Photo of Eric Rini
Eric Rini
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Verified Verified
Online Only
I have been a therapist/counselor for over 34 years. I was born and raised in Ohio, and graduated from Bowling Green State University. I then received my M.A. degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from St. Mary's University (San Antonio, Tx.). I have worked as a therapist/counselor in a number of various settings: in Community Mental Health, for a Behavioral Health company, for a Foster Care Agency, and for Juvenile Court. For 20 of these years, I have also done part-time contract therapy. I use many different forms of therapy that fit the situation with which I am dealing.
I have been a therapist/counselor for over 34 years. I was born and raised in Ohio, and graduated from Bowling Green State University. I then received my M.A. degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from St. Mary's University (San Antonio, Tx.). I have worked as a therapist/counselor in a number of various settings: in Community Mental Health, for a Behavioral Health company, for a Foster Care Agency, and for Juvenile Court. For 20 of these years, I have also done part-time contract therapy. I use many different forms of therapy that fit the situation with which I am dealing.
(380) 227-3179 View (380) 227-3179
Photo of Megan Whelchel
Megan Whelchel
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor
Verified Verified
Online Only
Everyone needs some help sometimes or maybe just someone to listen to them. In therapy, you can find someone to support you and help you learn new skills to navigate life. I believe therapy is a collaborative process and I am here to support you whatever way is needed. Together we can identify what you want and need so you can begin to work towards your goals. I graduated from the University of Akron in 2019 with a Master’s in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. I have experience working in both non-profit and private practice settings as a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC).
Everyone needs some help sometimes or maybe just someone to listen to them. In therapy, you can find someone to support you and help you learn new skills to navigate life. I believe therapy is a collaborative process and I am here to support you whatever way is needed. Together we can identify what you want and need so you can begin to work towards your goals. I graduated from the University of Akron in 2019 with a Master’s in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. I have experience working in both non-profit and private practice settings as a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC).
(419) 484-4171 View (419) 484-4171
Photo of Tasha Willaford, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tasha Willaford
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a dually licensed professional clinical counselor with supervision designation (LPCC-S) and marriage and family therapist (MFT) with over 6 years of experience ranging from couples counseling, family work to individually focused therapy focused on managing significant depression and anxiety. I enjoy supporting clients as they walk through different ages and stages in their lives and celebrate with them when they achieve that "ah ha" moment.
I am a dually licensed professional clinical counselor with supervision designation (LPCC-S) and marriage and family therapist (MFT) with over 6 years of experience ranging from couples counseling, family work to individually focused therapy focused on managing significant depression and anxiety. I enjoy supporting clients as they walk through different ages and stages in their lives and celebrate with them when they achieve that "ah ha" moment.
(216) 999-4480 View (216) 999-4480
Photo of Nadine Browning, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nadine Browning
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Online Only
I view therapy as a journey of healing, growth and transformation. I believe that therapy is the greatest gift you can give to yourself. I have had the profound privilege of accompanying many adults, teens, children, families and couples on their journeys toward a deeper, more satisfying, more compassionate and more authentic knowing and acceptance of themselves. I know how to help people access their own wisdom and healing power; we all have it, but we don’t all know how to bring it forth and make it work in our lives.
I view therapy as a journey of healing, growth and transformation. I believe that therapy is the greatest gift you can give to yourself. I have had the profound privilege of accompanying many adults, teens, children, families and couples on their journeys toward a deeper, more satisfying, more compassionate and more authentic knowing and acceptance of themselves. I know how to help people access their own wisdom and healing power; we all have it, but we don’t all know how to bring it forth and make it work in our lives.
(513) 676-4947 View (513) 676-4947
Photo of Christine Gemberling, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christine Gemberling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Hello! I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker (LISW) with over ten years of experience working with clients on various issues. Such issues include Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Behavioral Issues, Career Counseling, Coping Skills, Elderly Persons Disorders, Emotional Disturbance, Family Conflict, Grief, Life Transitions, Mood Disorders, Panic Attacks, and Stress. A few modalities I utilize are Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Family Systems, Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), and Supportive therapy. I believe that establishing a trusting therapeutic relationship is key to success in treatment.
Hello! I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker (LISW) with over ten years of experience working with clients on various issues. Such issues include Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Behavioral Issues, Career Counseling, Coping Skills, Elderly Persons Disorders, Emotional Disturbance, Family Conflict, Grief, Life Transitions, Mood Disorders, Panic Attacks, and Stress. A few modalities I utilize are Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Family Systems, Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), and Supportive therapy. I believe that establishing a trusting therapeutic relationship is key to success in treatment.
(216) 616-2048 View (216) 616-2048
Photo of Lisa Cuffari, LPCC, Counselor
Lisa Cuffari
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) with more than four years of experience. I take pride in building strong rapport with everyone I see, utilizing a variety of therapeutic techniques to help clients achieve their goals. I specialize in working with children, teens, and adults dealing with ADHD, anxiety, depression, grief, bereavement, trauma, mood disorders, and more.
I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) with more than four years of experience. I take pride in building strong rapport with everyone I see, utilizing a variety of therapeutic techniques to help clients achieve their goals. I specialize in working with children, teens, and adults dealing with ADHD, anxiety, depression, grief, bereavement, trauma, mood disorders, and more.
(513) 654-1531 View (513) 654-1531
Photo of Lisa Cuffari - Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry Cincinnati, Counselor
Thriveworks Counseling & Psychiatry Cincinnati
Counselor
Verified Verified
Serves Area
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
(855) 524-5193 View (855) 524-5193
Photo of Zoe Stallings, MA, LPC, Counselor
Zoe Stallings
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
My passion is supporting clients seeking a safe space to explore new perspectives while guiding them through compounding challenges. I support individuals, couples, and families dealing with emotional struggles or unique relationship dynamics such as monogamy, ethical non-monogamy, or kink. I incorporate counseling techniques for all aspects of well-being through a collaborative, empowering experience. Together we could tackle navigating relationship challenges, enhancing communication, fostering intimacy, and overall fulfillment.
My passion is supporting clients seeking a safe space to explore new perspectives while guiding them through compounding challenges. I support individuals, couples, and families dealing with emotional struggles or unique relationship dynamics such as monogamy, ethical non-monogamy, or kink. I incorporate counseling techniques for all aspects of well-being through a collaborative, empowering experience. Together we could tackle navigating relationship challenges, enhancing communication, fostering intimacy, and overall fulfillment.
(513) 957-4678 View (513) 957-4678

