Therapists in 48103

Photo of Keith Geiselman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, MDiv, MSA
Keith Geiselman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, MDiv, MSA
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Everyone deserves to have a good day and a better tomorrow. I realize that taking on a personal change out of desire or necessity is often harder than it sounds. I work with all ages, life-stages, and conditions. People arrive with their bag of “stuff”: hopes, disappointments, wounds, trauma, diagnoses, and connections. I start where you are and work with you to create a path to a place of well-being.
Everyone deserves to have a good day and a better tomorrow. I realize that taking on a personal change out of desire or necessity is often harder than it sounds. I work with all ages, life-stages, and conditions. People arrive with their bag of “stuff”: hopes, disappointments, wounds, trauma, diagnoses, and connections. I start where you are and work with you to create a path to a place of well-being.
(734) 396-8916 View (734) 396-8916
Photo of Katherine G Kusner, Psychologist, PhD
Katherine G Kusner
Psychologist, PhD
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Life is full of twists and turns, and challenges arise for us all. Sometimes we need strength and courage to change a situation, and other times to change ourselves, or how we relate to the situation. As a licensed clinical psychologist, I seek to provide a safe, collaborative, and supportive atmosphere for us to explore and address your concerns. I integrate cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, ACT, and relational approaches to help you achieve your goals for therapy, live a more engaged and value focused life, and experience more personal fulfillment.
Life is full of twists and turns, and challenges arise for us all. Sometimes we need strength and courage to change a situation, and other times to change ourselves, or how we relate to the situation. As a licensed clinical psychologist, I seek to provide a safe, collaborative, and supportive atmosphere for us to explore and address your concerns. I integrate cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, ACT, and relational approaches to help you achieve your goals for therapy, live a more engaged and value focused life, and experience more personal fulfillment.
(734) 530-4651 View (734) 530-4651
Photo of Barry Schumer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Barry Schumer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
I specialize in marriage counseling, the treatment of depression and child and family therapy. I have helped save many marriages and relationships. I have a 70% success rate. Fight less, become better friends and re-ignite your sexual fire. Intimacy and love are typically the most important aspects of living a happy life. I am very skilled in treating young adult identity disorder, divorce adjustment and grief. My average length of therapy is 3-6 months. Sessions are either in person or on FaceTime. What sets me apart? My significant experience, intelligence and my truly caring for my clients. You will not be disappointed
I specialize in marriage counseling, the treatment of depression and child and family therapy. I have helped save many marriages and relationships. I have a 70% success rate. Fight less, become better friends and re-ignite your sexual fire. Intimacy and love are typically the most important aspects of living a happy life. I am very skilled in treating young adult identity disorder, divorce adjustment and grief. My average length of therapy is 3-6 months. Sessions are either in person or on FaceTime. What sets me apart? My significant experience, intelligence and my truly caring for my clients. You will not be disappointed
(734) 440-9136 View (734) 440-9136
Photo of Edward Huntley, Psychologist, PhD
Edward Huntley
Psychologist, PhD
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
My practice specializes in the application of evidence-based therapy for a range of behavioral, emotional and relational concerns. I am an integrative practitioner, which means that I commonly work by combining a number of evidence-based therapeutic approaches which are tailored to an individual’s specific needs. My work primarily draws from Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT) which is an approach to therapy supported by research and has been shown to be effective for a number of problems, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), insomnia, and relationship problems.
My practice specializes in the application of evidence-based therapy for a range of behavioral, emotional and relational concerns. I am an integrative practitioner, which means that I commonly work by combining a number of evidence-based therapeutic approaches which are tailored to an individual’s specific needs. My work primarily draws from Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT) which is an approach to therapy supported by research and has been shown to be effective for a number of problems, including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), insomnia, and relationship problems.
(734) 212-8910 View (734) 212-8910
Photo of Jennifer Dear, Licensed Master Social Worker, MA, LMSW
Jennifer Dear
Licensed Master Social Worker, MA, LMSW
3 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Hi, I’m Jen. I’m a former NYC public school teacher, a special education school social worker, and a mom of three. I create a warm space where children, teens, adults, and families can arrive exactly as they are, without pressure to perform, explain or be anything other than human. I believe healing begins when people feel truly seen and emotionally safe. Life often holds beauty and pain side by side, and together we make room for both.
Hi, I’m Jen. I’m a former NYC public school teacher, a special education school social worker, and a mom of three. I create a warm space where children, teens, adults, and families can arrive exactly as they are, without pressure to perform, explain or be anything other than human. I believe healing begins when people feel truly seen and emotionally safe. Life often holds beauty and pain side by side, and together we make room for both.
(734) 724-6753 View (734) 724-6753
Photo of Dan R Nolan, Psychologist, PhD
Dan R Nolan
Psychologist, PhD
