Therapists in 34209

Photo of Mary Moonen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CAP
Mary Moonen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CAP
Online Only
Many times when people call, they have concerns including: Mental Health issues, Addiction, Family, Couples,Relationships,Problems, Work Stress, Medical Conditions, Trauma, Loss, Grief, or everyday stressors. I will treat you with utmost dignity, and respect, honoring your cultural/ religious values. My creative approaches are what my clients like the best. I have used music, appropriate use of humor, and other artisitc ways to help people express themselves. As a TEAM, we will work TOGETHER to identify, set and achieve your goals, and I give you tangible strategies to reach them.
Many times when people call, they have concerns including: Mental Health issues, Addiction, Family, Couples,Relationships,Problems, Work Stress, Medical Conditions, Trauma, Loss, Grief, or everyday stressors. I will treat you with utmost dignity, and respect, honoring your cultural/ religious values. My creative approaches are what my clients like the best. I have used music, appropriate use of humor, and other artisitc ways to help people express themselves. As a TEAM, we will work TOGETHER to identify, set and achieve your goals, and I give you tangible strategies to reach them.
(941) 962-6784 View (941) 962-6784
Photo of Sonja Johnson, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Sonja Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
I was born and raised in Miami, FL. I currently live in the Central Florida area. I am also a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have been in the mental health field for over 25 years. I am passionate about helping others in and outside of my profession. I believe that therapy is a collaborative approach. The client works in collaboration with the therapist to help find solutions. Theoretical approaches are based on the needs of the individual. I specialize in the Solution-Focused approach. I believe in a collaborative approach.
I was born and raised in Miami, FL. I currently live in the Central Florida area. I am also a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have been in the mental health field for over 25 years. I am passionate about helping others in and outside of my profession. I believe that therapy is a collaborative approach. The client works in collaboration with the therapist to help find solutions. Theoretical approaches are based on the needs of the individual. I specialize in the Solution-Focused approach. I believe in a collaborative approach.
(407) 955-5376 View (407) 955-5376
Photo of Jennifer Millar, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Jennifer Millar
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
I am passionate about guiding you on a transformative journey towards emotional well-being by understanding how you operate and issues you may have developed from your experiences. As well as understanding the people around you and their issues and how they operate.
I am passionate about guiding you on a transformative journey towards emotional well-being by understanding how you operate and issues you may have developed from your experiences. As well as understanding the people around you and their issues and how they operate.
(941) 294-6144 View (941) 294-6144
Photo of Dana Kahl - Bradenton Ellie Mental Health , Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Bradenton Ellie Mental Health
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Bradenton, FL 34209
I offer a supportive and confidential space to collaboratively explore thoughts and emotions employing an empathetic approach.
I offer a supportive and confidential space to collaboratively explore thoughts and emotions employing an empathetic approach.
(941) 222-1892 View (941) 222-1892
Photo of Lauren Ramsey, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPCC
Lauren Ramsey
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPCC
Bradenton, FL 34209
Imagine a life where you confidently express your feelings, set healthy boundaries, and build meaningful connections while staying present. Picture yourself recognizing the early signs of stress and anxiety and knowing how to respond before they become overwhelming. Therapy isn’t about quick fixes—it’s about creating lasting, positive change. Together, we’ll take realistic steps toward a more grounded, balanced, and empowered life. It’s not about perfection, but progress—and I’ll be here to support you every step of the way.
Imagine a life where you confidently express your feelings, set healthy boundaries, and build meaningful connections while staying present. Picture yourself recognizing the early signs of stress and anxiety and knowing how to respond before they become overwhelming. Therapy isn’t about quick fixes—it’s about creating lasting, positive change. Together, we’ll take realistic steps toward a more grounded, balanced, and empowered life. It’s not about perfection, but progress—and I’ll be here to support you every step of the way.
(941) 239-7611 View (941) 239-7611
Photo of Barbara Byrne - Ellie Mental Health of Bradenton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ellie Mental Health of Bradenton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Bradenton, FL 34209
I have over 25 years of experience as a licensed psychotherapist assisting individuals, couples and families of all ages struggling with anxiety and depression, trauma, grief and loss, divorce and other life transitions. I combine compassion, humor and a direct communication style while providing a safe space for everyone to explore and heal.
I have over 25 years of experience as a licensed psychotherapist assisting individuals, couples and families of all ages struggling with anxiety and depression, trauma, grief and loss, divorce and other life transitions. I combine compassion, humor and a direct communication style while providing a safe space for everyone to explore and heal.
(941) 909-2716 View (941) 909-2716
Photo of Nishan Warren - Warren’s Tender Heart Therapy , Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Warren’s Tender Heart Therapy
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Online Only
I am a licensed mental health therapist licensed in Florida with over 5 years of experience working as a licensed mental health counselor. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, and career challenges. I also have helped many people who have experienced physical trauma or emotional abuse. My therapeutic style is primarily cognitive-behavioral and DBT I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. It takes courage to seek a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards change. If you are ready to take that step.
