Photo of John Michael Duffey, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
John Michael Duffey
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAcc, ABD, DMHA, NCC, LPC, CCBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phenix City, AL 36867
PTSD doesn't develop only in those people who have experienced combat. You need a counselor who is aware of the many facets and forms of trauma and how they shape the person you are and how you experience the symptoms of PTSD. Veterans often have difficulty in working with therapists because many therapists have never experienced the military culture and the chaotic world of warfare. Having a therapist who is also a combat veteran enhances client trust, progress, and the working alliance. Having a counselor who is also aware of the trauma of Domestic Violence enhances your progress. I am very sensitive to the needs of PTSD people.
PTSD doesn't develop only in those people who have experienced combat. You need a counselor who is aware of the many facets and forms of trauma and how they shape the person you are and how you experience the symptoms of PTSD. Veterans often have difficulty in working with therapists because many therapists have never experienced the military culture and the chaotic world of warfare. Having a therapist who is also a combat veteran enhances client trust, progress, and the working alliance. Having a counselor who is also aware of the trauma of Domestic Violence enhances your progress. I am very sensitive to the needs of PTSD people.
(334) 408-4689 View (334) 408-4689
Photo of Lori Benedict, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
Lori Benedict
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ICAADC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phenix City, AL 36867
In the book of Psalms, David declared, "Yes, my soul, find rest in God; my hope comes from him. Truly he is my rock and my salvation; he is my fortress, I will not be shaken." There are times, however, when we DO feel shaken, and that is okay. Perhaps you are wanting to take a step toward a better understanding of yourself, or you've decided to embark on your recovery journey, or maybe grief has overwhelmed you, or you aren't exactly sure what you need, but you know with certainty that something has to change. Regardless of what nudged you to look into therapy, I am grateful that you listened and are taking that vital first step.
In the book of Psalms, David declared, "Yes, my soul, find rest in God; my hope comes from him. Truly he is my rock and my salvation; he is my fortress, I will not be shaken." There are times, however, when we DO feel shaken, and that is okay. Perhaps you are wanting to take a step toward a better understanding of yourself, or you've decided to embark on your recovery journey, or maybe grief has overwhelmed you, or you aren't exactly sure what you need, but you know with certainty that something has to change. Regardless of what nudged you to look into therapy, I am grateful that you listened and are taking that vital first step.
(334) 402-4195 View (334) 402-4195
Photo of War Room Christian Counseling & Coaching, Counselor in 36867, AL
War Room Christian Counseling & Coaching
Counselor, NCC, ALC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phenix City, AL 36867
We see individuals who seek guidance grounded in Christian morals to address a range of deeply personal challenges. Our clients grapple with issues such as anxiety, depression, negative body image, trauma/PTSD, self-esteem struggles, substance use disorders, grief and loss, relationship distress, and difficult life transitions. Their needs are diverse, but at the core, they yearn for a compassionate ally who will honor their unique stories and empower them throughout their healing journey. Our clients desire not just temporary relief from their struggles but also the enduring strength to confront future challenges.
We see individuals who seek guidance grounded in Christian morals to address a range of deeply personal challenges. Our clients grapple with issues such as anxiety, depression, negative body image, trauma/PTSD, self-esteem struggles, substance use disorders, grief and loss, relationship distress, and difficult life transitions. Their needs are diverse, but at the core, they yearn for a compassionate ally who will honor their unique stories and empower them throughout their healing journey. Our clients desire not just temporary relief from their struggles but also the enduring strength to confront future challenges.
(334) 421-5923 View (334) 421-5923
Photo of Timothy Birt, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
Timothy Birt
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LMFT, CCMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
Therapy works! Begin the healing process to transform yourself and your relationships. Help your children thrive. Find new purpose together. Working together we can help you on your road to healing, recovery, and happiness. As a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I work with couples seeking counseling, parents wanting help with their children and adolescents, and individuals seeking healing from grief, depression, anxiety, addiction, or abuse. In therapy, we work together with your family members to heal, grow, and progress. Therapy works as you open yourself to changes in thought, feeling, and behavior.
Therapy works! Begin the healing process to transform yourself and your relationships. Help your children thrive. Find new purpose together. Working together we can help you on your road to healing, recovery, and happiness. As a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, I work with couples seeking counseling, parents wanting help with their children and adolescents, and individuals seeking healing from grief, depression, anxiety, addiction, or abuse. In therapy, we work together with your family members to heal, grow, and progress. Therapy works as you open yourself to changes in thought, feeling, and behavior.
(706) 417-9357 View (706) 417-9357
Photo of Simeone T Barnes, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
Simeone T Barnes
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MAC
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
Not accepting new clients