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Finding a good "fit" with a therapist can have a significant impact on achieving a successful outcome. I strive to help each client discover and harness their unique strengths in addressing their problems. With children, intervention is orientated toward problem-solving family therapy. A cognitive-behavioral approach is often utilized when working with adults and teen. Psychological, and Neuropsychological Evaluations are intervention-focused. Tests chosen are "sensitive" to the diagnostic concerns and guide treatment. I help develop and implement practical behavioral management and social support strategies in real life situations, including the home , classroom or work .
Finding a good "fit" with a therapist can have a significant impact on achieving a successful outcome. I strive to help each client discover and harness their unique strengths in addressing their problems. With children, intervention is orientated toward problem-solving family therapy. A cognitive-behavioral approach is often utilized when working with adults and teen. Psychological, and Neuropsychological Evaluations are intervention-focused. Tests chosen are "sensitive" to the diagnostic concerns and guide treatment. I help develop and implement practical behavioral management and social support strategies in real life situations, including the home , classroom or work .
(734) 316-5471 View (734) 316-5471
Photo of Suzanne Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LMSW
Suzanne Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Hello and welcome. Change is possible. I have been a clinical social worker for over 30 years and have worked with a wide range of clients. My approach is engaged, empathic, and authentic. I'm a relational therapist and believe that the client/therapist relationship is central to change and growth. I enjoy working with people of all genders, youth and adults, and people from various cultural backgrounds. I have helped individuals, couples, and families struggling with abuse, trauma, depression, anxiety, shame, and relationship problems. I am also a LGBTQ+ affirmative therapist.
Hello and welcome. Change is possible. I have been a clinical social worker for over 30 years and have worked with a wide range of clients. My approach is engaged, empathic, and authentic. I'm a relational therapist and believe that the client/therapist relationship is central to change and growth. I enjoy working with people of all genders, youth and adults, and people from various cultural backgrounds. I have helped individuals, couples, and families struggling with abuse, trauma, depression, anxiety, shame, and relationship problems. I am also a LGBTQ+ affirmative therapist.
(734) 206-1126 View (734) 206-1126
Photo of Mia Bacigalupo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Mia Bacigalupo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
2 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Teens and young adults often seek therapy when patterns like anxiety, low mood, relationship difficulties, identity stress, or the impact of past experiences begin to feel overwhelming. Many are reflective and want relief from current discomfort, while also hoping to understand the deeper roots of what they are experiencing. Together, we can explore these patterns with curiosity and compassion, including the coping strategies that once helped you feel safe.
Teens and young adults often seek therapy when patterns like anxiety, low mood, relationship difficulties, identity stress, or the impact of past experiences begin to feel overwhelming. Many are reflective and want relief from current discomfort, while also hoping to understand the deeper roots of what they are experiencing. Together, we can explore these patterns with curiosity and compassion, including the coping strategies that once helped you feel safe.
(734) 215-3703 View (734) 215-3703
Photo of Megan Miller, Counselor, LPC, NCC
Megan Miller
Counselor, LPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Megan Miller, LPC, NCC, is a therapist at Identity Counseling Psychology who works with individuals across the lifespan, addressing a wide range of mental health concerns. She earned her B.S. in Psychology with a Minor in Juvenile Justice from Grand Valley State University and her M.A. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Eastern Michigan University. Megan’s specialty areas include trauma, domestic violence, anxiety, grief, depression, postpartum depression, and relationship challenges. While she especially enjoys working with adolescents and emerging adults, she welcomes clients of all ages.
Megan Miller, LPC, NCC, is a therapist at Identity Counseling Psychology who works with individuals across the lifespan, addressing a wide range of mental health concerns. She earned her B.S. in Psychology with a Minor in Juvenile Justice from Grand Valley State University and her M.A. in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Eastern Michigan University. Megan’s specialty areas include trauma, domestic violence, anxiety, grief, depression, postpartum depression, and relationship challenges. While she especially enjoys working with adolescents and emerging adults, she welcomes clients of all ages.
(734) 822-9362 View (734) 822-9362
Photo of Antonio Cordero, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, EdM
Antonio Cordero
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, EdM
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Do you feel like past or current challenges affect your ability to meet your full potential? Are you feeling lost, powerless, or disengaged? Have you noticed yourself resorting to unwanted activities to cope with distress? Are you seeking a therapeutic space that acknowledges you as a whole, complex person while you work toward your goals? I work with individuals, families, and couples to address these concerns. As your therapist, I feel passionate about empowering you with tools to live a full, cognizant, and rewarding life. Together, we work collaboratively to navigate life stressors affecting your quality of life.