I am a licensed mental health therapist licensed in Florida with over 5 years of experience working as a licensed mental health counselor. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, and career challenges. I also have helped many people who have experienced physical trauma or emotional abuse. My therapeutic style is primarily cognitive-behavioral and DBT I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. It takes courage to seek a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards change. If you are ready to take that step.
(941) 368-3840 View (941) 368-3840
Photo of Vyata Mungur, Counselor, LMHC
Vyata Mungur
Counselor, LMHC
Bradenton, FL 34209
You are thinking about therapy. Something inside you must be yearning for change. Maybe you have carried heavy thoughts or emotions for too long, or you are feeling disconnected from your goals, your relationships, or even yourself. You may have done much inner work already, and now you sense that healing might require something more. How vulnerably brave of you to seek support outside your circle! Come feel heard and seen. We will clarify the change you seek. We will map out a path forward, mark milestones, and celebrate your growth. You will feel uncomfortable AND empowered along the way. Yes, you too can thrive, and enjoy life!
You are thinking about therapy. Something inside you must be yearning for change. Maybe you have carried heavy thoughts or emotions for too long, or you are feeling disconnected from your goals, your relationships, or even yourself. You may have done much inner work already, and now you sense that healing might require something more. How vulnerably brave of you to seek support outside your circle! Come feel heard and seen. We will clarify the change you seek. We will map out a path forward, mark milestones, and celebrate your growth. You will feel uncomfortable AND empowered along the way. Yes, you too can thrive, and enjoy life!
(941) 584-8462 View (941) 584-8462
Photo of Kelly Sansone - Ellie Mental Health Bradenton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ellie Mental Health Bradenton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Bradenton, FL 34209
I work with individuals of all ages who are struggling to cope with life's challenges. I have a special interest in Anxiety, Mood Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, and working with individuals on the Autism Spectrum.
I work with individuals of all ages who are struggling to cope with life's challenges. I have a special interest in Anxiety, Mood Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, and working with individuals on the Autism Spectrum.
(941) 265-2728 View (941) 265-2728
Dr. Emily Roff at Autism Family Coach
Verified Verified
Online Only
Dr. Emily Roff at Autism Family Coach helps families with a child, or loved one, with autism, across the life span. She provides guidance, coaching, training and advocacy for families navigating the complex world of autism. Families who may especially benefit are those who have concerns of early signs of autism; who need guidance on how to get an autism diagnosis; and/or who have a recent diagnosis and are looking for next steps, resources, and home- and school-based strategies. Additionally, families with other developmental disabilities may also benefit from working with Dr. Roff when strategizing IEP & school-based issues.
Dr. Emily Roff at Autism Family Coach helps families with a child, or loved one, with autism, across the life span. She provides guidance, coaching, training and advocacy for families navigating the complex world of autism. Families who may especially benefit are those who have concerns of early signs of autism; who need guidance on how to get an autism diagnosis; and/or who have a recent diagnosis and are looking for next steps, resources, and home- and school-based strategies. Additionally, families with other developmental disabilities may also benefit from working with Dr. Roff when strategizing IEP & school-based issues.
(941) 559-8189 View (941) 559-8189
Photo of Erin St John - Humans Helping Humans Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ASDCS
Humans Helping Humans Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ASDCS
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Are you looking for a non-judgemental and inclusive space to heal, grow, and work on yourself? If so, then keep reading! Hi there, I'm Erin (she/they) and I am a queer, AuDHD Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who lives with chronic illness/disabilities. As someone with a shared lived experience, I specialize in working with the LGBTQIA+, neurodivergent (ND), and chronically ill/disabled communities. Oftentimes people who are misunderstood and discriminated against find it difficult to be their full, genuine, authentic self. I want to help you achieve a life of self-compassion, understanding, and self-acceptance!
Are you looking for a non-judgemental and inclusive space to heal, grow, and work on yourself? If so, then keep reading! Hi there, I'm Erin (she/they) and I am a queer, AuDHD Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) who lives with chronic illness/disabilities. As someone with a shared lived experience, I specialize in working with the LGBTQIA+, neurodivergent (ND), and chronically ill/disabled communities. Oftentimes people who are misunderstood and discriminated against find it difficult to be their full, genuine, authentic self. I want to help you achieve a life of self-compassion, understanding, and self-acceptance!
