Therapists in 36502

Photo of Cordia Coleman Lee, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Cordia Coleman Lee
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Atmore, AL 36502
Life presents us with numerous challenges that we must navigate daily to progress. I specialize in guiding adolescents, and adults through these obstacles, aiding in the development of coping mechanisms to tackle a wide array of issues. These include feelings of low self-esteem, anxiety, sadness, mood disorders, addiction, grief, severe mental disease, trauma, family conflict, and existential uncertainty. By engaging in open discussions, significant introspection, and a thorough assessment of difficulties, I enable individuals to develop techniques that free them from ingrained and detrimental self-perceptions, allowing for growth.
Life presents us with numerous challenges that we must navigate daily to progress. I specialize in guiding adolescents, and adults through these obstacles, aiding in the development of coping mechanisms to tackle a wide array of issues. These include feelings of low self-esteem, anxiety, sadness, mood disorders, addiction, grief, severe mental disease, trauma, family conflict, and existential uncertainty. By engaging in open discussions, significant introspection, and a thorough assessment of difficulties, I enable individuals to develop techniques that free them from ingrained and detrimental self-perceptions, allowing for growth.
(251) 620-5266 View (251) 620-5266
Photo of Ann Marie Nowak, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Ann Marie Nowak
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Atmore, AL 36502
Now accepting Saturday and Sunday morning appointments. Are you struggling with life's challenges? Feeling disconnected from the life you want to live? Do you find yourself procrastinating and feeling anxious? Now more than ever people of all ages are feeling the stress of the demands put on our lives in this fast pace world, struggling to manage anxiety, family demands, relationships, careers and their lives in general. Are you spending more time taking care of the needs of others? I believe these challenges can be managed to provide a better life for yourself and the loved ones in your family.
Now accepting Saturday and Sunday morning appointments. Are you struggling with life's challenges? Feeling disconnected from the life you want to live? Do you find yourself procrastinating and feeling anxious? Now more than ever people of all ages are feeling the stress of the demands put on our lives in this fast pace world, struggling to manage anxiety, family demands, relationships, careers and their lives in general. Are you spending more time taking care of the needs of others? I believe these challenges can be managed to provide a better life for yourself and the loved ones in your family.
(251) 322-7691 View (251) 322-7691
Photo of Leilani D Mason - Healthy Minds Consulting LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW-S, EMDR, CIT
Healthy Minds Consulting LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW-S, EMDR, CIT
3 Endorsed
Atmore, AL 36502
Welcome to Healthy Minds Consulting LLC in Atmore, Alabama. We provide in-person and secure virtual therapy for children, adults, couples, and families facing anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, and life transitions. Using evidence-based care—including EMDR, trauma-informed therapy, and nervous system regulation—we tailor treatment to you. Faith integration is available upon request. We also offer collaborative, conservative medication management. Our focus is whole-person healing, lasting growth, and compassionate support every step of the way.
Welcome to Healthy Minds Consulting LLC in Atmore, Alabama. We provide in-person and secure virtual therapy for children, adults, couples, and families facing anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, and life transitions. Using evidence-based care—including EMDR, trauma-informed therapy, and nervous system regulation—we tailor treatment to you. Faith integration is available upon request. We also offer collaborative, conservative medication management. Our focus is whole-person healing, lasting growth, and compassionate support every step of the way.
(251) 333-2777 View (251) 333-2777
Photo of Ann Marie Nowak, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Ann Marie Nowak
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Atmore, AL 36502
Thank you for reaching out. That first step can be difficult. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who entered the field late in life. I decided to return to school at age 50 to complete my Master's of Counseling degree. I have been able to take my vast life experiences (mistakes and all!) to help others who may be struggling. I come from a place of total non-judgment and focus on listening to the client and what their needs are. I am an animal lover, spend any leisure time gardening or crafting. If you are struggling with the many challenges this life brings to us, I am the therapist for you.