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Deanna McPeek, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Deanna McPeek
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Cincinnati, OH 45242
As a gender diverse individual, I am deeply committed to supporting LGBTQIA+ adults through various challenges, including depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, identity development, religious trauma, generational trauma, and interpersonal trauma. My approach is neuroscience-informed and person-centered, focusing on harnessing clients' strengths and values to address their unique needs effectively. I am well-versed in and affirming of kink and polyamory/consensual non-monogamy relationship structures, striving to create an accepting and authentic space for each client as we navigate diverse emotions and situations together.
As a gender diverse individual, I am deeply committed to supporting LGBTQIA+ adults through various challenges, including depression, anxiety, self-esteem issues, identity development, religious trauma, generational trauma, and interpersonal trauma. My approach is neuroscience-informed and person-centered, focusing on harnessing clients' strengths and values to address their unique needs effectively. I am well-versed in and affirming of kink and polyamory/consensual non-monogamy relationship structures, striving to create an accepting and authentic space for each client as we navigate diverse emotions and situations together.
(937) 806-5734 View (937) 806-5734
Photo of Pamela Joy Miller, JD, MSW, LISW-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Pamela Joy Miller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, JD, MSW, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Cincinnati, OH 45220
Mrs. Miller is an international expert on child abuse, childhood trauma, attachment, and family violence. Her paper on severe child abuse as torture has been downloaded in 83 countries. She speaks to international audiences on how to treat complex trauma using innovative techniques that have been scientifically proven- including play-based, sensory, and experiential treatment (water, sand, nature), expressive treatments (art, music, animal, and yoga therapy,) and humanist therapy based on compassion for all people. She also provides expert witness and forensic services (for the purposes of court.)
Mrs. Miller is an international expert on child abuse, childhood trauma, attachment, and family violence. Her paper on severe child abuse as torture has been downloaded in 83 countries. She speaks to international audiences on how to treat complex trauma using innovative techniques that have been scientifically proven- including play-based, sensory, and experiential treatment (water, sand, nature), expressive treatments (art, music, animal, and yoga therapy,) and humanist therapy based on compassion for all people. She also provides expert witness and forensic services (for the purposes of court.)
(513) 848-3548 View (513) 848-3548
Photo of Daniel Mann, Pre-Licensed Professional
Daniel Mann
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
The ideal client is someone who is seeking to make tangible changes in their life, is open to self-reflection, and is willing to engage in the therapeutic process to gain insight, develop new skills, and build a more fulfilling and balanced life. This client may be going through relationship problems, low self-esteem issues, and behavioral/mental health struggles such as anxiety and depression. The client's goals may be to build healthier relationships, behavioral control, self-confidence, life-balance, and mental/emotional well-being. The client may want to achieve self-improvement, relief from emotional pain, and/or healing.
The ideal client is someone who is seeking to make tangible changes in their life, is open to self-reflection, and is willing to engage in the therapeutic process to gain insight, develop new skills, and build a more fulfilling and balanced life. This client may be going through relationship problems, low self-esteem issues, and behavioral/mental health struggles such as anxiety and depression. The client's goals may be to build healthier relationships, behavioral control, self-confidence, life-balance, and mental/emotional well-being. The client may want to achieve self-improvement, relief from emotional pain, and/or healing.
(937) 721-2412 View (937) 721-2412
Photo of Cassie Kingan, BA, MS, LPCC-S
Cassie Kingan
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor , BA, MS, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Sorry... NOT accepting new clients at this time! Welcome! I love being a therapist and assisting clients through anxiety, depression, PTSD, chronic illness/pain, career/education/life transitions, LGBTQIA+, neurodiversity, Partners of Addicts, peri/post-natal, peri/post menopause, parenting, relationships, spirituality, sexuality, & trauma. I see adults 18+ using trauma informed Somatic Therapy skills to cope with fight, flight, fawn, freeze, & pain responses. We will deepen our ability to ‘respond’ rather than ‘react’ while developing healthy and supportive communication and coping skills.
