Therapists in Bloomington, IN

Photo of Sean Abraham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Sean Abraham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47401  (Online Only)
My name is Sean Abraham and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Indiana with a Bachelor’s and a Master’s degree in Social Work from Indiana University Bloomington. I have been in the field of social work and therapy for 4 years working with people to solve real problems in their lives. My experience includes working with those who have struggled with substance use, depression, anxiety, loss, communication problems, student life, as well as other mental health concerns. I enjoy being able to work one on one with individuals and witness the life changing journeys that everyone is capable of.
My name is Sean Abraham and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Indiana with a Bachelor’s and a Master’s degree in Social Work from Indiana University Bloomington. I have been in the field of social work and therapy for 4 years working with people to solve real problems in their lives. My experience includes working with those who have struggled with substance use, depression, anxiety, loss, communication problems, student life, as well as other mental health concerns. I enjoy being able to work one on one with individuals and witness the life changing journeys that everyone is capable of.
(317) 647-1323 View (317) 647-1323
Photo of Tamara Kirby, Drug & Alcohol Counselor in Bloomington, IN
Tamara Kirby
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, LAC, CRADC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47403  (Online Only)
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. As a solution-focused addictions counselor and coach, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. By applying complementary counseling approaches and techniques, we will unearth long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. As a solution-focused addictions counselor and coach, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. By applying complementary counseling approaches and techniques, we will unearth long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that may be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
(812) 616-4947 View (812) 616-4947
Photo of Stewart B Ball, Marriage & Family Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Stewart B Ball
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LCSW, LCAC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47408
I provide an experience where your problems can be addressed in an open, non-judgmental, and confidential setting. I am not a passive therapist. I seek to help individuals, couples, and families learn how to move forward. Learning may involve growing one's self- acceptance or lessening one's dependence upon approval. It may involve improving one's judgment and/or taking care of oneself in relationships. The learning may involve "letting go" of a "bad" relationship or grieving losses . It may involve overcoming anxiety, depression or addiction(s). Lastly, learning may involve restoring broken trust or estrangement.
I provide an experience where your problems can be addressed in an open, non-judgmental, and confidential setting. I am not a passive therapist. I seek to help individuals, couples, and families learn how to move forward. Learning may involve growing one's self- acceptance or lessening one's dependence upon approval. It may involve improving one's judgment and/or taking care of oneself in relationships. The learning may involve "letting go" of a "bad" relationship or grieving losses . It may involve overcoming anxiety, depression or addiction(s). Lastly, learning may involve restoring broken trust or estrangement.
(812) 496-0268 View (812) 496-0268
Photo of Laura Lininger, LCSW Counseling Services, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Laura Lininger, LCSW Counseling Services, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47404
Making the decision to begin therapy is a courageous one. You may feel excited and perhaps nervous at the same time. I have over 30 years of experience and I provide a safe, comfortable and confidential environment for you to talk about your concerns and therapy goals. I use a blend of cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness to help you reach your goals, feel more connected, and have a more meaningful life. I also provide a free weekly newsletter covering a mental health topic, coping skill or mindfulness practice.
Making the decision to begin therapy is a courageous one. You may feel excited and perhaps nervous at the same time. I have over 30 years of experience and I provide a safe, comfortable and confidential environment for you to talk about your concerns and therapy goals. I use a blend of cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness to help you reach your goals, feel more connected, and have a more meaningful life. I also provide a free weekly newsletter covering a mental health topic, coping skill or mindfulness practice.
(812) 472-2407 View (812) 472-2407
Photo of Dasha Carver, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Bloomington, IN
Dasha Carver
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, LMFT(A)
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47404
I believe that people often thrive when they prioritize their own individual health and are supported by their community. Challenges arise whenever our community is in chaos, our own health suffers, and the stories we once ascribed to no longer serve us. While these experiences can overwhelm us, make us feel powerless, or lose hope, I want you to know that you are not alone. She understands that being human is hard and relationships can be complicated, painful, and change the how we honor our authentic selves. That’s why I work to help empower clients by creating a space that is safe, open, curious, and built on advocacy.
I believe that people often thrive when they prioritize their own individual health and are supported by their community. Challenges arise whenever our community is in chaos, our own health suffers, and the stories we once ascribed to no longer serve us. While these experiences can overwhelm us, make us feel powerless, or lose hope, I want you to know that you are not alone. She understands that being human is hard and relationships can be complicated, painful, and change the how we honor our authentic selves. That’s why I work to help empower clients by creating a space that is safe, open, curious, and built on advocacy.
