Photo of Dr. Lydia Kalsner-Silver, Psychologist
Dr. Lydia Kalsner-Silver
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140
I am a licensed psychologist with extensive training and experience in the treatment of adults, children and families. As part of the South Florida DBT Consortium, I am a certified DBT- Linehan Board Clinician. Additionally, my group practice is a Linehan Board Certified Dialectical Behavior Therapy Program and provides individual and group therapy to children, adolescents, adults and parents. My credentials include a doctoral degree from Rutgers University and two masters degrees in psychology from Columbia University. I also have extensive postdoctoral training and expertise in the treatment of children & families.
I am a licensed psychologist with extensive training and experience in the treatment of adults, children and families. As part of the South Florida DBT Consortium, I am a certified DBT- Linehan Board Clinician. Additionally, my group practice is a Linehan Board Certified Dialectical Behavior Therapy Program and provides individual and group therapy to children, adolescents, adults and parents. My credentials include a doctoral degree from Rutgers University and two masters degrees in psychology from Columbia University. I also have extensive postdoctoral training and expertise in the treatment of children & families.
(305) 423-9942 View (305) 423-9942
Photo of Adam Klaybor, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Adam Klaybor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140  (Online Only)
Would you like to talk to someone that you can be open with and never judged? I hope I can be that person for you. No matter what your problems, we can figure it out together. First thing is first... We will work together to create a trusting relationship so that you feel supported and safe to work though the issues that bother you. I utilize a solution-based approach where we look to achieve your goals without judgment. This will enable you to take control of your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I am always trying to work myself out of a job because that means that you feel good! Contact me with any questions.
Would you like to talk to someone that you can be open with and never judged? I hope I can be that person for you. No matter what your problems, we can figure it out together. First thing is first... We will work together to create a trusting relationship so that you feel supported and safe to work though the issues that bother you. I utilize a solution-based approach where we look to achieve your goals without judgment. This will enable you to take control of your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. I am always trying to work myself out of a job because that means that you feel good! Contact me with any questions.
(541) 275-6039 View (541) 275-6039
Photo of Sean Patrick O'Connor - Sean O'Connor Psychedelic Therapy (EMDR), MA, LMHCI, Pre-Licensed Professional
Sean O'Connor Psychedelic Therapy (EMDR)
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, LMHCI
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Miami Beach, FL 33140  (Online Only)
Do you find yourself overcome with feelings of hopelessness or worry, struggling with meaningful connections despite your best efforts? If you are stuck in your healing journey and are curious about Psychedelic Assisted therapy, I’d love to help. Our work together will incorporate both traditional and non-traditional therapy into your use of psychedelics, helping you to feel whole again. We will help you find relief from the inner turmoil that overwhelms you by identifying unhealthy patterns, navigating difficult emotions, and guiding you toward a renewed, heightened sense of self-love and a feeling of gratitude towards life.
Do you find yourself overcome with feelings of hopelessness or worry, struggling with meaningful connections despite your best efforts? If you are stuck in your healing journey and are curious about Psychedelic Assisted therapy, I’d love to help. Our work together will incorporate both traditional and non-traditional therapy into your use of psychedelics, helping you to feel whole again. We will help you find relief from the inner turmoil that overwhelms you by identifying unhealthy patterns, navigating difficult emotions, and guiding you toward a renewed, heightened sense of self-love and a feeling of gratitude towards life.
(321) 450-3538 View (321) 450-3538
Photo of Dr. Natalie M. Sanchez, PsyD, PSYPACT, Psychologist
Dr. Natalie M. Sanchez
Psychologist, PsyD, PSYPACT
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with anxiety, low self-esteem, or feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges? Do you feel stuck, unsure of how to move forward? I'm here to help. Hi! I’m Dr. Sanchez, a licensed psychologist in Miami Beach & Weston, FL. Whether you’re facing stress, depression, eating concerns, self-harm, or co-occurring substance use, I offer compassionate, personalized care for children, teens, & adults. Through PsyPact, I am able to offer telehealth services across 40 states. I’m here for you wherever you are.
Are you struggling with anxiety, low self-esteem, or feeling overwhelmed by life’s challenges? Do you feel stuck, unsure of how to move forward? I'm here to help. Hi! I’m Dr. Sanchez, a licensed psychologist in Miami Beach & Weston, FL. Whether you’re facing stress, depression, eating concerns, self-harm, or co-occurring substance use, I offer compassionate, personalized care for children, teens, & adults. Through PsyPact, I am able to offer telehealth services across 40 states. I’m here for you wherever you are.
