Photo of Bob Roop, EdD
Bob Roop
EdD
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Dr. Robert Roop believes in treating each person as an individual, molding his strategies to meet their needs. He offers individual, couples, family, and addictions counseling, as well as treatment for those individuals or couples facing sexual issues. Dr. Roop and his wife, Dr. Shay Roop, own Professional Counseling.
Dr. Robert Roop believes in treating each person as an individual, molding his strategies to meet their needs. He offers individual, couples, family, and addictions counseling, as well as treatment for those individuals or couples facing sexual issues. Dr. Roop and his wife, Dr. Shay Roop, own Professional Counseling.
(727) 298-8404 View (727) 298-8404
Photo of Jennifer Grau-Keyser, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jennifer Grau-Keyser
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling anxious or overwhelmed with stressors and not sure how to manage the following emotions that cause a disruption of happiness? Do you ever feel like you’re not enough or a burden to others? Does your history of trauma seem to keep you from moving in a forward direction and prevents you from fulfillment? Welcome! You have taken the first step to rediscovering yourself. It's my goal to help guide you in the direction of healing so you can be the person you desire to be.
Are you feeling anxious or overwhelmed with stressors and not sure how to manage the following emotions that cause a disruption of happiness? Do you ever feel like you’re not enough or a burden to others? Does your history of trauma seem to keep you from moving in a forward direction and prevents you from fulfillment? Welcome! You have taken the first step to rediscovering yourself. It's my goal to help guide you in the direction of healing so you can be the person you desire to be.
(305) 419-2197 View (305) 419-2197
Photo of Isabella Pumo, Pre-Licensed Professional, ALMFT
Isabella Pumo
Pre-Licensed Professional, ALMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
As a client-centered, values-oriented therapist, I aim to create a warm, welcoming, and collaborative environment. I always do my best to lead with empathy, compassion, and curiosity in our space. I operate from an evidence-based, trauma-informed, and social justice-oriented approach, which often includes experiential, emotional, or behavioral interventions. I am passionate about meeting you where you are and defining what progress means to you so we can embark on a journey that is just as meaningful as it may be challenging. My passion for these therapeutic approaches fuels my commitment to your healing and growth.
As a client-centered, values-oriented therapist, I aim to create a warm, welcoming, and collaborative environment. I always do my best to lead with empathy, compassion, and curiosity in our space. I operate from an evidence-based, trauma-informed, and social justice-oriented approach, which often includes experiential, emotional, or behavioral interventions. I am passionate about meeting you where you are and defining what progress means to you so we can embark on a journey that is just as meaningful as it may be challenging. My passion for these therapeutic approaches fuels my commitment to your healing and growth.
(872) 246-8087 View (872) 246-8087
Photo of Le' Isaac Justin Gardner - Dr. Le' Isaac J. Gardner Msc.D., PhD, CTHT, ORDM
Dr. Le' Isaac J. Gardner Msc.D.
PhD, CTHT, ORDM
Verified Verified
Serves Area
As a client of mine, you will reclaim your life by focusing on pulling your issues from the root so that they never occur again. I will walk you back to wholeness and health, leaving things such as the symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, depression, motivation, and family and relationship issues in the past. I also use the wonderful powers of your mind, body, and spirit to enhance your memory, sports performance, optimism, spirituality, ability to focus and more.
As a client of mine, you will reclaim your life by focusing on pulling your issues from the root so that they never occur again. I will walk you back to wholeness and health, leaving things such as the symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, depression, motivation, and family and relationship issues in the past. I also use the wonderful powers of your mind, body, and spirit to enhance your memory, sports performance, optimism, spirituality, ability to focus and more.
(813) 544-6494 View (813) 544-6494

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Kristen Henderson, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI
Kristen Henderson
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33606
Whether you’re interested in exploring deep-seated issues or need a space to process a difficult period in your life, I offer a safe and nonjudgmental environment to help you move forward in your journey. My approach is grounded in collaboration – together, we'll uncover your strengths, set actionable goals, and foster growth. I work with teens, couples, families, and adults to overcome their challenges and experience personal growth.
Whether you’re interested in exploring deep-seated issues or need a space to process a difficult period in your life, I offer a safe and nonjudgmental environment to help you move forward in your journey. My approach is grounded in collaboration – together, we'll uncover your strengths, set actionable goals, and foster growth. I work with teens, couples, families, and adults to overcome their challenges and experience personal growth.
(813) 524-1006 View (813) 524-1006
Photo of Jennifer McArtor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jennifer McArtor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hello and welcome! I’m so glad you’re here. This is truly the first step in seeking help and making changes in your life. Life feels hard sometimes and it can feel lonely. We all need someone to talk to, to cry and laugh with us, and express our fears and hopes with. My hope is that our time together, in therapy, can be that space for you. Our thoughts, the things we think about ourselves and the world around us, have power. You can learn to challenge those thoughts and experience the world through a different lens.