Are you looking for change, or are you looking for transformation? If you are looking for transformation then I am the therapist for you. I am an empathetic, non-judgmental, experienced professional that believes that clients possess the innate wisdom to discover the answers that they seek for their lives. In life we are tasked to face situations that have the power to shake us to our core, and propel us to question the things that we once held true.
Are you looking for change, or are you looking for transformation? If you are looking for transformation then I am the therapist for you. I am an empathetic, non-judgmental, experienced professional that believes that clients possess the innate wisdom to discover the answers that they seek for their lives. In life we are tasked to face situations that have the power to shake us to our core, and propel us to question the things that we once held true.
(678) 883-7349 View (678) 883-7349
Photo of Serenity Now Counseling Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
Serenity Now Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
I have extensive history in treating those with various mood disorders, anxiety, addiction and grief. I believe that some times life can become overwhelming with daily life stress, lack of coping skills or support and this can have a negative impact on a person's overall wellness. I like to help clients find balance and work on necessary concerns. I like to work with the client to come up with attainable goals and set the focus on making changes that better their overall well being.
I have extensive history in treating those with various mood disorders, anxiety, addiction and grief. I believe that some times life can become overwhelming with daily life stress, lack of coping skills or support and this can have a negative impact on a person's overall wellness. I like to help clients find balance and work on necessary concerns. I like to work with the client to come up with attainable goals and set the focus on making changes that better their overall well being.
(706) 309-6174 View (706) 309-6174
Photo of Janna O'Loughlin, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
Janna O'Loughlin, LPC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
I provide counseling services to children, adolescents, adults, and families. At your first appointment, we will begin working together to set goals and create a plan for therapy. Sessions will be based on your therapy goals and will involve learning and practicing new skills to manage problems and improve overall health and well being. I work with clients to improve their ability to manage stress, problem solve, cope with distress, and to create a life they enjoy living.
I provide counseling services to children, adolescents, adults, and families. At your first appointment, we will begin working together to set goals and create a plan for therapy. Sessions will be based on your therapy goals and will involve learning and practicing new skills to manage problems and improve overall health and well being. I work with clients to improve their ability to manage stress, problem solve, cope with distress, and to create a life they enjoy living.
(706) 717-6457 View (706) 717-6457
Photo of Colvin Jeffrey Brogdon, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
Colvin Jeffrey Brogdon
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC, CCCE
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phenix City, AL 36867
Not accepting new clients
Life has many challenges. It's difficult to move forward if you're paralyzed by hurts and traumatic events of the past. Even present day situations can create feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. "What's the use?!" "I'll never get better!" "Why am I even here?" If those are some of your questions, give me a call. Let's talk it out together.
Life has many challenges. It's difficult to move forward if you're paralyzed by hurts and traumatic events of the past. Even present day situations can create feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. "What's the use?!" "I'll never get better!" "Why am I even here?" If those are some of your questions, give me a call. Let's talk it out together.
(706) 406-4532 View (706) 406-4532
Photo of Lisa O McDaniel, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
Lisa O McDaniel
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC-S, NCC, CDBT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phenix City, AL 36867
End Stigma Reach Out! You're searching for hope, during this difficult time in your life. You're feeling confused about the REAL YOU. You desire change in your life. You often find yourself in a rocky relationship. You feel lost and unsure about where your life is, where you will go and who will be with you. You're ready to unleash your pain and suffering. You can leave all the stress, anger ,fear, and pain on the counseling space floor. So what if you cry or scream or laugh. You're human after all. You're not a robot! Therapy is a gift you deserve.
End Stigma Reach Out! You're searching for hope, during this difficult time in your life. You're feeling confused about the REAL YOU. You desire change in your life. You often find yourself in a rocky relationship. You feel lost and unsure about where your life is, where you will go and who will be with you. You're ready to unleash your pain and suffering. You can leave all the stress, anger ,fear, and pain on the counseling space floor. So what if you cry or scream or laugh. You're human after all. You're not a robot! Therapy is a gift you deserve.
(334) 258-8603 View (334) 258-8603
Photo of The PEACH Pit, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 36867, AL
The PEACH Pit
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
Tired of talk therapy? We do little talking in sessions, whether with Equine-assisted Psychotherapy or Accelerated Resolution Therapy. We do "work" therapy. With EAP, you'll participate in activities outdoors on the ground with our team: a licensed mental health professional, an equine specialist and horses. When you trust the horse to be part of your counseling team, you feel more empowered to make changes. Horses are reflective and intuitive, and don't judge. ART uses rapid eye movement to help you reprogram how traumatic memories affect you. Keep the memory; lose the pain. Come "experience" therapy with us.
