Therapists in 37931

Photo of Alex Thompson - Kindred Therapy LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, ADS, CSTS
Kindred Therapy LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, ADS, CSTS
Knoxville, TN 37931
Do you ever feel like you're drowning in emotions, barely able to catch your breath? Are you tired of not feeling heard or constantly struggling with thoughts like “I’m not good enough”? Maybe you’re feeling overwhelmed by daily life, lacking motivation, or disconnected from support. You might be dealing with anxiety, depression, PTSD, trauma, grief, or the everyday struggles of parenting—even if you haven’t been officially diagnosed. If this sounds like you, you’re not alone. These feelings are more common than ever—and they don’t make you weak or broken. Healing is possible and we want to help.
Do you ever feel like you're drowning in emotions, barely able to catch your breath? Are you tired of not feeling heard or constantly struggling with thoughts like “I’m not good enough”? Maybe you’re feeling overwhelmed by daily life, lacking motivation, or disconnected from support. You might be dealing with anxiety, depression, PTSD, trauma, grief, or the everyday struggles of parenting—even if you haven’t been officially diagnosed. If this sounds like you, you’re not alone. These feelings are more common than ever—and they don’t make you weak or broken. Healing is possible and we want to help.
(865) 375-8991 View (865) 375-8991
Photo of Heather Willard, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMFT
Heather Willard
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37931
You may be searching for a compassionate therapist in Knoxville who understands what you’re going through. You might be struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, relationship conflict, or parenting stress—and you’re ready for relief. Whether you’re an adult navigating life transitions or a parent seeking counseling for your child, you want to feel calmer, more confident, and connected. Together, we can build the tools and understanding you need to heal and move forward with purpose.
You may be searching for a compassionate therapist in Knoxville who understands what you’re going through. You might be struggling with anxiety, depression, grief, relationship conflict, or parenting stress—and you’re ready for relief. Whether you’re an adult navigating life transitions or a parent seeking counseling for your child, you want to feel calmer, more confident, and connected. Together, we can build the tools and understanding you need to heal and move forward with purpose.
(865) 674-9596 View (865) 674-9596
Photo of Cindy Montoya, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Cindy Montoya
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37931
One of the most beautiful things about being human is our ability to change. Yet, from observation and personal experience, I know how easy it is to feel stuck in destructive thoughts and behaviors. The good news is that you do not have to remain in a pit. Whether you struggle with addiction, anxiety, depression, grief, relational issues, trauma, etc., every individual is worthy of healing and peace. My favorite part about working with clients is walking alongside them as you continue to find the courage to live out this belief so that you can live a more hopeful, healthy, and whole life.
One of the most beautiful things about being human is our ability to change. Yet, from observation and personal experience, I know how easy it is to feel stuck in destructive thoughts and behaviors. The good news is that you do not have to remain in a pit. Whether you struggle with addiction, anxiety, depression, grief, relational issues, trauma, etc., every individual is worthy of healing and peace. My favorite part about working with clients is walking alongside them as you continue to find the courage to live out this belief so that you can live a more hopeful, healthy, and whole life.
(865) 674-1784 View (865) 674-1784
Photo of Richard Todd Johnston, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC
Richard Todd Johnston
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC
2 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37931
As a dedicated and compassionate Licensed Professional Counselor, I understand the challenges that arise when dealing with mental health struggles such as anger, depression, ADHD, PTSD, ODD, and anxiety. I have spent the last 14 years working with adolescents in a residential setting, My goal is to create a safe, non-judgmental space where you can express yourself, explore your emotions, and develop effective coping strategies. I believe that therapy is a collaborative process, and I tailor my approach to meet the unique needs of each individual.
As a dedicated and compassionate Licensed Professional Counselor, I understand the challenges that arise when dealing with mental health struggles such as anger, depression, ADHD, PTSD, ODD, and anxiety. I have spent the last 14 years working with adolescents in a residential setting, My goal is to create a safe, non-judgmental space where you can express yourself, explore your emotions, and develop effective coping strategies. I believe that therapy is a collaborative process, and I tailor my approach to meet the unique needs of each individual.
(865) 737-2963 View (865) 737-2963
Photo of Justin R Hall, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCMHSP
Justin R Hall
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCMHSP
3 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37931
Justin Hall is a licensed professional counselor with a mental health service provider designation and over a decade of experience in the helping professions. He is a Knoxville native, and he obtained his Master’s degree in Counseling from the University of Tennessee. Justin has been a successful psychotherapist in outpatient, hospital, residential and crisis settings; providing services to individuals and couples. He is experienced with and is absolutely driven in helping his clients address depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. Justin writes letters for emotional support animals.