(786) 936-1344 x2 View (786) 936-1344 x2
Photo of Annie Shapiro - Annie Shapiro, Pre-Licensed Professional
Annie Shapiro
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140
As a former Division 1 athlete and personal trainer, I adopt a holistic, full-body approach to mental health. Many of my clients seek therapy to tackle psychological symptoms stemming from both mental and physical imbalances. Together, we address common challenges such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, and mood disorders, alongside the mental aspect of health issues like IBS, chronic pain, insomnia, and more. Let’s collaborate to help you become your best self on every level.
As a former Division 1 athlete and personal trainer, I adopt a holistic, full-body approach to mental health. Many of my clients seek therapy to tackle psychological symptoms stemming from both mental and physical imbalances. Together, we address common challenges such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, and mood disorders, alongside the mental aspect of health issues like IBS, chronic pain, insomnia, and more. Let’s collaborate to help you become your best self on every level.
(786) 321-7767 View (786) 321-7767
Photo of Shelly Cymbal Orlowsky, PsyD, Psychologist
Shelly Cymbal Orlowsky
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140
Motherhood is not always how you expect it to be. For some it is fiiled with anxiety and depression. You are not alone, 1 in 7 women will experience some form of anxiety and/or depression during pregnancy and/or up to a year postpartum. It does not have to be this hard, you do not have to do this alone.
Motherhood is not always how you expect it to be. For some it is fiiled with anxiety and depression. You are not alone, 1 in 7 women will experience some form of anxiety and/or depression during pregnancy and/or up to a year postpartum. It does not have to be this hard, you do not have to do this alone.
(305) 376-7898 View (305) 376-7898
Photo of Amy Ptalis, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Amy Ptalis
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and I have experience treating individuals and couples in both outpatient and inpatient settings. I have provided a solution-focused and empathic environment effectively treating individuals struggling with depression, anxiety and relationship stressors. I am trained in EMDR and find it beneficial for those suffering from trauma and phobias. I have been intensively trained in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) from Dr. Marsha Linehan's Behavioral Tech Institute which has been helpful with improving self-image, emotional stability, interpersonal effectiveness, and mindfulness.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and I have experience treating individuals and couples in both outpatient and inpatient settings. I have provided a solution-focused and empathic environment effectively treating individuals struggling with depression, anxiety and relationship stressors. I am trained in EMDR and find it beneficial for those suffering from trauma and phobias. I have been intensively trained in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) from Dr. Marsha Linehan's Behavioral Tech Institute which has been helpful with improving self-image, emotional stability, interpersonal effectiveness, and mindfulness.
(786) 751-4660 View (786) 751-4660
Photo of Busra Yasar, MS, MHC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Busra Yasar
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MHC
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140
Not accepting new clients
As a mental health therapist, I believe that therapy is a powerful tool for observing and understanding mental and emotional processes. Together, we'll identify patterns that may be holding you back and develop strategies to overcome challenges. Through our work together, you'll gain new insights into your patterns of thinking and behavior, learn new coping skills, and develop a greater sense of self-awareness. If you're looking to gain clarity about who you are and where you want to go in life, I'm here to help.
As a mental health therapist, I believe that therapy is a powerful tool for observing and understanding mental and emotional processes. Together, we'll identify patterns that may be holding you back and develop strategies to overcome challenges. Through our work together, you'll gain new insights into your patterns of thinking and behavior, learn new coping skills, and develop a greater sense of self-awareness. If you're looking to gain clarity about who you are and where you want to go in life, I'm here to help.
(786) 788-7943 View (786) 788-7943
Rosie Drimmer
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MHC, RMHI
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140
I believe that every person has the ability to influence every situation in his/her own life. By recognizing that life is divided into situations which we can control and those over which we are powerless, we gain the ability to overcome our challenges without being overwhelmed by anxiety and/or depression. In our therapeutic relationship I will provide a safe, empathetic, encouraging space where I will help you realize that there is a light at the end of the tunnel.
I believe that every person has the ability to influence every situation in his/her own life. By recognizing that life is divided into situations which we can control and those over which we are powerless, we gain the ability to overcome our challenges without being overwhelmed by anxiety and/or depression. In our therapeutic relationship I will provide a safe, empathetic, encouraging space where I will help you realize that there is a light at the end of the tunnel.
(305) 396-3803 View (305) 396-3803
Photo of Jill Simons-Smith, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Jill Simons-Smith
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Not Verified Not Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140
The greek word 'Therepon' means comrade in a common struggle...As a psychotherapist, I believe it is important to acknowledge that the therapeutic process sometimes involves tolerating uncomfortable feelings, recalling complicated (unpleasant) memories, and facing fears. Your courage and commitment to working through issues should lead to meaningful insights needed to free you of distracting symptoms, improving your relationships with others, and enablling you to develop strengths for facing challenges in the future. In the therapeutic search for self actualization the goals are to incorporate balance, order, harmony, simplicity, creativity, and humility into one's life.