(941) 841-0112 View (941) 841-0112
Photo of Dave Stacho, Counselor, LMHC
Dave Stacho
Counselor, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Bradenton, FL 34209
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I have been a practicing psychotherapist for 23 years, with a specialty in counseling couples with relationship difficulties, individuals with mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety, and those in need of life coaching strategies. I also provide anger and stress management programs. In addition, I offer sport counseling, exercise, and weight control sessions. My role is to help you formulate and achieve your goals.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor. I have been a practicing psychotherapist for 23 years, with a specialty in counseling couples with relationship difficulties, individuals with mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety, and those in need of life coaching strategies. I also provide anger and stress management programs. In addition, I offer sport counseling, exercise, and weight control sessions. My role is to help you formulate and achieve your goals.
(941) 348-2819 View (941) 348-2819
Photo of Barbara Byrne, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Barbara Byrne
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Bradenton, FL 34209
I have been a licensed psychotherapist for over 25 years. I have extensive experience working with adults, adolescents, families and couples. I am skilled and trained in cognitive behavior therapy and mindful based cognitive therapy for those struggling with anxiety and depression. Using a trauma focused lens I compassionately assist clients working through grief, divorce and other major life transitions. I also have experience working with LGBTQ adults and youth and their families. I blend compassion, humor and a direct communication style in creating a safe space for everyone to explore and heal.
I have been a licensed psychotherapist for over 25 years. I have extensive experience working with adults, adolescents, families and couples. I am skilled and trained in cognitive behavior therapy and mindful based cognitive therapy for those struggling with anxiety and depression. Using a trauma focused lens I compassionately assist clients working through grief, divorce and other major life transitions. I also have experience working with LGBTQ adults and youth and their families. I blend compassion, humor and a direct communication style in creating a safe space for everyone to explore and heal.
(941) 336-5884 View (941) 336-5884
Photo of Dr. Michael W. Hamilton, Counselor, PsyD, LMHC, CCDVC
Dr. Michael W. Hamilton
Counselor, PsyD, LMHC, CCDVC
Bradenton, FL 34209
If your serious about making healthy changes in your life and if what you have been doing is not working, try something new. I am passionate about opening your mind to a healthier view by instructing you on how to rid yourself of stubborn thinking. Awaken your mind and transform your uncertainty into clear and meaningful direction. Most clients will immediately recognize a change in their thinking and find emotional relief after their first visit. Allow me to lead you to the healthy change you desire.
If your serious about making healthy changes in your life and if what you have been doing is not working, try something new. I am passionate about opening your mind to a healthier view by instructing you on how to rid yourself of stubborn thinking. Awaken your mind and transform your uncertainty into clear and meaningful direction. Most clients will immediately recognize a change in their thinking and find emotional relief after their first visit. Allow me to lead you to the healthy change you desire.
(941) 812-0976 View (941) 812-0976
Photo of Harry Leon Morgan, Counselor, MA, MDiv, ThM, PhD, LMHC
Harry Leon Morgan
Counselor, MA, MDiv, ThM, PhD, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Bradenton, FL 34209
I prefer clients who seek to improve their lives and want professional assistance in making needed changes in their self-sabotaging beliefs, faulty thinking, destructive behaviors, or abusive relationships. I served 29 years as a chaplain in the Army reserves, state-side and overseas, helping military personnel and their families. I have extensive training and experience in treatment for those who have been traumatized or sexually abused and who are registered sex offenders.
I prefer clients who seek to improve their lives and want professional assistance in making needed changes in their self-sabotaging beliefs, faulty thinking, destructive behaviors, or abusive relationships. I served 29 years as a chaplain in the Army reserves, state-side and overseas, helping military personnel and their families. I have extensive training and experience in treatment for those who have been traumatized or sexually abused and who are registered sex offenders.
(941) 548-1814 View (941) 548-1814
Photo of Alysse McDonough, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, MFT
Alysse McDonough
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, MFT
4 Endorsed
Bradenton, FL 34209
I am committed to helping individuals and couples evaluate and enhance their relationships, empowering them to achieve their shared goals and dreams. With comprehensive training in Levels 1 and 2 of Gottman Method Couples Therapy, I apply these proven strategies to improve relationship dynamics. My approach combines clinical expertise, intuitive understanding, and a structured, logical methodology to address and heal relationship challenges. By incorporating the Gottman Method, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and solution-focused brief therapy; I empower clients to achieve the relationship harmony and personal growth desired.
I am committed to helping individuals and couples evaluate and enhance their relationships, empowering them to achieve their shared goals and dreams. With comprehensive training in Levels 1 and 2 of Gottman Method Couples Therapy, I apply these proven strategies to improve relationship dynamics. My approach combines clinical expertise, intuitive understanding, and a structured, logical methodology to address and heal relationship challenges. By incorporating the Gottman Method, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and solution-focused brief therapy; I empower clients to achieve the relationship harmony and personal growth desired.