Thank you for reaching out. That first step can be difficult. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who entered the field late in life. I decided to return to school at age 50 to complete my Master's of Counseling degree. I have been able to take my vast life experiences (mistakes and all!) to help others who may be struggling. I come from a place of total non-judgment and focus on listening to the client and what their needs are. I am an animal lover, spend any leisure time gardening or crafting. If you are struggling with the many challenges this life brings to us, I am the therapist for you.
(725) 999-1967 View (725) 999-1967
Photo of Brandi Ford, Counselor, MS, LPC
Brandi Ford
Counselor, MS, LPC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
As a therapist I desire to help people move from a life of pain and suffering to a life that is happy, healthy and fulfilling. Helping people increase their self-awareness, gain insight into their behaviors, thoughts, feelings and responses; and receiving the tools to help them face and move through life effectively. As a therapist I strive to enhance my clients flexibility in regards to making adjustments as they move through life. After all, the only way out of a challenge is to get through it.
As a therapist I desire to help people move from a life of pain and suffering to a life that is happy, healthy and fulfilling. Helping people increase their self-awareness, gain insight into their behaviors, thoughts, feelings and responses; and receiving the tools to help them face and move through life effectively. As a therapist I strive to enhance my clients flexibility in regards to making adjustments as they move through life. After all, the only way out of a challenge is to get through it.
(251) 572-7273 View (251) 572-7273
Photo of Hatsie Norville Lamb, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Hatsie Norville Lamb
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Serves Area
I am Hatsie Lamb, a licensed Professional Counselor and Supervising Counselor. I began working in the mental health field as the Executive Director of the Mental Health Association of Mobile, Alabama. I was an educator and advocate for persons with mental health issues for ten years. During that time, I went back to school and got my Master's degree in counseling and I have been a counselor for 24 years. I've worked in mental health centers, employee assistance programs, child protective services and private practice settings. I currently work as an online counselor for BetterHelp and RULA.
I am Hatsie Lamb, a licensed Professional Counselor and Supervising Counselor. I began working in the mental health field as the Executive Director of the Mental Health Association of Mobile, Alabama. I was an educator and advocate for persons with mental health issues for ten years. During that time, I went back to school and got my Master's degree in counseling and I have been a counselor for 24 years. I've worked in mental health centers, employee assistance programs, child protective services and private practice settings. I currently work as an online counselor for BetterHelp and RULA.
(251) 655-2195 View (251) 655-2195
Photo of Courtney Benjamin - Benjamin Counseling and Consulting, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S, PMH-C
Benjamin Counseling and Consulting, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC-S, PMH-C
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
Unhappy with today's chapter of your story? While each chapter is significant, and plays a crucial role in your story, today's chapter doesn't have to BE your story. We provide a compassionate, supportive, non-judgmental atmosphere that supports clarity and intentionality in journeying to the next chapter in your story. Growth is often accompanied by moments of discomfort, and discomfort can feel scary. Allow us to navigate those moments with you, supporting you in pursuit of your goals. Reach out today and let us help you turn the page with intentionality...
Unhappy with today's chapter of your story? While each chapter is significant, and plays a crucial role in your story, today's chapter doesn't have to BE your story. We provide a compassionate, supportive, non-judgmental atmosphere that supports clarity and intentionality in journeying to the next chapter in your story. Growth is often accompanied by moments of discomfort, and discomfort can feel scary. Allow us to navigate those moments with you, supporting you in pursuit of your goals. Reach out today and let us help you turn the page with intentionality...
(205) 538-0244 View (205) 538-0244
Photo of Nicole Jones, Licensed Professional Counselor, MACC, LPC
Nicole Jones
Licensed Professional Counselor, MACC, LPC
Online Only
I work with those who are experiencing anxiety, depression, struggling with perfectionism, low self-esteem/self-worth, emotional control and other forms of humanness that can hinder your daily functioning. I take joy in working with those who are wanting to live life to their fullest. Living in the past can hinder you from enjoying the present and having the tools to conquer those obstacles are what you need!
