) 896-5685 View (734) 896-5685
Photo of Robert Eder, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Robert Eder
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Committing to the therapeutic process can be a challenging yet ultimately rewarding experience that can help in doing away with self-defeating behavior patterns and resolving inner conflicts. Most of us can point to a time in our lives when we were feeling overwhelmed with our current life circumstances and the distress that involves. Taking the courageous step of seeking out a therapist we can comfortably engage with can assist in identifying a clear path to change and provide the support one may need in pursuit of those goals.
Committing to the therapeutic process can be a challenging yet ultimately rewarding experience that can help in doing away with self-defeating behavior patterns and resolving inner conflicts. Most of us can point to a time in our lives when we were feeling overwhelmed with our current life circumstances and the distress that involves. Taking the courageous step of seeking out a therapist we can comfortably engage with can assist in identifying a clear path to change and provide the support one may need in pursuit of those goals.
(734) 436-2157 View (734) 436-2157
Photo of Kara Bunton - Inspire Behavioral Health, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CAADC
Inspire Behavioral Health, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CAADC
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Making the decision to create change in your life takes courage and strength. Our therapists at Inspire Behavioral Health are here to provide compassionate support to assist you in gaining a fresh perspective, as well as identifying solutions for meeting your personal goals. Let us assist you in beginning your journey towards self-improvement.
Making the decision to create change in your life takes courage and strength. Our therapists at Inspire Behavioral Health are here to provide compassionate support to assist you in gaining a fresh perspective, as well as identifying solutions for meeting your personal goals. Let us assist you in beginning your journey towards self-improvement.
(734) 294-0452 View (734) 294-0452
Photo of Ayana Madison, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW, CMHP
Ayana Madison
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW, CMHP
Livonia, MI 48152
Hi, I’m Ayana Madison, a therapist dedicated to helping individuals navigate life’s challenges with compassion and practical tools for change. Using a collaborative, client-centered approach, I support children and adults managing stress, anxiety, grief, trauma, life transitions, and developmental differences such as Autism and ADHD. My work integrates evidence-based modalities including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Trauma-Focused CBT (TF-CBT), Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and mindfulness techniques—tailored to each client’s unique needs.
Hi, I’m Ayana Madison, a therapist dedicated to helping individuals navigate life’s challenges with compassion and practical tools for change. Using a collaborative, client-centered approach, I support children and adults managing stress, anxiety, grief, trauma, life transitions, and developmental differences such as Autism and ADHD. My work integrates evidence-based modalities including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Trauma-Focused CBT (TF-CBT), Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, and mindfulness techniques—tailored to each client’s unique needs.
(248) 453-2858 View (248) 453-2858
Photo of Megan Miller, Counselor, LPC, NCC
Megan Miller
Counselor, LPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Megan Miller, LPC, NCC, is a therapist at Identity Counseling Psychology who works with individuals across the lifespan, addressing a wide range of mental health concerns. She earned her B.S. in Psychology with a Minor in Juvenile Justice from Grand Valley State University and her M.A. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Eastern Michigan University. Megan’s specialty areas include trauma, domestic violence, anxiety, grief, depression, postpartum depression, and relationship challenges. While she especially enjoys working with adolescents and emerging adults, she welcomes clients of all ages.
Megan Miller, LPC, NCC, is a therapist at Identity Counseling Psychology who works with individuals across the lifespan, addressing a wide range of mental health concerns. She earned her B.S. in Psychology with a Minor in Juvenile Justice from Grand Valley State University and her M.A. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Eastern Michigan University. Megan’s specialty areas include trauma, domestic violence, anxiety, grief, depression, postpartum depression, and relationship challenges. While she especially enjoys working with adolescents and emerging adults, she welcomes clients of all ages.
(734) 822-9362 View (734) 822-9362
Photo of Richard Kneip - Great Lakes Psychology Group - Southfield, PhD
Great Lakes Psychology Group - Southfield
Verified Verified
Novi, MI 48375
Accepting new patients! Whether you are new to therapy or looking to start again, Great Lakes Psychology Group - Southfield understands that starting therapy can be overwhelming. That’s why we simplified the process with Find My Therapist. Get started by telling us about yourself, your location, and your insurance. Once you find your best-fit therapist, pick a time that works for you and book an appointment instantly through their calendar. Find My Therapist aims to make your journey as stress-free as possible, so you can start feeling better sooner.
Accepting new patients! Whether you are new to therapy or looking to start again, Great Lakes Psychology Group - Southfield understands that starting therapy can be overwhelming. That’s why we simplified the process with Find My Therapist. Get started by telling us about yourself, your location, and your insurance. Once you find your best-fit therapist, pick a time that works for you and book an appointment instantly through their calendar. Find My Therapist aims to make your journey as stress-free as possible, so you can start feeling better sooner.
(800) 693-1916 View (800) 693-1916
Photo of Katelin Zylka, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Katelin Zylka
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Livonia, MI 48150
Hi, my name is Katelin and I am so glad you found yourself here in search of support. As a therapist and fellow human, I consider it an honor and privilege to support my clients as they explore and sense into their feelings. Over the years I have noticed that intellectualizing or “figuring out the why” to our feelings keeps us in a holding pattern. I am energized by helping my clients get past their thinking and into their feelings—creating a safe supportive space to let the body share what is going on in any environment or situation.
Hi, my name is Katelin and I am so glad you found yourself here in search of support. As a therapist and fellow human, I consider it an honor and privilege to support my clients as they explore and sense into their feelings. Over the years I have noticed that intellectualizing or “figuring out the why” to our feelings keeps us in a holding pattern. I am energized by helping my clients get past their thinking and into their feelings—creating a safe supportive space to let the body share what is going on in any environment or situation.
(734) 789-3848 View (734) 789-3848
Photo of Erick Pena, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Erick Pena
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
