Photo of Dr. Desiree S Howell, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Desiree S Howell
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Kingsland, GA 31548  (Online Only)
You’re a high-achieving, sensitive, woman who’s feeling burned out, anxious, and weighed down by past trauma. You’re seeking balance, inner peace, and a way to express your true self authentically. Struggling with work-life balance, perfectionism, and people-pleasing, you know there’s more to life than constant hustle. Your goal is to transform your life, finding strength and connection while releasing societal pressures. You want to thrive and embrace your true self with empowerment and self-compassion. You value a holistic, science-backed, and trauma-informed approach, ready to invest in your well-being and personal growth.
You’re a high-achieving, sensitive, woman who’s feeling burned out, anxious, and weighed down by past trauma. You’re seeking balance, inner peace, and a way to express your true self authentically. Struggling with work-life balance, perfectionism, and people-pleasing, you know there’s more to life than constant hustle. Your goal is to transform your life, finding strength and connection while releasing societal pressures. You want to thrive and embrace your true self with empowerment and self-compassion. You value a holistic, science-backed, and trauma-informed approach, ready to invest in your well-being and personal growth.
(912) 301-5110 View (912) 301-5110
Photo of Lindsay Bottoms, NCC, LPC, RPT-S, CPCS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lindsay Bottoms
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC, RPT-S, CPCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kingsland, GA 31548
Whether you are considering therapy for yourself, your child or family taking that first step can be one of the most challenging decisions! I will work collaboratively with you to ensure your therapy goals aligns with the changes you wish to make. Once you begin counseling, we will work together at a comfortable pace to complete these goals. Focusing on individual strengths, building resiliency and coping to master and achieve the challenges you or your family sought to overcome. In the end, you will have worked hard to achieve a happier and healthier new you!
Whether you are considering therapy for yourself, your child or family taking that first step can be one of the most challenging decisions! I will work collaboratively with you to ensure your therapy goals aligns with the changes you wish to make. Once you begin counseling, we will work together at a comfortable pace to complete these goals. Focusing on individual strengths, building resiliency and coping to master and achieve the challenges you or your family sought to overcome. In the end, you will have worked hard to achieve a happier and healthier new you!
(912) 372-3667 View (912) 372-3667
Photo of Misti Demko, MEd, RMHCI, NCC
Misti Demko
Registered Mental Health Counselor Intern, MEd, RMHCI, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kingsland, GA 31548
When being seen and heard has felt like an impossibility and you’re ready to be who you know you’re meant to be, I’m here to help. You have navigated life’s challenges alone long enough. You’ve made it this far by your own strength and fortitude, so you already possess the internal strength to make the changes that will lead to the life you desire. You just need help assembling the necessary tools to build a life in which you are exactly who you are meant to be.
When being seen and heard has felt like an impossibility and you’re ready to be who you know you’re meant to be, I’m here to help. You have navigated life’s challenges alone long enough. You’ve made it this far by your own strength and fortitude, so you already possess the internal strength to make the changes that will lead to the life you desire. You just need help assembling the necessary tools to build a life in which you are exactly who you are meant to be.
(904) 831-1767 View (904) 831-1767
Photo of Erica McLaughlin, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Erica McLaughlin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kingsland, GA 31548  (Online Only)
Life can carry some of the most trying and rewarding moments. As a therapist with over ten years of clinical experience, I want to support you in navigating these challenges, encourage personal growth, and celebrate your strengths.
Life can carry some of the most trying and rewarding moments. As a therapist with over ten years of clinical experience, I want to support you in navigating these challenges, encourage personal growth, and celebrate your strengths.
(912) 304-4050 View (912) 304-4050
Photo of Monica Bell-Callahan - Headway, MA, LPC, CLC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Headway
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CLC
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548
My client's matter to me, so my goal is to create a safe environment for you to feel comfortable to share your thoughts, feelings. I value your input and aim to create the connection you need. It is my mission to be a vessel and share the love of God with others by providing genuine compassion and concern to hurting people with a desire to rebuild and or restore their lives. So, my practice is open to meeting people just where they are w/o judgment and pretense. I've worked in many diverse settings-residential & group homes, w/homeless population, & helping women overcome horrors of human trafficking/abuse.