Hello and welcome! I’m so glad you’re here. This is truly the first step in seeking help and making changes in your life. Life feels hard sometimes and it can feel lonely. We all need someone to talk to, to cry and laugh with us, and express our fears and hopes with. My hope is that our time together, in therapy, can be that space for you. Our thoughts, the things we think about ourselves and the world around us, have power. You can learn to challenge those thoughts and experience the world through a different lens.
(941) 318-7559 View (941) 318-7559
Photo of Gloria Hanania, Counselor, LMHC, CAP, CPP
Gloria Hanania
Counselor, LMHC, CAP, CPP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with over 25 years' experience working with individuals suffering from depression, anxiety, self-esteem, stress, addiction, marital issues, career and life choices and other issues. I enjoy helping people identify problems that are impacting their mental well-being, their daily lives and relationships and helping them find solutions. I am based in Florida and have been blessed to work with a wide variety of clients in my career. I enjoy the dynamic relationship a therapist and client develop working together to find solutions to improving their lives.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with over 25 years' experience working with individuals suffering from depression, anxiety, self-esteem, stress, addiction, marital issues, career and life choices and other issues. I enjoy helping people identify problems that are impacting their mental well-being, their daily lives and relationships and helping them find solutions. I am based in Florida and have been blessed to work with a wide variety of clients in my career. I enjoy the dynamic relationship a therapist and client develop working together to find solutions to improving their lives.
(352) 645-3983 View (352) 645-3983
Photo of Tanya T Smith, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CAMS-II
Tanya T Smith
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CAMS-II
Verified Verified
Serves Area
I offer weeknight and weekend appointments. I believe therapy is a safe space everyone can explore skills that are beneficial in life. I am confident I can assist you on your life journey. I have experience working with individuals, couples, and families who have experienced trauma, depression, anxiety, grief, domestic violence, child abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse, personality disorders, family difficulties, and substance use. I am a CAMS-II provider for anger management counseling. If you have been court ordered to anger management, look no further.
I offer weeknight and weekend appointments. I believe therapy is a safe space everyone can explore skills that are beneficial in life. I am confident I can assist you on your life journey. I have experience working with individuals, couples, and families who have experienced trauma, depression, anxiety, grief, domestic violence, child abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse, personality disorders, family difficulties, and substance use. I am a CAMS-II provider for anger management counseling. If you have been court ordered to anger management, look no further.
(864) 453-8983 View (864) 453-8983
Photo of Malika A. Reeves, Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI
Malika A. Reeves
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MA, RMHCI
Verified Verified
Tarpon Springs, FL 34689
I am a Registered Mental Health Counseling Intern with a Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. My empathetic and caring disposition allows for great connection with clients that supports a strong therapeutic relationship! The relationship developed between myself and clients fosters a healthy environment for change and supports progress towards goals. I am more than happy to answer any additional questions about myself or the practice in a free 15 minute consultation; just reach out by email to begin that process!
I am a Registered Mental Health Counseling Intern with a Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. My empathetic and caring disposition allows for great connection with clients that supports a strong therapeutic relationship! The relationship developed between myself and clients fosters a healthy environment for change and supports progress towards goals. I am more than happy to answer any additional questions about myself or the practice in a free 15 minute consultation; just reach out by email to begin that process!
(727) 607-2490 View (727) 607-2490
Photo of Rick Cullen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, JD, LCSW
Rick Cullen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, JD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Are you struggling with depression, grief from loss, anxiety, or the stressors of daily living? Is your drinking or drug use becoming a problem, or maybe you've crossed the line of being able to manage your life. Do you wish there were options for dealing with the things that are holding you back from living happy, healthy, and content? Are you looking for ways to be a better 'you,' but have been too afraid to reach out? There comes a time when we need help from a qualified professional to assist us in coping, and making significant, positive change.
Are you struggling with depression, grief from loss, anxiety, or the stressors of daily living? Is your drinking or drug use becoming a problem, or maybe you've crossed the line of being able to manage your life. Do you wish there were options for dealing with the things that are holding you back from living happy, healthy, and content? Are you looking for ways to be a better 'you,' but have been too afraid to reach out? There comes a time when we need help from a qualified professional to assist us in coping, and making significant, positive change.
(561) 503-2985 View (561) 503-2985
Photo of Christina Nicole Smith, Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Christina Nicole Smith
Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You’ve been anxious that you can’t get everything done, causing distress and, in some cases, panic attacks. You’re not just grappling with anxiety either, but the weight of past losses has also caused depression which leaves you feeling lost. All of these factors seem to have affected every aspect of your life. Your relationships are strained, work feels meaningless, and your overall well-being is not where you wish it was. You realize that you haven’t been able to manage these emotions effectively and feel burdened to figure out how to overcome them on your own.