Sorry... NOT accepting new clients at this time! Welcome! I love being a therapist and assisting clients through anxiety, depression, PTSD, chronic illness/pain, career/education/life transitions, LGBTQIA+, neurodiversity, Partners of Addicts, peri/post-natal, peri/post menopause, parenting, relationships, spirituality, sexuality, & trauma. I see adults 18+ using trauma informed Somatic Therapy skills to cope with fight, flight, fawn, freeze, & pain responses. We will deepen our ability to ‘respond’ rather than ‘react’ while developing healthy and supportive communication and coping skills.
(440) 379-8807 View (440) 379-8807
Photo of Christie Rush, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christie Rush
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Online Only
Greetings! I am a 2020 graduate of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland Ohio with a Masters in Social Sciences Administration. I have my independent license through the Counselor Social Worker Marriage and Family Therapist Board (CSWMFT) in Ohio. I have experience in community mental health where I served as an intake worker diagnosing and treating individuals with many types of mental health diagnosis's, mainly severe and persistent mental illness.
Greetings! I am a 2020 graduate of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland Ohio with a Masters in Social Sciences Administration. I have my independent license through the Counselor Social Worker Marriage and Family Therapist Board (CSWMFT) in Ohio. I have experience in community mental health where I served as an intake worker diagnosing and treating individuals with many types of mental health diagnosis's, mainly severe and persistent mental illness.
(216) 999-5619 View (216) 999-5619
Photo of Mark K Evans, PsyD, Psychologist
Mark K Evans
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cincinnati, OH 45208
Is your child struggling with school? Children, adolescents and college-aged people often experience academic problems related to attention deficits, anxiety, obsessive/compulsive symptoms, depression and ongoing underachievement. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Structural Family Therapy help students and their families develop new patterns of relationship and change old, repetitive patterns that are not working. We can learn optimism (versus pessimism), persistence (versus procrastination) and engagement (versus avoidance). Neuropsychological evaluation helps to inform educational and treatment planning.
Is your child struggling with school? Children, adolescents and college-aged people often experience academic problems related to attention deficits, anxiety, obsessive/compulsive symptoms, depression and ongoing underachievement. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Structural Family Therapy help students and their families develop new patterns of relationship and change old, repetitive patterns that are not working. We can learn optimism (versus pessimism), persistence (versus procrastination) and engagement (versus avoidance). Neuropsychological evaluation helps to inform educational and treatment planning.
(513) 655-2642 View (513) 655-2642
Photo of Candace S Johnson, Psychologist
Candace S Johnson
Psychologist
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45231
Are you facing a significant life transition and in need of support? Are you feeling overwhelmed as a caregiver for a loved one? Have you noticed that spending time with others has become less enjoyable? Are you dealing with low self-esteem and harsh self-judgments? Have you experienced an unexpected loss and finding it hard to adjust. Do you need help with identifying coping skills to improve your daily functioning? If so, these are common reasons to seek psychotherapy. You are deserving of being the best version of yourself. I am here to create a safe space that will support personal growth and self-expression without judgment.
Are you facing a significant life transition and in need of support? Are you feeling overwhelmed as a caregiver for a loved one? Have you noticed that spending time with others has become less enjoyable? Are you dealing with low self-esteem and harsh self-judgments? Have you experienced an unexpected loss and finding it hard to adjust. Do you need help with identifying coping skills to improve your daily functioning? If so, these are common reasons to seek psychotherapy. You are deserving of being the best version of yourself. I am here to create a safe space that will support personal growth and self-expression without judgment.
(513) 334-1021 View (513) 334-1021
Photo of Kelsi Rooks, MA , LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kelsi Rooks
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA , LPC
Verified Verified
Oxford, OH 45056