Justin Hall is a licensed professional counselor with a mental health service provider designation and over a decade of experience in the helping professions. He is a Knoxville native, and he obtained his Master’s degree in Counseling from the University of Tennessee. Justin has been a successful psychotherapist in outpatient, hospital, residential and crisis settings; providing services to individuals and couples. He is experienced with and is absolutely driven in helping his clients address depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. Justin writes letters for emotional support animals.
(865) 326-3567 View (865) 326-3567
Photo of Shawn Yantis, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Shawn Yantis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37931
As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I'm committed to providing a safe and nonjudgmental environment for exploring pathways to psychological and emotional healing. Specializing in Dialectical and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, I believe everyone is worthy of love and happiness. I encourage people to see themselves through that same lens. My approach to therapy is person centered and is beneficial to those suffering from depression, anxiety, and trauma among other challenges. Ultimately, I'm humbled by the opportunity to help clients work through their adversities and grow into their best versions, leading to their best lives.
As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I'm committed to providing a safe and nonjudgmental environment for exploring pathways to psychological and emotional healing. Specializing in Dialectical and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, I believe everyone is worthy of love and happiness. I encourage people to see themselves through that same lens. My approach to therapy is person centered and is beneficial to those suffering from depression, anxiety, and trauma among other challenges. Ultimately, I'm humbled by the opportunity to help clients work through their adversities and grow into their best versions, leading to their best lives.
(865) 745-8970 View (865) 745-8970
Photo of Todd Davis, Drug & Alcohol Counselor, PhD, MFT, LADC
Todd Davis
Drug & Alcohol Counselor, PhD, MFT, LADC
Knoxville, TN 37931
Did you just reach your breaking point? Are you at risk for losing what you care about the most? I work with people experiencing anxiety, debilitating stress, relationship issues, and addictions. I help marriages survive problems like alcohol, drugs, infidelity, and other complicated issues. Problems can be destructive and overwhelming. Building a life you love in these conditions can seem impossible. But the right change, at the right time, in the right way makes a difference. Good counseling and coaching helps you win the fight of your life while trying to live it.
Did you just reach your breaking point? Are you at risk for losing what you care about the most? I work with people experiencing anxiety, debilitating stress, relationship issues, and addictions. I help marriages survive problems like alcohol, drugs, infidelity, and other complicated issues. Problems can be destructive and overwhelming. Building a life you love in these conditions can seem impossible. But the right change, at the right time, in the right way makes a difference. Good counseling and coaching helps you win the fight of your life while trying to live it.
(865) 384-4864 View (865) 384-4864
Photo of Amanda Gail Walton, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPC, MHSP-t
Amanda Gail Walton
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LPC, MHSP-t
Knoxville, TN 37931
Providing trauma-informed, evidence- based approaches, centered on creating a space where individuals feel safe, seen, and supported on their journey toward holistic thriving.
Providing trauma-informed, evidence- based approaches, centered on creating a space where individuals feel safe, seen, and supported on their journey toward holistic thriving.
(865) 328-7824 View (865) 328-7824
Photo of Cindy Fugatt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Cindy Fugatt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37931
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years experience working with children, adolescents, and adults. I enjoy practicing from a Christian platform but also respect and honor other religions/spirituality/and beliefs. I received a Masters of Social Work from the University of Alabama and a Bachelors in Psychology from the University of Tennessee. I do have an emotional support dog in my office, my Chocolate Lab, Jed :)
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years experience working with children, adolescents, and adults. I enjoy practicing from a Christian platform but also respect and honor other religions/spirituality/and beliefs. I received a Masters of Social Work from the University of Alabama and a Bachelors in Psychology from the University of Tennessee. I do have an emotional support dog in my office, my Chocolate Lab, Jed :)
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Photo of Summer Bryant, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Summer Bryant
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37931
As a therapist, my goal is to build a relationship with you so that I can walk alongside you in your journey to emotional health, in a safe and comfortable environment. While we cannot change difficult situations from the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve the challenges in your life. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a tough time or are ready to take a new direction in your life, I look forward to helping you achieve your goals!
As a therapist, my goal is to build a relationship with you so that I can walk alongside you in your journey to emotional health, in a safe and comfortable environment. While we cannot change difficult situations from the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve the challenges in your life. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a tough time or are ready to take a new direction in your life, I look forward to helping you achieve your goals!
(865) 229-1302 View (865) 229-1302
Photo of Kelsey Stout, Pre-Licensed Professional, A-LPC, MHSP
Kelsey Stout
Pre-Licensed Professional, A-LPC, MHSP
5 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37931
First of all, I want to congratulate you on taking a very courageous step in seeking out therapy. This is no small feat. Your story matters. You matter and you make sense. I specialize in walking alongside women navigating trauma, anxiety, motherhood, and seasons of transition. Whether you're high-achieving and burnt out, adjusting to new motherhood, or carrying unspoken stories—you're not too much, and you don’t have to carry it alone.