Do you feel like past or current challenges affect your ability to meet your full potential? Are you feeling lost, powerless, or disengaged? Have you noticed yourself resorting to unwanted activities to cope with distress? Are you seeking a therapeutic space that acknowledges you as a whole, complex person while you work toward your goals? I work with individuals, families, and couples to address these concerns. As your therapist, I feel passionate about empowering you with tools to live a full, cognizant, and rewarding life. Together, we work collaboratively to navigate life stressors affecting your quality of life.
(734) 280-3139 View (734) 280-3139
Photo of Stephanie Olszewski - Diverge Community Services, LLC, Occupational Therapist, MOT, OTR/L, ASDCS
Diverge Community Services, LLC
Occupational Therapist, MOT, OTR/L, ASDCS
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
The ideal client for Diverge Community Services is someone who is neurodivergent or thinks they might be neurodivergent who wants to improve their quality of life and understand their emotional, sensory, and executive functioning needs.
The ideal client for Diverge Community Services is someone who is neurodivergent or thinks they might be neurodivergent who wants to improve their quality of life and understand their emotional, sensory, and executive functioning needs.
(734) 390-4730 View (734) 390-4730
Photo of Rita Morris - Delta Life Counseling PLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, SCL
Delta Life Counseling PLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, SCL
2 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Are you feeling stuck, at an impasse, or just need to work on and talk through somethings? I enjoy working with clients who are ready and motivated to change. Let's work together to help you overcome any obstacle that you see as a barrier to achieving stable mental health.
Are you feeling stuck, at an impasse, or just need to work on and talk through somethings? I enjoy working with clients who are ready and motivated to change. Let's work together to help you overcome any obstacle that you see as a barrier to achieving stable mental health.
(734) 270-6437 View (734) 270-6437
Photo of James Plunkett, Psychologist, PhD
James Plunkett
Psychologist, PhD
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Welcome. I use an empathic and interactive approach to my work, tailoring it to each unique situation. I seek to help my clients reduce stress and conflict, manage strong emotions, improve relationships, and navigate life transitions, such as divorce, new parenthood, grief, post-college, retirement. I draw on a range of approaches including insight oriented treatment, CBT, coaching, and principles and practices of mindfulness. I am very interested in providing supervision and consultation to younger clinicians as they work to establish their practice.
Welcome. I use an empathic and interactive approach to my work, tailoring it to each unique situation. I seek to help my clients reduce stress and conflict, manage strong emotions, improve relationships, and navigate life transitions, such as divorce, new parenthood, grief, post-college, retirement. I draw on a range of approaches including insight oriented treatment, CBT, coaching, and principles and practices of mindfulness. I am very interested in providing supervision and consultation to younger clinicians as they work to establish their practice.
(734) 265-0960 View (734) 265-0960
Photo of Julie Falbaum, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, ACSW, CAADC
Julie Falbaum
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, ACSW, CAADC
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
I have been in practice for over thirty years working solely with adults. I have expertise in addressing a variety of issues such as anxiety, depression, self esteem, stress management, co-dependency, addiction and recovery related issues. I also specialize in couples work assisting with problems such as communication and conflict management. I utilize a variety of therapeutic techniques designed to meet the unique needs of individual clients. I am extremely well known and widely respected in my field for achieving a high level of success in the work that I do.
I have been in practice for over thirty years working solely with adults. I have expertise in addressing a variety of issues such as anxiety, depression, self esteem, stress management, co-dependency, addiction and recovery related issues. I also specialize in couples work assisting with problems such as communication and conflict management. I utilize a variety of therapeutic techniques designed to meet the unique needs of individual clients. I am extremely well known and widely respected in my field for achieving a high level of success in the work that I do.
(734) 999-4263 View (734) 999-4263
Photo of Jennifer Janssen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Jennifer Janssen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Hello! I’m a couples and individual therapist with advanced training in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy for Couples (EFT), Internal Family Systems (IFS) and somatic therapy. My relationship therapy focuses on the patterns between you as well as what’s happening inside each individual and is deeply transformative. Couples comes to me with communication breakdowns, loss of intimacy, arguments running on repeat, unresolved resentment, parenting tension or feeling disconnected. Individuals ...
Hello! I’m a couples and individual therapist with advanced training in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy for Couples (EFT), Internal Family Systems (IFS) and somatic therapy. My relationship therapy focuses on the patterns between you as well as what’s happening inside each individual and is deeply transformative. Couples comes to me with communication breakdowns, loss of intimacy, arguments running on repeat, unresolved resentment, parenting tension or feeling disconnected. Individuals ...
(734) 259-7746 View (734) 259-7746
Photo of Woodli Krutek, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Woodli Krutek
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
2 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Regardless of how well we try to prepare, life and mental illness can get in the way of reaching our goals and living the life we want. Regardless of our age, life can be overwhelming and it can be difficult to identify how to make changes in our current situations and face our fears. Together we can work through these challenges and identify strategies to face them. I believe in validating and empowering my clients while adding valuable tools to their toolbox to help them create meaningful and lasting change.