East Lansing, MI 48823
I’ve lived with depression and anxiety for over 20 years, and for a long time, I didn’t fully understand why I felt the way I did, but when I started learning about mental health and began Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and later Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) things started to click—and my mental health began to shift in a meaningful way. These therapies helped me work through the patterns and symptoms that held me back for so long, and now I’m passionate about helping others experience that same transformation.
I’ve lived with depression and anxiety for over 20 years, and for a long time, I didn’t fully understand why I felt the way I did, but when I started learning about mental health and began Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and later Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) things started to click—and my mental health began to shift in a meaningful way. These therapies helped me work through the patterns and symptoms that held me back for so long, and now I’m passionate about helping others experience that same transformation.
(269) 241-9307 View (269) 241-9307
Sweta Jadeja
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LLPC
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Every one of us carries a unique story, shaped by moments of pain, hurt, and brokenness. Embracing your narrative takes courage, but it's the key to finding healing and restoration. I’m here to walk alongside you on that journey and support you every step of the way. I love working with clients of all ages, as well as families and couples.
Every one of us carries a unique story, shaped by moments of pain, hurt, and brokenness. Embracing your narrative takes courage, but it's the key to finding healing and restoration. I’m here to walk alongside you on that journey and support you every step of the way. I love working with clients of all ages, as well as families and couples.
(734) 215-3556 View (734) 215-3556
Photo of Donna Palma - Simply Mindful Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LMSW, LLP, LLMSW, NP
Simply Mindful Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LMSW, LLP, LLMSW, NP
6 Endorsed
Plymouth, MI 48170
At Simply Mindful Counseling, we are dedicated to providing personalized mental health care tailored to your unique needs. Our evidence-based treatment methods integrate mind and body to foster happiness, wholeness, and authentic living. By making mindful changes to self-defeating behaviors, challenging negative narratives, and learning to cope with difficult emotions, you can unlock transformative possibilities.
At Simply Mindful Counseling, we are dedicated to providing personalized mental health care tailored to your unique needs. Our evidence-based treatment methods integrate mind and body to foster happiness, wholeness, and authentic living. By making mindful changes to self-defeating behaviors, challenging negative narratives, and learning to cope with difficult emotions, you can unlock transformative possibilities.
(734) 206-7271 View (734) 206-7271
Photo of Hannah Elliott, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCSW
Hannah Elliott
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Hannah has significant training and experience addressing anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, grief, and trauma. She is passionate about utilizing evidence-based treatments and modalities with her clients. Hannah finds humor, empathy, and honesty are important tools in the therapeutic relationship. She hopes her clients leave their sessions feeling supported and empowered. Hannah is an EMDR trained clinician.
Hannah has significant training and experience addressing anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, grief, and trauma. She is passionate about utilizing evidence-based treatments and modalities with her clients. Hannah finds humor, empathy, and honesty are important tools in the therapeutic relationship. She hopes her clients leave their sessions feeling supported and empowered. Hannah is an EMDR trained clinician.
(734) 892-1102 View (734) 892-1102
Photo of Cristina DeFiore, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW-C
Cristina DeFiore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW-C
2 Endorsed
Plymouth, MI 48170
Hi, I'm glad you're here! It is a sacred privilege to be a therapist, to sit with people during the most challenging moments of their lives. I’m looking forward to collaborating together, as you navigate healing and growth. My goal as a clinician is to cultivate a safe, supportive, and empowering environment where you feel comfortable to express yourself authentically. Together, we can use an integrative approach toward healing through mindfulness, expressive art, and other evidenced based practices including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Internal Family Systems.
Hi, I'm glad you're here! It is a sacred privilege to be a therapist, to sit with people during the most challenging moments of their lives. I’m looking forward to collaborating together, as you navigate healing and growth. My goal as a clinician is to cultivate a safe, supportive, and empowering environment where you feel comfortable to express yourself authentically. Together, we can use an integrative approach toward healing through mindfulness, expressive art, and other evidenced based practices including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Internal Family Systems.
(734) 215-9299 View (734) 215-9299
Photo of Sophia Nash, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Sophia Nash
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
3 Endorsed
Okemos, MI 48864
Life is journey that presents us with various challenges, it is nice to have support along this journey. My practice with clients is person centered, although I am along this journey with you, you are the facilitator. I provide a variety of mental health care for individuals who are looking to build skills and develop a community of support. I provide mental health care to individuals, couples, adolescents and families. I have a concentration in anxiety, depression, life transitions, grief and loss, peer relationships, communication skills, young adult transitional support, and family relationships.
Life is journey that presents us with various challenges, it is nice to have support along this journey. My practice with clients is person centered, although I am along this journey with you, you are the facilitator. I provide a variety of mental health care for individuals who are looking to build skills and develop a community of support. I provide mental health care to individuals, couples, adolescents and families. I have a concentration in anxiety, depression, life transitions, grief and loss, peer relationships, communication skills, young adult transitional support, and family relationships.
(517) 594-4148 View (517) 594-4148

See more therapy options for 48844

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 48844

< 10

Therapists in 48844 who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
86% Depression
86% Bipolar Disorder
86% Borderline Personality (BPD)
86% Oppositional Defiance (ODD)
71% Obsessive-Compulsive (OCD)
71% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

22 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Blue Care Network
80% Health Alliance Plan (HAP) of Michigan

How Therapists in 48844 see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

80% Female
20% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 48844?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.