The greek word 'Therepon' means comrade in a common struggle...As a psychotherapist, I believe it is important to acknowledge that the therapeutic process sometimes involves tolerating uncomfortable feelings, recalling complicated (unpleasant) memories, and facing fears. Your courage and commitment to working through issues should lead to meaningful insights needed to free you of distracting symptoms, improving your relationships with others, and enablling you to develop strengths for facing challenges in the future. In the therapeutic search for self actualization the goals are to incorporate balance, order, harmony, simplicity, creativity, and humility into one's life.
(305) 834-4297 View (305) 834-4297
Photo of Bradley Kerschensteiner, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Bradley Kerschensteiner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Miami Beach, FL 33140
I recognize how difficult it can be to ask for help. I also firmly believe that this is the most critical first step in the healing and change process. I provide psychotherapy services for adult individuals and couples in a professional, collaborative and confidential environment. Call today and let me help you cultivate greater mental, emotional and spiritual health in your personal life, relationships and the workplace.
I recognize how difficult it can be to ask for help. I also firmly believe that this is the most critical first step in the healing and change process. I provide psychotherapy services for adult individuals and couples in a professional, collaborative and confidential environment. Call today and let me help you cultivate greater mental, emotional and spiritual health in your personal life, relationships and the workplace.
(786) 201-4543 View (786) 201-4543
Photo of Melissa Friedman, PhD, ABPP-CN, Psychologist
Melissa Friedman
Psychologist, PhD, ABPP-CN
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Miami Beach, FL 33140
I am a licensed psychologist, and a board certified neuropsychologist, with a practice dedicated to assessment and psychotherapy. I provide individual, couples, and group psychotherapy, for adults.
I am a licensed psychologist, and a board certified neuropsychologist, with a practice dedicated to assessment and psychotherapy. I provide individual, couples, and group psychotherapy, for adults.
(786) 574-6313 View (786) 574-6313
Photo of Klaudia Alvarez-Niemczewska, MS
Klaudia Alvarez-Niemczewska
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Miami Beach, FL 33140
Hello! My name is Klaudia. I am compassionate therapist who holds a Master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. My passion lies in empowering clients to discover their inner strength and authenticity. I work extensively with individuals who have faced challenging experiences such as difficult life transitions, stress, anxiety, intrusive thoughts, complex trauma, sexual abuse, PTSD and many more. I believe therapy is all about working together as a team. Through a collaborative and integrative approach, I’m here to support you in discovering your true self, exploring your life's purpose, and fully embracing your self-worth
Hello! My name is Klaudia. I am compassionate therapist who holds a Master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. My passion lies in empowering clients to discover their inner strength and authenticity. I work extensively with individuals who have faced challenging experiences such as difficult life transitions, stress, anxiety, intrusive thoughts, complex trauma, sexual abuse, PTSD and many more. I believe therapy is all about working together as a team. Through a collaborative and integrative approach, I’m here to support you in discovering your true self, exploring your life's purpose, and fully embracing your self-worth
(786) 743-6311 View (786) 743-6311
Photo of Ali Gutfreund - Morningstar Counseling LLC, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Morningstar Counseling LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140
My ideal clients are individuals who are not just seeking change, but are genuinely committed to the transformative process. They come with a readiness to work, displaying openness to feedback and a willingness to engage in self-reflection. These individuals are driven by a profound desire to make concrete changes in their lives, acknowledging that they currently find themselves feeling stuck. Their struggles encompass a yearning for more fulfilling relationships and a stronger sense of identity. These clients recognize that there is untapped potential within them and are eager to embark on a journey of self-discovery and growth.
My ideal clients are individuals who are not just seeking change, but are genuinely committed to the transformative process. They come with a readiness to work, displaying openness to feedback and a willingness to engage in self-reflection. These individuals are driven by a profound desire to make concrete changes in their lives, acknowledging that they currently find themselves feeling stuck. Their struggles encompass a yearning for more fulfilling relationships and a stronger sense of identity. These clients recognize that there is untapped potential within them and are eager to embark on a journey of self-discovery and growth.
(786) 692-6427 View (786) 692-6427
Photo of Rebecca Kalos, LMHC, Counselor
Rebecca Kalos
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140
My name is Rebecca I have a masters in Mental Health Counseling from Nova University and license in the state of Florida. I’ve been working in the field for 4 years.
My name is Rebecca I have a masters in Mental Health Counseling from Nova University and license in the state of Florida. I’ve been working in the field for 4 years.
(786) 432-5032 View (786) 432-5032
Photo of Annaliese Thomas, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Annaliese Thomas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Miami, FL 33140  (Online Only)
Therapy is a unique experience that can teach us more about ourselves and help us gain alternative perspectives. I am here to provide strategies, insight and guidance in your healing journey. Many of struggle with the daily stresses of life or need support with treating anxiety, depression, trauma and relationship issues. I'd be delighted to help you on your path to healing in a compassionate and judgement free environment.