Regardless of how well we try to prepare, life and mental illness can get in the way of reaching our goals and living the life we want. Regardless of our age, life can be overwhelming and it can be difficult to identify how to make changes in our current situations and face our fears. Together we can work through these challenges and identify strategies to face them. I believe in validating and empowering my clients while adding valuable tools to their toolbox to help them create meaningful and lasting change.
(734) 887-1354 View (734) 887-1354
Photo of M Douglas Evans - M. Douglas Evans, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
M. Douglas Evans
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
An important aspect of any therapeutic relationship is the rapport and ease you have in discussing your issues and concerns with your therapist. I believe the right fit between the client and therapist is in large part a function of the flexibility in approach and ways of intervening with you as an individual client. I see the therapeutic relationship as being a collaborative partnership that is outcome focused in addressing your issues and concerns. The emphasis is on doing what is most effective in moving you toward your desired outcomes in the least amount of time possible.
An important aspect of any therapeutic relationship is the rapport and ease you have in discussing your issues and concerns with your therapist. I believe the right fit between the client and therapist is in large part a function of the flexibility in approach and ways of intervening with you as an individual client. I see the therapeutic relationship as being a collaborative partnership that is outcome focused in addressing your issues and concerns. The emphasis is on doing what is most effective in moving you toward your desired outcomes in the least amount of time possible.
(734) 645-5349 View (734) 645-5349
Photo of Kristin Blackburn, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Kristin Blackburn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
For over 25 years, I have had the honor to work with individuals, couples, and groups facing challenges with relationships, life transitions, depression, anxiety, and general life stress. Therapy is an opportunity to explore, process and heal. I utilize a variety of therapeutic approaches to help you improve your life and move forward. Through active and compassionate listening, I work with you to explore and identify feelings, beliefs, underlying causes, and unhealthy patterns that can lead people to feel stuck even when they have a strong desire to make positive changes.
For over 25 years, I have had the honor to work with individuals, couples, and groups facing challenges with relationships, life transitions, depression, anxiety, and general life stress. Therapy is an opportunity to explore, process and heal. I utilize a variety of therapeutic approaches to help you improve your life and move forward. Through active and compassionate listening, I work with you to explore and identify feelings, beliefs, underlying causes, and unhealthy patterns that can lead people to feel stuck even when they have a strong desire to make positive changes.
(734) 436-3499 View (734) 436-3499
Photo of Lorne Clarkson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Lorne Clarkson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
My office is a supportive and calm space where you can show up exactly as you are. I believe everyone is capable of healing and finding joy and satisfaction in their life. At the center of my work is the relationship we cultivate in therapy—one built on trust, acceptance, and curiosity. You hold the wisdom about what path is right for you, and I look forward to supporting you as you move forward.
My office is a supportive and calm space where you can show up exactly as you are. I believe everyone is capable of healing and finding joy and satisfaction in their life. At the center of my work is the relationship we cultivate in therapy—one built on trust, acceptance, and curiosity. You hold the wisdom about what path is right for you, and I look forward to supporting you as you move forward.
(734) 921-1484 View (734) 921-1484
Photo of Mel Whalen - Forest Ferns Counseling, Psychologist, PhD, LP
Forest Ferns Counseling
Psychologist, PhD, LP
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
Maybe you’ve been carrying too much for too long—trauma, anxiety, depression, identity stress, chronic illness, burnout, grief, family change, neurodivergence, career shifts, or the sense that the old map no longer fits. Forest Ferns Counseling works especially well with LGBTQ+ and nonbinary adults, Deaf and hard-of-hearing clients and families, neurodivergent children, teens, and adults, and people navigating complex trauma, complex PTSD, disability, parenting strain, relationship stress, or major life transitions who want therapy that is affirming, thoughtful, practical, and actually useful.
Maybe you’ve been carrying too much for too long—trauma, anxiety, depression, identity stress, chronic illness, burnout, grief, family change, neurodivergence, career shifts, or the sense that the old map no longer fits. Forest Ferns Counseling works especially well with LGBTQ+ and nonbinary adults, Deaf and hard-of-hearing clients and families, neurodivergent children, teens, and adults, and people navigating complex trauma, complex PTSD, disability, parenting strain, relationship stress, or major life transitions who want therapy that is affirming, thoughtful, practical, and actually useful.
(734) 359-6692 View (734) 359-6692

See more therapy options for 48103

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 48103

700+

Average cost per session

$159

Therapists in 48103 who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
91% Social Anxiety
91% Health Anxiety
91% Driving Anxiety
84% Depression
73% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

93% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Aetna
59% Blue Care Network

How Therapists in 48103 see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
18% Male
4% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 48103?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.