First of all, I want to congratulate you on taking a very courageous step in seeking out therapy. This is no small feat. Your story matters. You matter and you make sense. I specialize in walking alongside women navigating trauma, anxiety, motherhood, and seasons of transition. Whether you're high-achieving and burnt out, adjusting to new motherhood, or carrying unspoken stories—you're not too much, and you don’t have to carry it alone.
(865) 426-1077 View (865) 426-1077
Photo of Leigh Anne Goldstine - Built to Bond, Inc. Attachment Institute, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCMHSP, BCPC, CTS, CDVC, NCCE
Built to Bond, Inc. Attachment Institute
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCMHSP, BCPC, CTS, CDVC, NCCE
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37931
If you are broken and in need of healing from abuse and trauma and/or are trying to parent a "child forgotten" you have come to the right place. Suffering through the aftermath of sexual abuse, domestic violence, emotional abuse, foster care and extreme neglect often makes it nearly impossible to trust others, which is a necessary starting point for healthy relationship formation. Built to Bond, Inc. is designed to enable you to make sense of your trauma and begin the healing process from a Christian perspective through the "Treat PTSD with PTSD to get PTSD" treatment modality.
If you are broken and in need of healing from abuse and trauma and/or are trying to parent a "child forgotten" you have come to the right place. Suffering through the aftermath of sexual abuse, domestic violence, emotional abuse, foster care and extreme neglect often makes it nearly impossible to trust others, which is a necessary starting point for healthy relationship formation. Built to Bond, Inc. is designed to enable you to make sense of your trauma and begin the healing process from a Christian perspective through the "Treat PTSD with PTSD to get PTSD" treatment modality.
(865) 685-5895 View (865) 685-5895
Photo of Jeffrey Williams, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jeffrey Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Knoxville, TN 37931
Therapy is a great way to help you turn the pain you feel today into the strength you feel tomorrow. My philosophy is simple: “I help people become an expert on one subject, themselves”! We as human beings are very complex and often need help to navigate through stress, trauma, and life challenges. I witnessed firsthand how therapy can change the trajectory of one’s life. I am committed to working alongside my clients to help them find their inner healing and peace. I have worked with people from many cultures, genders, and backgrounds. Licensed in MI and TN.
Therapy is a great way to help you turn the pain you feel today into the strength you feel tomorrow. My philosophy is simple: “I help people become an expert on one subject, themselves”! We as human beings are very complex and often need help to navigate through stress, trauma, and life challenges. I witnessed firsthand how therapy can change the trajectory of one’s life. I am committed to working alongside my clients to help them find their inner healing and peace. I have worked with people from many cultures, genders, and backgrounds. Licensed in MI and TN.
(313) 474-8546 View (313) 474-8546
Photo of Tamra Snook - Tamra Snook LCSW Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tamra Snook LCSW Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
Do you desire a rich, full life but find that life's difficulties, personal emotional issues and unresolved past or present conflicts get in the way? There is hope! Everyone has the capacity for healing and to make the changes they desire. Inherent in each person is the ability to 'live life better' and understanding 'what makes you tick' is key. My desire is to work hand in hand with you...whether it requires working through the past, being mindful of the present or preparing for the future so that you can process and develop the life you desire.
Do you desire a rich, full life but find that life's difficulties, personal emotional issues and unresolved past or present conflicts get in the way? There is hope! Everyone has the capacity for healing and to make the changes they desire. Inherent in each person is the ability to 'live life better' and understanding 'what makes you tick' is key. My desire is to work hand in hand with you...whether it requires working through the past, being mindful of the present or preparing for the future so that you can process and develop the life you desire.
(865) 927-5744 View (865) 927-5744
Photo of Alexander Jose Velez, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC
Alexander Jose Velez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MHSP, NCC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
While my background is in trauma, I have broad clinical experience in helping people navigate a wide range of life's challenges. We all face obstacles, but how we experience and respond to them is unique. That’s why I believe therapy should be personalized, focusing on your individual needs and goals. I draw from a range of evidence-based approaches, including Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and EMDR, to create a treatment plan tailored to you. I’ve had the privilege of working with diverse groups and understand the importance of finding a treatment that best fits your own life experiences.
While my background is in trauma, I have broad clinical experience in helping people navigate a wide range of life's challenges. We all face obstacles, but how we experience and respond to them is unique. That’s why I believe therapy should be personalized, focusing on your individual needs and goals. I draw from a range of evidence-based approaches, including Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and EMDR, to create a treatment plan tailored to you. I’ve had the privilege of working with diverse groups and understand the importance of finding a treatment that best fits your own life experiences.