Therapy is a unique experience that can teach us more about ourselves and help us gain alternative perspectives. I am here to provide strategies, insight and guidance in your healing journey. Many of struggle with the daily stresses of life or need support with treating anxiety, depression, trauma and relationship issues. I'd be delighted to help you on your path to healing in a compassionate and judgement free environment.
(561) 823-2861 View (561) 823-2861
Photo of Shira Kalos, MA, MHC
Shira Kalos
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MA, MHC
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140
Sisters care counseling is here to help enhance confidence, communication skills, self-worth, family cohesiveness, and academic achievement. We will help teens and their families gain the skills needed to maintain healthy boundaries, improve stress tolerance, and enhance decision-making skills. Sisters care counseling offers a safe space for individuals to rediscover family balance and to develop the skills needed to grow into confident and healthy adults. Sisters care counseling also specializes in individual counseling for young adults and geriatrics.
Sisters care counseling is here to help enhance confidence, communication skills, self-worth, family cohesiveness, and academic achievement. We will help teens and their families gain the skills needed to maintain healthy boundaries, improve stress tolerance, and enhance decision-making skills. Sisters care counseling offers a safe space for individuals to rediscover family balance and to develop the skills needed to grow into confident and healthy adults. Sisters care counseling also specializes in individual counseling for young adults and geriatrics.
(786) 882-6435 View (786) 882-6435
Photo of Ramona Saeedi, MA, RP, Psych, Registered Psychotherapist
Ramona Saeedi
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP, Psych
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140  (Online Only)
Now Accepting New Clients- Throughout life there are many factors that influence and shape the unique person we become. As a therapist, I believe in the power of self-awareness and self-acceptance, and I seek to assist you in the process of self-exploration and self-growth. I work from a multicultural, nonjudgmental, compassionate, and anti-oppressive lens to understand your needs from the context of your environment, personal relationships, and upbringing. I value the importance of trust and empathy in a therapeutic relationship as I strive to create a safe space to share and discuss concerns.
Now Accepting New Clients- Throughout life there are many factors that influence and shape the unique person we become. As a therapist, I believe in the power of self-awareness and self-acceptance, and I seek to assist you in the process of self-exploration and self-growth. I work from a multicultural, nonjudgmental, compassionate, and anti-oppressive lens to understand your needs from the context of your environment, personal relationships, and upbringing. I value the importance of trust and empathy in a therapeutic relationship as I strive to create a safe space to share and discuss concerns.
(954) 287-2552 View (954) 287-2552
Photo of Dr. Gulsah Cetin, PhD, MS, CFARS, FARS, LMHC
Dr. Gulsah Cetin
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, PhD, MS, CFARS, FARS, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Miami Beach, FL 33140
My primary interest in therapy has been helping people discover and be their true "self." This involves examining who you truly are, the relationships you're in, and identifying barriers that hinder you from achieving the life you desire. I view therapy as a self-discovery journey—an attentive and supportive exploration of your actions, thoughts, emotions, and relationships, influenced by your life experiences. Additionally, I am trained in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy to enhance the therapeutic process.
My primary interest in therapy has been helping people discover and be their true "self." This involves examining who you truly are, the relationships you're in, and identifying barriers that hinder you from achieving the life you desire. I view therapy as a self-discovery journey—an attentive and supportive exploration of your actions, thoughts, emotions, and relationships, influenced by your life experiences. Additionally, I am trained in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy to enhance the therapeutic process.
(786) 507-8661 View (786) 507-8661
Photo of Rodrigo Dasilva, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rodrigo Dasilva
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Miami Beach, FL 33140  (Online Only)
I am currently seeing clients in New York, California and Florida State. I believe Psychotherapy is a collaborative venture that can help people lead a fulfilling life and maintain healthy relationships. In our work together my intention is to create a judgement-free space where I can understand your personal experience and nurture and support you in your journey towards authenticity and change. If you suffer with states of depression, anxiety, or loneliness, or you feel generally dissatisfied with aspects of your life, through our work together we can explore skills and tools that move you toward growth.
I am currently seeing clients in New York, California and Florida State. I believe Psychotherapy is a collaborative venture that can help people lead a fulfilling life and maintain healthy relationships. In our work together my intention is to create a judgement-free space where I can understand your personal experience and nurture and support you in your journey towards authenticity and change. If you suffer with states of depression, anxiety, or loneliness, or you feel generally dissatisfied with aspects of your life, through our work together we can explore skills and tools that move you toward growth.
(786) 746-7082 View (786) 746-7082
1

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 33140

100+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in 33140 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
86% Depression
76% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
65% Coping Skills
60% Family Conflict
60% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

68% Cigna and Evernorth
66% Aetna
63% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 33140 see their clients

64% In Person and Online
36% Online Only

Gender breakdown

73% Female
27% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 33140?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.