Tired of talk therapy? We do little talking in sessions, whether with Equine-assisted Psychotherapy or Accelerated Resolution Therapy. We do "work" therapy. With EAP, you'll participate in activities outdoors on the ground with our team: a licensed mental health professional, an equine specialist and horses. When you trust the horse to be part of your counseling team, you feel more empowered to make changes. Horses are reflective and intuitive, and don't judge. ART uses rapid eye movement to help you reprogram how traumatic memories affect you. Keep the memory; lose the pain. Come "experience" therapy with us.
(478) 449-0578 View (478) 449-0578
Photo of Stephanie Brookins, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
Stephanie Brookins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phenix City, AL 36867
Waitlist for new clients
I'm grateful to have been working with clients toward healing, growth and connection since 2003. It's exciting to be a part of that journey and I admire the courage and commitment that it takes to make change happen. My approach to therapy is to help people identify their goals and the path they'd like to take towards meeting them. I see the therapist role as an active one, providing an honest and direct perspective while honoring each person as their own best expert on themselves and their lives. I see therapists and clients as partners in recovery.
I'm grateful to have been working with clients toward healing, growth and connection since 2003. It's exciting to be a part of that journey and I admire the courage and commitment that it takes to make change happen. My approach to therapy is to help people identify their goals and the path they'd like to take towards meeting them. I see the therapist role as an active one, providing an honest and direct perspective while honoring each person as their own best expert on themselves and their lives. I see therapists and clients as partners in recovery.
(706) 471-1372 View (706) 471-1372
Photo of Amy Buchanan, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
Amy Buchanan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CPCS
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
I work with clients toward resolution and healing from the impacts of traumatic experiences, grief and loss using a trauma-informed approach.
I work with clients toward resolution and healing from the impacts of traumatic experiences, grief and loss using a trauma-informed approach.
(706) 480-8771 View (706) 480-8771
Photo of Amanda Hill Counseling Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
Amanda Hill Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
Not accepting new clients
Hey! I am Amanda. I am a licensed professional counselor with over 8 years of experience working as a substance abuse and mental health counselor. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting problems, career challenges, bi-polar disorder, substance abuse, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, and ADHD. I have helped many people who have experienced physical abuse, sexual abuse, and/or emotional abuse, as well as trauma-related symptomology.
Hey! I am Amanda. I am a licensed professional counselor with over 8 years of experience working as a substance abuse and mental health counselor. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting problems, career challenges, bi-polar disorder, substance abuse, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, and ADHD. I have helped many people who have experienced physical abuse, sexual abuse, and/or emotional abuse, as well as trauma-related symptomology.
(706) 203-4169 View (706) 203-4169
Photo of Dr. Cheryl Sapp, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
Dr. Cheryl Sapp
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MAC, NCC, CPCS, DBS
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
I have over 30 years in the field of counseling specializing in addiction and co-occurring disorders. I also have vast experience with the Military ASAP program as well with other private treatment facilities. I earned my Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in Psychology and Counseling from Troy University. I hold the credentials of Licensed Professional Counselor, National Certified Counselor, Certified Professional Counselor Supervisor and Certified Addiction Counselor II.
I have over 30 years in the field of counseling specializing in addiction and co-occurring disorders. I also have vast experience with the Military ASAP program as well with other private treatment facilities. I earned my Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in Psychology and Counseling from Troy University. I hold the credentials of Licensed Professional Counselor, National Certified Counselor, Certified Professional Counselor Supervisor and Certified Addiction Counselor II.
(706) 685-6190 View (706) 685-6190
Photo of Discovery Connections, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
Discovery Connections
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
Sarah is ardent about taking into account each person’s individual situation, background, and experiences to help inform their path to healing and recovery. She is passionate about providing trauma informed services, so that individuals no longer feel defined and confined by their past experiences, circumstances, or situations, but can walk in freedom and wholeness.
Sarah is ardent about taking into account each person’s individual situation, background, and experiences to help inform their path to healing and recovery. She is passionate about providing trauma informed services, so that individuals no longer feel defined and confined by their past experiences, circumstances, or situations, but can walk in freedom and wholeness.
(678) 675-0838 View (678) 675-0838
Photo of John T Doheny III, Licensed Professional Counselor in 36867, AL
John T Doheny III
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CPCS, MAC
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
Waitlist for new clients
The world is a bit chaotic in 2023! The stress of school, family, relationships, career, finances, and life in general can become overwhelming. Political chaos, religious debate, and what has evolved into an extremely judgmental, shame and blame oriented approach to differences, leaves many people feeling bewildered and unsure of themselves. Sadly, guilt and self-doubt have become much too commonplace. For many, the stress can cause or worsen already existing depression, anxiety, PTSD, and other mental health issues. Alcohol and/or other drug use may begin or become worse, leading to significant self-destructive behavior.