I work with those who are experiencing anxiety, depression, struggling with perfectionism, low self-esteem/self-worth, emotional control and other forms of humanness that can hinder your daily functioning. I take joy in working with those who are wanting to live life to their fullest. Living in the past can hinder you from enjoying the present and having the tools to conquer those obstacles are what you need!
(251) 336-5671 View (251) 336-5671
Photo of Amanda Copeland, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
Amanda Copeland
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Click on my website to schedule with me. Life is so unpredictable. From daily life stress... to the big stuff... All of us have a story. Maybe you are struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, difficult relationships, or severe mental illness. Maybe you are just overwhelmed by daily stress or a big life event. My goal is to provide a safe place to address these issues, identify solutions and coping skills and provide you the tools that you can utilize to empower yourself.
Click on my website to schedule with me. Life is so unpredictable. From daily life stress... to the big stuff... All of us have a story. Maybe you are struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, difficult relationships, or severe mental illness. Maybe you are just overwhelmed by daily stress or a big life event. My goal is to provide a safe place to address these issues, identify solutions and coping skills and provide you the tools that you can utilize to empower yourself.
(251) 230-7780 x800 View (251) 230-7780 x800

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of John Jay Thurman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
John Jay Thurman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Serves Area
Are your thoughts keeping you stuck? Do anxiety and depression keep you from moving forward? I am here to help you on your journey to mental well-being. I believe the therapeutic relationship we establish is an important one. I want to help guide you in processing your emotions while developing healthy coping skills to help you live your best life. With over 15 years of experience in working with individuals, couples and groups, I believe most of us will struggle with some sort of mental health concern at some point in our lives whether that is anxiety, depression, grief, adjustment disorders, addiction issues or trauma.
Are your thoughts keeping you stuck? Do anxiety and depression keep you from moving forward? I am here to help you on your journey to mental well-being. I believe the therapeutic relationship we establish is an important one. I want to help guide you in processing your emotions while developing healthy coping skills to help you live your best life. With over 15 years of experience in working with individuals, couples and groups, I believe most of us will struggle with some sort of mental health concern at some point in our lives whether that is anxiety, depression, grief, adjustment disorders, addiction issues or trauma.
(251) 313-5935 View (251) 313-5935
Photo of Anna Meherg, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFTA
Anna Meherg
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LMFTA
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi, I'm Anna, and I am a Marriage and Family Therapist Associate. Life's journey can be challenging, especially when navigating grief, family issues, relational issues, and life transitions. I'm here to walk alongside you and offer a place of support, empathy, and collaboration as we work together towards identifying your goals and taking the necessary steps for growth, healing, and change.
Hi, I'm Anna, and I am a Marriage and Family Therapist Associate. Life's journey can be challenging, especially when navigating grief, family issues, relational issues, and life transitions. I'm here to walk alongside you and offer a place of support, empathy, and collaboration as we work together towards identifying your goals and taking the necessary steps for growth, healing, and change.
(251) 451-1105 View (251) 451-1105
Photo of Veronica Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ADC, ICADC, ACGC-II
Veronica Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ADC, ICADC, ACGC-II
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Welcome to LPC Services ~ Your Behavioral Health Specialist. I have over 15 years of experience working with adolescence, adults, and families who struggle with chemical/gambling addictions, mood disorders, risky behaviors, parenting concerns, and relationship matters. I provide individual, couples, & group counseling sessions Monday-Friday from 8:00am-6:00pm. Services can also be provided to help you fulfill the counseling mandates for your DHR matters, city/state/federal probation requirements, and employment/EAP requirements.
Welcome to LPC Services ~ Your Behavioral Health Specialist. I have over 15 years of experience working with adolescence, adults, and families who struggle with chemical/gambling addictions, mood disorders, risky behaviors, parenting concerns, and relationship matters. I provide individual, couples, & group counseling sessions Monday-Friday from 8:00am-6:00pm. Services can also be provided to help you fulfill the counseling mandates for your DHR matters, city/state/federal probation requirements, and employment/EAP requirements.