(865) 505-8113 View (865) 505-8113
Photo of Jaclyn Turpin - LifeStance Health, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC/MHS
LifeStance Health
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC/MHS
Serves Area
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
Making your first appointment can be one of the most challenging steps in your mental health journey. At LifeStance, we make it simple by offering both online and in-person therapy and psychiatry services, covered by major insurance plans.
(865) 205-6110 View (865) 205-6110
Photo of Cristina Moorehead - Insightful Journey™ Therapy Services, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Insightful Journey™ Therapy Services, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
You may be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or disconnected, even if things look “fine” on the outside. You might be struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, or patterns from the past that keep showing up in your thoughts, emotions, or relationships. You are looking for a safe, supportive space to understand yourself better, feel relief, and learn tools that actually help. Your goal is to feel more grounded, confident, and aligned with the life you want, and you are ready for things to change.
You may be feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or disconnected, even if things look “fine” on the outside. You might be struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, or patterns from the past that keep showing up in your thoughts, emotions, or relationships. You are looking for a safe, supportive space to understand yourself better, feel relief, and learn tools that actually help. Your goal is to feel more grounded, confident, and aligned with the life you want, and you are ready for things to change.
(865) 518-7864 View (865) 518-7864
Photo of Carol Lucas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
Carol Lucas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Carol uses a compassionate, non-judgmental approach to empower clients to deal with whatever they are facing, such as depression, anxiety, trauma, stress, substance abuse, life changes, grief, loss, or executive skills deficits. Carol has a passion for seeing clients grow in self-awareness and understanding as they collaboratively set goals to practice managing thoughts, feelings, and reactions for life improvement. Primary modalities utilized include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Exposure Therapy, and Mindfulness.
Carol uses a compassionate, non-judgmental approach to empower clients to deal with whatever they are facing, such as depression, anxiety, trauma, stress, substance abuse, life changes, grief, loss, or executive skills deficits. Carol has a passion for seeing clients grow in self-awareness and understanding as they collaboratively set goals to practice managing thoughts, feelings, and reactions for life improvement. Primary modalities utilized include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Exposure Therapy, and Mindfulness.
(865) 685-8834 View (865) 685-8834
Photo of Dana Vince, Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
Dana Vince
Counselor, MA, LPC, MHSP
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
I lead a group of specialists that help couples pull out of negative patterns of conflict and distress so they can become closer and more connected to one another. We understand that our need for secure connection is wired in us and when we can't feel connected in our most important relationships, it causes great distress. If it seems you are arguing over petty things, or feel distant and withdrawn, if your sexual connection isn't what it used to be or you are feeling like roommates, we can help create the safety needed to explore the underlying issues at the core so you can experience a loving, secure bond with one another.
I lead a group of specialists that help couples pull out of negative patterns of conflict and distress so they can become closer and more connected to one another. We understand that our need for secure connection is wired in us and when we can't feel connected in our most important relationships, it causes great distress. If it seems you are arguing over petty things, or feel distant and withdrawn, if your sexual connection isn't what it used to be or you are feeling like roommates, we can help create the safety needed to explore the underlying issues at the core so you can experience a loving, secure bond with one another.
(865) 264-3059 View (865) 264-3059
Photo of Jenna Sutton, Pre-Licensed Professional
Jenna Sutton
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I completely understand that taking the first step toward therapy can feel daunting, especially when life feels busy, stressful, or uncertain. I’m here to create a supportive, nonjudgmental space where you feel safe to explore what’s going on for you and focus on what matters most to you. I take a person-centered approach and often use Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to help you build flexibility with thoughts and emotions while moving toward your core values. Together, we’ll work on skills and insight to make life feel more manageable and meaningful. Sessions are collaborative, down-to-earth, and judgment-free.
I completely understand that taking the first step toward therapy can feel daunting, especially when life feels busy, stressful, or uncertain. I’m here to create a supportive, nonjudgmental space where you feel safe to explore what’s going on for you and focus on what matters most to you. I take a person-centered approach and often use Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to help you build flexibility with thoughts and emotions while moving toward your core values. Together, we’ll work on skills and insight to make life feel more manageable and meaningful. Sessions are collaborative, down-to-earth, and judgment-free.
(865) 832-7510 View (865) 832-7510

See more therapy options for 37931

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 37931

40+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in 37931 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
76% Trauma and PTSD
68% Coping Skills
68% Life Transitions
66% Grief
63% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Cigna and Evernorth
81% Aetna
61% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in 37931 see their clients

80% In Person and Online
20% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
26% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 37931?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.