The world is a bit chaotic in 2023! The stress of school, family, relationships, career, finances, and life in general can become overwhelming. Political chaos, religious debate, and what has evolved into an extremely judgmental, shame and blame oriented approach to differences, leaves many people feeling bewildered and unsure of themselves. Sadly, guilt and self-doubt have become much too commonplace. For many, the stress can cause or worsen already existing depression, anxiety, PTSD, and other mental health issues. Alcohol and/or other drug use may begin or become worse, leading to significant self-destructive behavior.
(706) 222-3841 View (706) 222-3841
Photo of Gregory Roy Smith Sr, LPC Intern in 36867, AL
Gregory Roy Smith Sr
LPC Intern, ALC, BCPC
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
I am a licensed therapist that specializes in treating individuals who have experienced early childhood adversities resulting in complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociative identity disorder (DID), and other related problems including depression, addictions, and anxiety. My passion for this field developed early on in my career as a missionary pastor living and ministering to US Military stationed in Germany for nearly 20 year. I saw the immense long term impact that early childhood trauma can have on a person's mental health and well-being.
I am a licensed therapist that specializes in treating individuals who have experienced early childhood adversities resulting in complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), dissociative identity disorder (DID), and other related problems including depression, addictions, and anxiety. My passion for this field developed early on in my career as a missionary pastor living and ministering to US Military stationed in Germany for nearly 20 year. I saw the immense long term impact that early childhood trauma can have on a person's mental health and well-being.
(334) 986-3026 View (334) 986-3026
Photo of TAG Counseling And Consulting Services , Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 36867, AL
TAG Counseling And Consulting Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
Here at TAG, we understand that you want and need a therapist who is experienced in assisting clients with dealing with trauma, depression, grief and loss, maintaining relationships, or just dealing with the stressors of life. You are not alone and we want to work with you to build healthy coping skills to improve your quality of life. Reach out to our team at TAG Counseling & Consulting and we will help you decide which team member is best for you and your needs.
Here at TAG, we understand that you want and need a therapist who is experienced in assisting clients with dealing with trauma, depression, grief and loss, maintaining relationships, or just dealing with the stressors of life. You are not alone and we want to work with you to build healthy coping skills to improve your quality of life. Reach out to our team at TAG Counseling & Consulting and we will help you decide which team member is best for you and your needs.
(334) 986-3097 View (334) 986-3097
Photo of Archie Schnuelle, Marriage & Family Therapist in 36867, AL
Archie Schnuelle
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MPA, MAC, EMDR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Phenix City, AL 36867
Thank you for the opportunity for considering me to work with you. My background is unique and varied which provides a broad range of knowledge, and experiences from having served in the U.S. Army, worked in Law Enforcement for over twenty-five years, worked on a church staff and as Therapist. I find it rewarding to help individuals realize their potential, see hope in a better future and becoming their best selves in life. We should not be defined by the negative beliefs we hold about ourselves but in the positive changes we can make. I have worked with individuals, couples, families, groups, adults, and adolescents.
Thank you for the opportunity for considering me to work with you. My background is unique and varied which provides a broad range of knowledge, and experiences from having served in the U.S. Army, worked in Law Enforcement for over twenty-five years, worked on a church staff and as Therapist. I find it rewarding to help individuals realize their potential, see hope in a better future and becoming their best selves in life. We should not be defined by the negative beliefs we hold about ourselves but in the positive changes we can make. I have worked with individuals, couples, families, groups, adults, and adolescents.
(334) 275-0608 View (334) 275-0608
Photo of Tiffany Gibson, Counselor in 36867, AL
Tiffany Gibson
Counselor, Ed S, ALC, NCC
Verified Verified
Phenix City, AL 36867
No two people are the same. That’s why the approach that I take in my services is highly-personalized and refined to fit the exact needs of my clients. I will help you recognize your underlying problems, fully realize your strengths and help you adjust to a new, healthier lifestyle. Book your appointment at www.thejewelprofessor.com.
No two people are the same. That’s why the approach that I take in my services is highly-personalized and refined to fit the exact needs of my clients. I will help you recognize your underlying problems, fully realize your strengths and help you adjust to a new, healthier lifestyle. Book your appointment at www.thejewelprofessor.com.
(334) 367-4707 View (334) 367-4707

See more therapy options for 36867

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 36867

20+

Average cost per session

$100

Therapists in 36867 who prioritize treating:

82% Relationship Issues
82% Depression
82% Anxiety
82% Trauma and PTSD
77% Self Esteem
68% Coping Skills
64% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% BlueCross and BlueShield
61% TRICARE
50% Aetna

How Therapists in 36867 see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

73% Female
27% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 36867?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.