(251) 272-3722 View (251) 272-3722
Photo of Dr. Megan M Stodard, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Megan M Stodard
Psychologist, PhD
Serves Area
Experience wellness focused psychology enhanced by mindful movement and nature with Dr. Stodard at Harbor Wellness. After over ten years working in traditional mental health care settings, I opened Harbor Wellness in 2019 as a unique space to offer highly personalized services focused on optimizing mental and emotional health. I believe that to be most effective, psychological services must expand beyond an illness/treatment mindset. This model is ideal for clients who desire to go beyond simply coping with the stressors of life to truly living well.
Experience wellness focused psychology enhanced by mindful movement and nature with Dr. Stodard at Harbor Wellness. After over ten years working in traditional mental health care settings, I opened Harbor Wellness in 2019 as a unique space to offer highly personalized services focused on optimizing mental and emotional health. I believe that to be most effective, psychological services must expand beyond an illness/treatment mindset. This model is ideal for clients who desire to go beyond simply coping with the stressors of life to truly living well.
(850) 404-1482 View (850) 404-1482
Photo of Kimberly Delahoussaye, Counselor, MS, LPC
Kimberly Delahoussaye
Counselor, MS, LPC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Change and healing can begin for you today. My goal is to help you feel safe, respected and heard and to work alongside you to meet your needs and goals. Whether that be addressing trauma, stress and anxiety, addressing transition/change, or building skills for better communication, confidence and relationships, I believe that together we can work towards what you need to achieve a better quality of life.
Change and healing can begin for you today. My goal is to help you feel safe, respected and heard and to work alongside you to meet your needs and goals. Whether that be addressing trauma, stress and anxiety, addressing transition/change, or building skills for better communication, confidence and relationships, I believe that together we can work towards what you need to achieve a better quality of life.
(251) 312-9189 View (251) 312-9189
Photo of Lorin Puebla, Counselor, MS, ALC, NCC
Lorin Puebla
Counselor, MS, ALC, NCC
Bay Minette, AL 36507
You may appear to be managing life on the outside, but internally feel anxious, overwhelmed, or emotionally reactive. Despite insight, effort, or even past therapy, the same patterns continue to repeat. You or your child may experience intrusive thoughts, shutdown, outbursts, or a constant sense of tension. You are not simply looking for coping strategies. You are looking for real relief, steadier emotions, and meaningful, lasting change.
You may appear to be managing life on the outside, but internally feel anxious, overwhelmed, or emotionally reactive. Despite insight, effort, or even past therapy, the same patterns continue to repeat. You or your child may experience intrusive thoughts, shutdown, outbursts, or a constant sense of tension. You are not simply looking for coping strategies. You are looking for real relief, steadier emotions, and meaningful, lasting change.
(251) 716-2170 View (251) 716-2170
Photo of Dr. Tommy W Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist, DCC, MAMFT, MDiv
Dr. Tommy W Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, DCC, MAMFT, MDiv
1 Endorsed
Brewton, AL 36426
My professional counseling is from a faith-based perspective and I strive to assist clients as they choose the pathways that will bring hope and healing. Central to my counseling philosophy is the belief that each person longs to "be known". Through the counseling relation, the therapist and client work together to explore the client's inner world. The goal to "be known" is reached through sharing one's story and through increased self awareness . The counseling relationship is a healing relationship. This healing relationship very often brings about lasting change in the client's life, bringing meaning, purpose, and direction.
My professional counseling is from a faith-based perspective and I strive to assist clients as they choose the pathways that will bring hope and healing. Central to my counseling philosophy is the belief that each person longs to "be known". Through the counseling relation, the therapist and client work together to explore the client's inner world. The goal to "be known" is reached through sharing one's story and through increased self awareness . The counseling relationship is a healing relationship. This healing relationship very often brings about lasting change in the client's life, bringing meaning, purpose, and direction.