(941) 841-8297 View (941) 841-8297
Photo of Linda Martin, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Linda Martin
Counselor, MS, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I help clients heal from the lasting effects of trauma using EMDR and other proven approaches. Whether you’re struggling with anxiety, flashbacks, relationship difficulties, or emotional overwhelm, we’ll work together to reduce distress and promote real healing. You don’t have to relive every painful detail to make meaningful progress. My approach is supportive, trauma-informed, and tailored to your unique needs—focused on restoring balance in your mind, body, and spirit.
I help clients heal from the lasting effects of trauma using EMDR and other proven approaches. Whether you’re struggling with anxiety, flashbacks, relationship difficulties, or emotional overwhelm, we’ll work together to reduce distress and promote real healing. You don’t have to relive every painful detail to make meaningful progress. My approach is supportive, trauma-informed, and tailored to your unique needs—focused on restoring balance in your mind, body, and spirit.
(941) 241-2274 View (941) 241-2274
Photo of Marina Nesterenko, MD
Marina Nesterenko
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bradenton, FL 34209
I accept insurances from NY, NJ, VA, and FL. I am Child/Adolescent Psychiatrist ​ Dr. Marina Nesterenko finished Medical school in Kiev, Ukraine, in 1997 and worked as a child psychiatrist in Ukraine. After relocation to USA, she completed a Psychiatry Residency program in SUNY Upstate, followed by Child Fellowship in Syracuse, NY. I see clients of all ages from 5 years old to 95 years old in person and by tele. I specialized in ADHD, autism, anger management, mood swings, mood disorder and all type of anxiety. Child/Adolescent Psychiatrist, General Adult Psychiatrist NJ, VA, FL Dr. Marina Nesterenko finished Medical school.
I accept insurances from NY, NJ, VA, and FL. I am Child/Adolescent Psychiatrist ​ Dr. Marina Nesterenko finished Medical school in Kiev, Ukraine, in 1997 and worked as a child psychiatrist in Ukraine. After relocation to USA, she completed a Psychiatry Residency program in SUNY Upstate, followed by Child Fellowship in Syracuse, NY. I see clients of all ages from 5 years old to 95 years old in person and by tele. I specialized in ADHD, autism, anger management, mood swings, mood disorder and all type of anxiety. Child/Adolescent Psychiatrist, General Adult Psychiatrist NJ, VA, FL Dr. Marina Nesterenko finished Medical school.
(571) 378-5124 View (571) 378-5124
Photo of Noelle C. DeLaCruz, PsyD, MA, NCSP
Noelle C. DeLaCruz
Verified Verified
Bradenton, FL 34209
Receiving a Master's in 2007 and Doctorate in 2016, my studies have inspired my career. Working for over a decade as a Nationally Certified School Psychologist, and also being a Florida Licensed School Psychologist, I am experienced in conducting psycho-educational evaluations, providing individual/group counseling, and collaborating with educators and families. In New York State, I worked as a School Psychologist in private/public schools for 8 years and as an Associate Trainer with Crisis Prevention Institute for 3 years. Since 2015, I currently work in a Florida public school district and also lead a Crisis Stabilization Team.
Receiving a Master's in 2007 and Doctorate in 2016, my studies have inspired my career. Working for over a decade as a Nationally Certified School Psychologist, and also being a Florida Licensed School Psychologist, I am experienced in conducting psycho-educational evaluations, providing individual/group counseling, and collaborating with educators and families. In New York State, I worked as a School Psychologist in private/public schools for 8 years and as an Associate Trainer with Crisis Prevention Institute for 3 years. Since 2015, I currently work in a Florida public school district and also lead a Crisis Stabilization Team.
(941) 236-5659 View (941) 236-5659
Photo of Wendy D DiPietro, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI
Wendy D DiPietro
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI
2 Endorsed
Bradenton, FL 34209
Clients often navigate trauma, divorce, depression, anxiety, family conflict, or major life transitions and seek support, healing, and a renewed sense of purpose. I help them reconnect with themselves, build resilience, and create lasting, meaningful change. Many want to feel empowered, find peace, and move forward, ready to break free from old patterns and live life more fully. I offer compassionate, evidence-based care, tailoring my approach to each client’s unique needs and goals. Together, we can create powerful and lasting transformation.
Clients often navigate trauma, divorce, depression, anxiety, family conflict, or major life transitions and seek support, healing, and a renewed sense of purpose. I help them reconnect with themselves, build resilience, and create lasting, meaningful change. Many want to feel empowered, find peace, and move forward, ready to break free from old patterns and live life more fully. I offer compassionate, evidence-based care, tailoring my approach to each client’s unique needs and goals. Together, we can create powerful and lasting transformation.
(941) 241-0395 View (941) 241-0395

See more therapy options for 34209

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 34209

30+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 34209 who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
87% Depression
68% Trauma and PTSD
68% Self Esteem
66% Relationship Issues
66% Stress
55% Grief

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Cigna and Evernorth
84% Aetna
80% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 34209 see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
20% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 34209?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.