Are you struggling to feel heard and validated? Are you having difficulty managing your emotions, finding purpose, or processing lived experiences? Are you in need of someone capable of providing guidance, active listening, empathetic understanding, & who can provide them with the tools to succeed? Are you open to gaining the knowledge and skills used in everyday life to help you grow and improve your overall well-being? I offer coping skills, resources, and knowledge to overcome any mental health challenges you may be facing. Instilling your self-confidence to succeed and walking this journey alongside you.
Are you struggling to feel heard and validated? Are you having difficulty managing your emotions, finding purpose, or processing lived experiences? Are you in need of someone capable of providing guidance, active listening, empathetic understanding, & who can provide them with the tools to succeed? Are you open to gaining the knowledge and skills used in everyday life to help you grow and improve your overall well-being? I offer coping skills, resources, and knowledge to overcome any mental health challenges you may be facing. Instilling your self-confidence to succeed and walking this journey alongside you.
(937) 828-5311 View (937) 828-5311
Photo of Mary Anne Mayle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mary Anne Mayle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am an LISW with experience in hospice, home health, community mental health, and insurance case management. I believe every person has a story to their life, and I believe every story has value. In times of stress we can have trouble seeing the value that we bring.
I am an LISW with experience in hospice, home health, community mental health, and insurance case management. I believe every person has a story to their life, and I believe every story has value. In times of stress we can have trouble seeing the value that we bring.
(216) 424-4446 View (216) 424-4446
Photo of Sophia Carey, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Sophia Carey
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45208
I love working with a wide array of populations- children 5 and older, teenagers, young adults, and Mothers working through trauma-related issues, anxiety, depression, ADHD, low self-esteem/self-worth, grief, relationship issues, perinatal and postpartum depression, gender dysphoria, and general difficult life adjustment issues.
I love working with a wide array of populations- children 5 and older, teenagers, young adults, and Mothers working through trauma-related issues, anxiety, depression, ADHD, low self-esteem/self-worth, grief, relationship issues, perinatal and postpartum depression, gender dysphoria, and general difficult life adjustment issues.
(513) 434-6982 View (513) 434-6982
Photo of Rachel Poe, LPCC
Rachel Poe
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hi! I'm a licensed professional clinical counselor licensed in the state of Ohio. I'm going on my sixth year as a practicing counselor & have experience working with individuals struggling with depression, different types of anxiety, PTSD and personality disorders.
Hi! I'm a licensed professional clinical counselor licensed in the state of Ohio. I'm going on my sixth year as a practicing counselor & have experience working with individuals struggling with depression, different types of anxiety, PTSD and personality disorders.
(513) 472-3846 View (513) 472-3846
Photo of Matthew Wick, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Matthew Wick
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Cincinnati, OH 45207
Matt Wick, LCSW Matt Wick is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Ohio who has been practicing since 2013. He has a Bachelors in Sociology from Ohio Northern University and a Masters in Social Work from Case Western Reserve University. Matt believes that everyone has the right to live in their best life and be given the best treatment to help them get there. In his spare time, Matt enjoys jigsaw puzzles, reading, hiking, traveling, swimming, watching movies, and television.
Matt Wick, LCSW Matt Wick is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Ohio who has been practicing since 2013. He has a Bachelors in Sociology from Ohio Northern University and a Masters in Social Work from Case Western Reserve University. Matt believes that everyone has the right to live in their best life and be given the best treatment to help them get there. In his spare time, Matt enjoys jigsaw puzzles, reading, hiking, traveling, swimming, watching movies, and television.
(513) 995-1702 View (513) 995-1702

See more therapy options for 45225

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 45225

< 10

Therapists in 45225 who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
88% Anxiety
88% Stress
75% Trauma and PTSD
75% Life Transitions
63% Family Conflict
50% ADHD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% Cigna and Evernorth
100% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 45225 see their clients

62% Online Only
38% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

86% Female
14% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 45225?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.