You’ve been anxious that you can’t get everything done, causing distress and, in some cases, panic attacks. You’re not just grappling with anxiety either, but the weight of past losses has also caused depression which leaves you feeling lost. All of these factors seem to have affected every aspect of your life. Your relationships are strained, work feels meaningless, and your overall well-being is not where you wish it was. You realize that you haven’t been able to manage these emotions effectively and feel burdened to figure out how to overcome them on your own.
(347) 752-5722 View (347) 752-5722
Photo of Fayola Caines - Life Balance and Beauty, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Life Balance and Beauty
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
Riverview, FL 33578
Let's go from Weighted to Weightless! Are you struggling in your current relationship emotionally? Are you trying to find balance, better communication, a stronger foundation built on values and principles that are important to you? Are you having a hard time with finances in your relationship? Infidelity? Overwhelmed? Premarital Counseling? Anxiety? Depression? Are you just wanting more from life than just day to day? Are you feeling stuck personally and/or professionally. Is he for you? Is she for you? Finding your purpose in life? I am here for all of you! Let's drop the mental weight in order to drop the physical weight!
Let's go from Weighted to Weightless! Are you struggling in your current relationship emotionally? Are you trying to find balance, better communication, a stronger foundation built on values and principles that are important to you? Are you having a hard time with finances in your relationship? Infidelity? Overwhelmed? Premarital Counseling? Anxiety? Depression? Are you just wanting more from life than just day to day? Are you feeling stuck personally and/or professionally. Is he for you? Is she for you? Finding your purpose in life? I am here for all of you! Let's drop the mental weight in order to drop the physical weight!
(813) 737-7987 View (813) 737-7987
Photo of Natalia Velasquez, Psychologist, PsyD
Natalia Velasquez
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33606
I’m a licensed clinical psychologist passionate about helping clients find their authentic selves. As a second-generation American from a vibrant Latinx community, I bring personal and professional experience in addressing complex trauma, depression, anxiety, and interpersonal challenges. I feel deep meaning in working with trauma survivors, women, Latinx, first-generation Americans, emerging adults (18-25), college students, and veterans. Together, we’ll identify your core values and remove barriers preventing you from a meaningful life. You’ll cultivate self-compassion and skills to face unique life circumstances.
I’m a licensed clinical psychologist passionate about helping clients find their authentic selves. As a second-generation American from a vibrant Latinx community, I bring personal and professional experience in addressing complex trauma, depression, anxiety, and interpersonal challenges. I feel deep meaning in working with trauma survivors, women, Latinx, first-generation Americans, emerging adults (18-25), college students, and veterans. Together, we’ll identify your core values and remove barriers preventing you from a meaningful life. You’ll cultivate self-compassion and skills to face unique life circumstances.
(813) 736-4565 View (813) 736-4565
Photo of David Todd Murphy, Psychologist, PhD
David Todd Murphy
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Saint Petersburg, FL 33702
I have been licensed & practicing since 1993. I evaluate & treat children, adolescents, & adults utilizing cognitive-behavioral techniques. I am a full member of the American Psychological Association & a professional member of CHADD (Children & Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder). Prior experience includes 10 years as the Chief Psychologist and Director of a Clinical PhD internship program for Hofstra University at a large community mental health center.
I have been licensed & practicing since 1993. I evaluate & treat children, adolescents, & adults utilizing cognitive-behavioral techniques. I am a full member of the American Psychological Association & a professional member of CHADD (Children & Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder). Prior experience includes 10 years as the Chief Psychologist and Director of a Clinical PhD internship program for Hofstra University at a large community mental health center.
(516) 299-8659 View (516) 299-8659
Photo of Kyle J Gilrain, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LCSW
Kyle J Gilrain
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MS, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
My philosophy begins with a deep belief in the potential of every individual. I have a wide array of clinical experiences and have held leadership positions in large and complex healthcare systems. These settings include both inpatient and outpatient settings. I am a clinical supervisor and compassionate, strength-based , and trauma informed therapist. I provide compassionate, inclusive, and quality therapy to a wide range of patients from broad and diverse backgrounds. I presently hold active licenses and practice in New Jersey, New York, Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Vermont.
My philosophy begins with a deep belief in the potential of every individual. I have a wide array of clinical experiences and have held leadership positions in large and complex healthcare systems. These settings include both inpatient and outpatient settings. I am a clinical supervisor and compassionate, strength-based , and trauma informed therapist. I provide compassionate, inclusive, and quality therapy to a wide range of patients from broad and diverse backgrounds. I presently hold active licenses and practice in New Jersey, New York, Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Vermont.