(812) 920-5287 View (812) 920-5287
Photo of Pamalee Michele Larr, Counselor in Bloomington, IN
Pamalee Michele Larr
Counselor, EdS, LMHC, BCBA
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47401  (Online Only)
My name is Pam Larr EdS, LMHC, BCBA. I have been working with adults and children for over 20 years. I am a Board Certified Behavior Analyst as well as a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I strive to aid clients in achieving their goals in a safe and welcoming therapeutic space. I specialize in treating both adults and children with autism, anxiety, depression, personality disorders, behavioral challenges, adjustment issues as well as other transitional issues. I conduct parenting training and support parents to learn alternative ways to interact with their child.
My name is Pam Larr EdS, LMHC, BCBA. I have been working with adults and children for over 20 years. I am a Board Certified Behavior Analyst as well as a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I strive to aid clients in achieving their goals in a safe and welcoming therapeutic space. I specialize in treating both adults and children with autism, anxiety, depression, personality disorders, behavioral challenges, adjustment issues as well as other transitional issues. I conduct parenting training and support parents to learn alternative ways to interact with their child.
(812) 203-4376 View (812) 203-4376
Photo of Renee Heldman, Counselor in Bloomington, IN
Renee Heldman
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47405
My ideal client would be someone who is geared towards helping themselves and needing guidance on how to do so. Someone who has a grasp on the importance of the client putting in the work to truly help heal themselves but needing assistance ensuring they are doing things in a healthy and emotionally intelligent fashion. Talk therapy is very important for clients who even just want to come and vent, which I believe helps the mind unclutter.
My ideal client would be someone who is geared towards helping themselves and needing guidance on how to do so. Someone who has a grasp on the importance of the client putting in the work to truly help heal themselves but needing assistance ensuring they are doing things in a healthy and emotionally intelligent fashion. Talk therapy is very important for clients who even just want to come and vent, which I believe helps the mind unclutter.
(463) 219-4379 View (463) 219-4379
Photo of Dr. Hannah Armbrust in Bloomington, IN
Dr. Hannah Armbrust
PhD, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47401  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and a Jungian-oriented therapist. My approach is strength-based, integrative, flexible, and holistic. I tailor the therapy sessions to the needs of my clients rather than following a single theoretical model. I have a Ph.D. in psychology and an LMHC in Indiana. I love being a therapist because seeing people flourish and become their most authentic selves is meaningful. When you feel ready for your therapeutic journey, please reach out, and let's start! You can visit my website, Soul Insight Counseling Services, in Bloomington and schedule your first session or a free consultation.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and a Jungian-oriented therapist. My approach is strength-based, integrative, flexible, and holistic. I tailor the therapy sessions to the needs of my clients rather than following a single theoretical model. I have a Ph.D. in psychology and an LMHC in Indiana. I love being a therapist because seeing people flourish and become their most authentic selves is meaningful. When you feel ready for your therapeutic journey, please reach out, and let's start! You can visit my website, Soul Insight Counseling Services, in Bloomington and schedule your first session or a free consultation.
(812) 415-4421 View (812) 415-4421
Photo of Sidni Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Sidni Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CYT
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47401  (Online Only)
Are you feeling overwhelmed? Dealing with anxiety or feeling as though you're always waiting for the other shoe to drop? Suffering from sexual and/or relationship issues? Maybe you're not sure where to start or you've tried therapy in the past and it wasn't a good fit. Life can be hard and you are not alone in your journey. As a licensed therapist and certified yoga instructor, I weave traditional talk therapy with mindfulness and meditation practices to offer you a multifaceted approach to therapy. Taking the first steps in your therapeutic journey can be tough. KUDOS to you for taking those steps. You're worth it!
Are you feeling overwhelmed? Dealing with anxiety or feeling as though you're always waiting for the other shoe to drop? Suffering from sexual and/or relationship issues? Maybe you're not sure where to start or you've tried therapy in the past and it wasn't a good fit. Life can be hard and you are not alone in your journey. As a licensed therapist and certified yoga instructor, I weave traditional talk therapy with mindfulness and meditation practices to offer you a multifaceted approach to therapy. Taking the first steps in your therapeutic journey can be tough. KUDOS to you for taking those steps. You're worth it!