(251) 241-5596 View (251) 241-5596
Photo of Monique L Pierre-Louis, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Monique L Pierre-Louis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
2 Endorsed
Brewton, AL 36426
The myth of therapy should be expelled expeditiously. Therapy is like tabula rasa (a blank slate). It’s a time where you can express your feelings in a comfortable environment with confidentiality. How many people would like to experience revealing your innermost thoughts without worrying about opinions and judgment. Well, start here with me and indulge in the ambience of a therapeutic experience that will afford you the opportunity to heal and gain insight.
The myth of therapy should be expelled expeditiously. Therapy is like tabula rasa (a blank slate). It’s a time where you can express your feelings in a comfortable environment with confidentiality. How many people would like to experience revealing your innermost thoughts without worrying about opinions and judgment. Well, start here with me and indulge in the ambience of a therapeutic experience that will afford you the opportunity to heal and gain insight.
(251) 317-5058 View (251) 317-5058
Photo of Melinda Bondurant, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Melinda Bondurant
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Brewton, AL 36426
Life can be hard, but you don't have to do it alone. Let me help. I have over 20 years of experience in working with people with variety of mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, ADHD, Divorce, relationship issues. I can provide individual, couple and family therapy.
Life can be hard, but you don't have to do it alone. Let me help. I have over 20 years of experience in working with people with variety of mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, ADHD, Divorce, relationship issues. I can provide individual, couple and family therapy.
(251) 236-4828 View (251) 236-4828
Photo of Teresa Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Teresa Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I am a licensed clinical mental health therapist with over 25 years of experience helping individuals, couples, and families navigate life's challenges. II specialize in providing a supportive, results-driven approach that goes beyond simply talking through problems. Together, we identify patterns, build practical strategies, and create meaningful, lasting change. My goal is to help you gain clarity, strengthen your confidence, and feel more in control of your life, relationships, and emotional well-being.
I am a licensed clinical mental health therapist with over 25 years of experience helping individuals, couples, and families navigate life's challenges. II specialize in providing a supportive, results-driven approach that goes beyond simply talking through problems. Together, we identify patterns, build practical strategies, and create meaningful, lasting change. My goal is to help you gain clarity, strengthen your confidence, and feel more in control of your life, relationships, and emotional well-being.
(251) 320-0817 View (251) 320-0817
Photo of Dr. Terissa Upchurch-Butler, Licensed Professional Counselor, LIMHP, LPC, NCC, BC-TMH, ACS
Dr. Terissa Upchurch-Butler
Licensed Professional Counselor, LIMHP, LPC, NCC, BC-TMH, ACS
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You don't have to do this alone. If you’re feeling overwhelmed by anger, anxiety, depression, identity issues, or life transitions you’re not alone. Maybe you’ve been pushing yourself through, telling yourself to “just deal with it,” but the weight of it all is starting to take a toll. You might be feeling stuck – trapped in patterns of overthinking, emotional exhaustion or self-doubt. If you’re ready for a change but aren’t sure where to start, I’m here to help. Call me at (205) 210-8362. I look forward to hearing from you.
You don't have to do this alone. If you’re feeling overwhelmed by anger, anxiety, depression, identity issues, or life transitions you’re not alone. Maybe you’ve been pushing yourself through, telling yourself to “just deal with it,” but the weight of it all is starting to take a toll. You might be feeling stuck – trapped in patterns of overthinking, emotional exhaustion or self-doubt. If you’re ready for a change but aren’t sure where to start, I’m here to help. Call me at (205) 210-8362. I look forward to hearing from you.
(205) 952-7343 View (205) 952-7343

See more therapy options for 36502

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 36502

< 10

Therapists in 36502 who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
89% Anxiety
67% Relationship Issues
67% Body Image
67% Marriage Counseling
56% Anger Management
56% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

15 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
88% BlueCross and BlueShield
88% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 36502 see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 36502?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.