(732) 487-3309 View (732) 487-3309
Photo of Angela Rodriguez-Heller, Counselor, LMHCD, LPC
Angela Rodriguez-Heller
Counselor, LMHCD, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Living with ADHD is exhausting: You have to mask around others to appear "normal". You may beat yourself up because of it, causing low self-esteem. Sometimes, it can cause you to have a hard time focusing on the tasks you have to get done. Conflicts occur between you and your loved ones as a result of your executive dysfunction. You are not alone. Like many of us, you’re probably someone who has made valiant efforts to change your life, but because of you being wired differently, it can be hard to do so.
Living with ADHD is exhausting: You have to mask around others to appear "normal". You may beat yourself up because of it, causing low self-esteem. Sometimes, it can cause you to have a hard time focusing on the tasks you have to get done. Conflicts occur between you and your loved ones as a result of your executive dysfunction. You are not alone. Like many of us, you’re probably someone who has made valiant efforts to change your life, but because of you being wired differently, it can be hard to do so.
(929) 565-6947 View (929) 565-6947
Photo of Jody C. Johnston, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCMHSP, BC-TMH
Jody C. Johnston
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPCMHSP, BC-TMH
Verified Verified
Online Only
Visit my website to find out more information about my services and read my testimonials. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. I frequently tell clients that, "My job is to teach you how to be your own therapist so you don't need a therapist." There is nothing more valuable than your own independence. My work focuses on helping clients establish a framework for becoming independent and resolving past and present issues. So, when you are ready, feel free to reach out to me.
Visit my website to find out more information about my services and read my testimonials. I specialize in treating anxiety, depression, and relationship issues. I frequently tell clients that, "My job is to teach you how to be your own therapist so you don't need a therapist." There is nothing more valuable than your own independence. My work focuses on helping clients establish a framework for becoming independent and resolving past and present issues. So, when you are ready, feel free to reach out to me.
(727) 435-1663 View (727) 435-1663
Photo of Katherine Lam, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, MTS, NCC
Katherine Lam
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA, MTS, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
您好!I'm Katherine! Are you feeling stuck or uncertain about where your life is headed? Are you trying to move past trauma or a toxic relationship? Improve your life skills whether you’re an adult or a teenager dealing with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, past or recent trauma, relationship problems, grief and other concerns. I'm here to walk you through the obstacles, difficulties and triumphs of the therapeutic process. My personal philosophy of counseling begins and ends with grace and a willingness to enter into an individual's experience alongside them. I have had great success working with teens and adults of all ages.
您好!I'm Katherine! Are you feeling stuck or uncertain about where your life is headed? Are you trying to move past trauma or a toxic relationship? Improve your life skills whether you’re an adult or a teenager dealing with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, past or recent trauma, relationship problems, grief and other concerns. I'm here to walk you through the obstacles, difficulties and triumphs of the therapeutic process. My personal philosophy of counseling begins and ends with grace and a willingness to enter into an individual's experience alongside them. I have had great success working with teens and adults of all ages.
View
Photo of Breanne Delvalle- Individual And Couples Therapist, MA, LMHC
Breanne Delvalle- Individual And Couples Therapist
MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tampa, FL 33624
Feel like life is beating you up? Tired of dysfunctional relationships? Everything seems to take so much energy from you and you're tired. You know you don't want to continue feeling like this, let's do something about it. As an individual and couples therapist, I can help! From the very first session, we will start to develop tools and skills to help aid your healing. I support clients with Trauma, Self-Esteem, Anxiety, and Relationship Issues. By utilizing an eclectic approach, I am able to ensure your needs are met.
Feel like life is beating you up? Tired of dysfunctional relationships? Everything seems to take so much energy from you and you're tired. You know you don't want to continue feeling like this, let's do something about it. As an individual and couples therapist, I can help! From the very first session, we will start to develop tools and skills to help aid your healing. I support clients with Trauma, Self-Esteem, Anxiety, and Relationship Issues. By utilizing an eclectic approach, I am able to ensure your needs are met.
(813) 212-6971 View (813) 212-6971
Photo of Michelle Perkins, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Michelle Perkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
My name is Michelle Perkins and I am a licensed clinical social worker offering online behavioral health services to children 8 years and older, young adults, and adults. I treat an array of conditions, however, my specializations include anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD, relationship issues, substance abuse, dependence and addiction, and anger management.
My name is Michelle Perkins and I am a licensed clinical social worker offering online behavioral health services to children 8 years and older, young adults, and adults. I treat an array of conditions, however, my specializations include anxiety, depression, trauma and PTSD, relationship issues, substance abuse, dependence and addiction, and anger management.
(904) 650-4308 View (904) 650-4308

See more therapy options for 33757

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 33757

< 10

Therapists in 33757 who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Trauma and PTSD
75% Anxiety
75% Grief
75% Family Conflict
75% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
50% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 33757 see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

66% Male
34% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 33757?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.