(812) 441-4697 View (812) 441-4697
Photo of Dr. Stephanie Trent, Counselor in Bloomington, IN
Dr. Stephanie Trent
Counselor, PhD , LMHC , LCAC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47405
I specialize in helping those with anxiety, depression, & relationship issues. Whether it is a relational, work, school, or family issue, talking about it with someone often aids in clarity and change. I want to help those individuals/families who are struggling to make sense of the chaos, look for understanding insight, and make those changes that will help them to start feeling more hopeful and excited about life again.
I specialize in helping those with anxiety, depression, & relationship issues. Whether it is a relational, work, school, or family issue, talking about it with someone often aids in clarity and change. I want to help those individuals/families who are struggling to make sense of the chaos, look for understanding insight, and make those changes that will help them to start feeling more hopeful and excited about life again.
(463) 583-9886 View (463) 583-9886
Photo of Maria Carrasco, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Maria Carrasco
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47403
You ultimately have the best knowledge of what will work for you when it comes to making changes and living your most positive life. My job is to help guide you in finding solutions to challenges which we all face in our day to day experiences. At times these challenges require more assistance than at other times. I will give you a space to be heard and together we will explore ways to grow, cope, change, learn, etc. from a strength based approach. We can all gain a more peaceful existence while telling our story no matter what that is. I understand it’s so difficult to tell sometimes.
You ultimately have the best knowledge of what will work for you when it comes to making changes and living your most positive life. My job is to help guide you in finding solutions to challenges which we all face in our day to day experiences. At times these challenges require more assistance than at other times. I will give you a space to be heard and together we will explore ways to grow, cope, change, learn, etc. from a strength based approach. We can all gain a more peaceful existence while telling our story no matter what that is. I understand it’s so difficult to tell sometimes.
(812) 737-3215 View (812) 737-3215
Photo of Sharon Galloway, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Sharon Galloway
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47404
Are your relationships becoming difficult to manage? Are you torn between helping others and helping too much? Do you feel defeated by substance use, or untreated mental illness of someone you care about? You are not alone. Together, we can develop effective strategies to reverse unhealthy habits and attitudes that contribute to anxiety, depression, poor decision-making, feelings of loss, and hopelessness. Putting yourself first doesn't mean you don't care about others. Self-care is not selfish. It is a way to restore balance. You deserve the opportunity to define for yourself a life of meaning and success.
Are your relationships becoming difficult to manage? Are you torn between helping others and helping too much? Do you feel defeated by substance use, or untreated mental illness of someone you care about? You are not alone. Together, we can develop effective strategies to reverse unhealthy habits and attitudes that contribute to anxiety, depression, poor decision-making, feelings of loss, and hopelessness. Putting yourself first doesn't mean you don't care about others. Self-care is not selfish. It is a way to restore balance. You deserve the opportunity to define for yourself a life of meaning and success.
(812) 782-2019 View (812) 782-2019
Photo of Ashley Hilkey, Counselor in Bloomington, IN
Ashley Hilkey
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47404
I offer a warm, relational, and person centered approach to people struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, perinatal mood disorders (postpartum), trauma/ptsd, family concerns, and other mental and emotional health concerns. I have worked across the lifespan throughout my career, but currently see a lot of young to middle aged adults.
I offer a warm, relational, and person centered approach to people struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, perinatal mood disorders (postpartum), trauma/ptsd, family concerns, and other mental and emotional health concerns. I have worked across the lifespan throughout my career, but currently see a lot of young to middle aged adults.
(812) 301-6392 View (812) 301-6392
Photo of Leslie K Sommer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Leslie K Sommer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47403  (Online Only)
Do you struggle with anxiety? Is your anxiety related to major life transitions, social situations, past trauma, academics, ADHD diagnosis-or hidden diagnosis, relationships or career decisions? I can help. I am a licensed clinical social worker who specializes in working with adults ages 18-35. My style is warm and directive. I use a strengths-based approach and draw from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing. Additionally, I provide career counseling for people looking to enter the workforce for the first time or for those who are in career transition.
Do you struggle with anxiety? Is your anxiety related to major life transitions, social situations, past trauma, academics, ADHD diagnosis-or hidden diagnosis, relationships or career decisions? I can help. I am a licensed clinical social worker who specializes in working with adults ages 18-35. My style is warm and directive. I use a strengths-based approach and draw from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing. Additionally, I provide career counseling for people looking to enter the workforce for the first time or for those who are in career transition.
(812) 203-5044 View (812) 203-5044
Photo of LaGrange Behavioral Health, Psychologist in Bloomington, IN
LaGrange Behavioral Health
Psychologist, PhD, HSPP
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47404
I believe that you are the expert on you. As such, I aim to create a collaborative atmosphere to address the goals that you have identified. I welcome clients as they are and work with them to create change in a safe environment. My approach often incorporates cognitive behavioral methods, interpersonal awareness, and mindfulness. I borrow from a variety of theories depending on the identified problem and the approach that fits you and your stage of life. I have worked in many different settings, allowing me to experience clinical work with diverse populations. The quickest way to get in touch with me is through email.
I believe that you are the expert on you. As such, I aim to create a collaborative atmosphere to address the goals that you have identified. I welcome clients as they are and work with them to create change in a safe environment. My approach often incorporates cognitive behavioral methods, interpersonal awareness, and mindfulness. I borrow from a variety of theories depending on the identified problem and the approach that fits you and your stage of life. I have worked in many different settings, allowing me to experience clinical work with diverse populations. The quickest way to get in touch with me is through email.
(812) 577-9218 View (812) 577-9218
Photo of Michael Whiteside, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Michael Whiteside
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47403  (Online Only)
I believe in collaboration with my clients, after all you are the expert on your life. My aim is to partner with you when providing an individually personalized approach to healing, growth, and the alleviation of hurts, hangups, and heartbreak. Life can be hard, but it doesn’t have to stay that way. I and my organization, Reclaiming Royalty, see you as a full person that deserves a full life. Therapy or Life Coaching can help, and we value this investment in yourself. It takes courage to talk about the things that have hurt you, are currently hurting you, and can hurt you in the future.
I believe in collaboration with my clients, after all you are the expert on your life. My aim is to partner with you when providing an individually personalized approach to healing, growth, and the alleviation of hurts, hangups, and heartbreak. Life can be hard, but it doesn’t have to stay that way. I and my organization, Reclaiming Royalty, see you as a full person that deserves a full life. Therapy or Life Coaching can help, and we value this investment in yourself. It takes courage to talk about the things that have hurt you, are currently hurting you, and can hurt you in the future.
(812) 613-4041 View (812) 613-4041
Photo of Melodie Martini, Counselor in Bloomington, IN
Melodie Martini
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47405
I am looking for a client who is motivated to make changes, may be struggling with depression or anxiety, or may even have some trauma that needs to be addressed. The ideal client would be ready to take the needed steps to make progress.
I am looking for a client who is motivated to make changes, may be struggling with depression or anxiety, or may even have some trauma that needs to be addressed. The ideal client would be ready to take the needed steps to make progress.
(463) 220-0193 View (463) 220-0193
Photo of Brandt Badger, Counselor in Bloomington, IN
Brandt Badger
Counselor, LMHCA, NCC, MSEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47403
With individuals, couples, and especially parents, my passion is helping you heal from pain and find the bravest parts of yourself.
With individuals, couples, and especially parents, my passion is helping you heal from pain and find the bravest parts of yourself.
(812) 370-4988 View (812) 370-4988
Photo of Jared Comfort, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Jared Comfort
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47403
Hi! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker living in Bloomington, IN. I have 7 years of experience helping clients find healing and fresh starts from trauma, relationships, and stress.
Hi! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker living in Bloomington, IN. I have 7 years of experience helping clients find healing and fresh starts from trauma, relationships, and stress.
(812) 397-9275 View (812) 397-9275
Photo of Teresa R. Foster Counseling and Coaching, L.L.C., Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Bloomington, IN
Teresa R. Foster Counseling and Coaching, L.L.C.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR , MCPC
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47404  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
If you are struggling with sad feelings, wanting to feel less anxious or making dramatic changes in your life, or improve relationships, I can help. Together we can work through the tough stuff so you can start living a life closer to your dreams, one more in line with your personal goals and values. And I will be there every step of the way! Are you ready to make changes? We can work together via therapy where we review your past moving forward or via life coaching where we set up an action plan and help you find motivation within to accomplish your goals! Packages available for coaching!
If you are struggling with sad feelings, wanting to feel less anxious or making dramatic changes in your life, or improve relationships, I can help. Together we can work through the tough stuff so you can start living a life closer to your dreams, one more in line with your personal goals and values. And I will be there every step of the way! Are you ready to make changes? We can work together via therapy where we review your past moving forward or via life coaching where we set up an action plan and help you find motivation within to accomplish your goals! Packages available for coaching!
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Bloomington, IN

200+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Bloomington, IN who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Trauma and PTSD
75% Relationship Issues
73% Coping Skills
73% Self Esteem
72% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Anthem | Elevance
80% BlueCross and BlueShield
69% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Bloomington, IN see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Bloomington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.