My client's matter to me, so my goal is to create a safe environment for you to feel comfortable to share your thoughts, feelings. I value your input and aim to create the connection you need. It is my mission to be a vessel and share the love of God with others by providing genuine compassion and concern to hurting people with a desire to rebuild and or restore their lives. So, my practice is open to meeting people just where they are w/o judgment and pretense. I've worked in many diverse settings-residential & group homes, w/homeless population, & helping women overcome horrors of human trafficking/abuse.
(470) 450-6656 View (470) 450-6656
Photo of Lisa Lewis, APC, MS, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lisa Lewis
Pre-Licensed Professional, APC, MS
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548
I offer a trauma informed custom approach for each of my clients! I like to begin by understanding your needs and collaborating with you to make a plan on how to move forward. I want to help you reach your goals! Whether it is learning to set boundaries, working through a loss, anxiety, depression, trauma or changing a pattern of behavior that is keeping you stuck. My goal is to help you move through whatever maybe be bothering you with a nonjudgmental and objective approach. I offer in-person or virtual appointments to suit your schedule. Please call today! Appointments available!
I offer a trauma informed custom approach for each of my clients! I like to begin by understanding your needs and collaborating with you to make a plan on how to move forward. I want to help you reach your goals! Whether it is learning to set boundaries, working through a loss, anxiety, depression, trauma or changing a pattern of behavior that is keeping you stuck. My goal is to help you move through whatever maybe be bothering you with a nonjudgmental and objective approach. I offer in-person or virtual appointments to suit your schedule. Please call today! Appointments available!
(912) 378-4224 View (912) 378-4224
Photo of Rachel Shannon, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Rachel Shannon
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548
Whether you find yourself struggling with your mental health, have a difficult relationship that you need help navigating, or are experiencing grief and loss, therapy can help support you. Often times, reaching out and taking that first step is the hardest part. I understand how overwhelming life can be and how hard it is to prioritize yourself. I welcome all individuals, couples, and families to therapy and provide confidential, inclusive services. Therapy is a safe, peaceful environment to share your truth vulnerably and be met with respect and compassion.
Whether you find yourself struggling with your mental health, have a difficult relationship that you need help navigating, or are experiencing grief and loss, therapy can help support you. Often times, reaching out and taking that first step is the hardest part. I understand how overwhelming life can be and how hard it is to prioritize yourself. I welcome all individuals, couples, and families to therapy and provide confidential, inclusive services. Therapy is a safe, peaceful environment to share your truth vulnerably and be met with respect and compassion.
(912) 491-3123 View (912) 491-3123
Margaret Peek Powell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548  (Online Only)
As a virtual therapist, I offer clients the convenience of flexible scheduling in a private setting of their choice. I provide a confidential environment for clients to talk, and my purpose is to help clients make decisions and changes that are consistent with their value system and treatments goals.
As a virtual therapist, I offer clients the convenience of flexible scheduling in a private setting of their choice. I provide a confidential environment for clients to talk, and my purpose is to help clients make decisions and changes that are consistent with their value system and treatments goals.
(912) 378-4953 View (912) 378-4953
Photo of Ara C. Trembly, MS, ACHt, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ara C. Trembly
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, ACHt, LPC
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548
Hello, I'm Ara Trembly, Licensed Professional Counselor, former Adjunct Professor at Cairn University's Institute for Higher Learning, and Board-Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist.. Are you (or someone you love) struggling with fears, depression, autism, ADHD, phobias, marriage issues, spiritual problems, destructive habits, academic/sports performance, self-confidence issues, divorce, adjustment disorders, sleep disturbances, pain management, or other life problems? If so, I have a variety of ways to help. I provide both counseling and clinical hypnotherapy from a Christian perspective.
Hello, I'm Ara Trembly, Licensed Professional Counselor, former Adjunct Professor at Cairn University's Institute for Higher Learning, and Board-Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist.. Are you (or someone you love) struggling with fears, depression, autism, ADHD, phobias, marriage issues, spiritual problems, destructive habits, academic/sports performance, self-confidence issues, divorce, adjustment disorders, sleep disturbances, pain management, or other life problems? If so, I have a variety of ways to help. I provide both counseling and clinical hypnotherapy from a Christian perspective.
(904) 572-1412 View (904) 572-1412
Photo of Drew Nelson, MFT, PCC, Pre-Lic, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Drew Nelson
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MFT, PCC, Pre-Lic
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kingsland, GA 31548
Waitlist for new clients
I am an LGBTQIA+ affirming therapist who focuses on relationship issues for all types of couples (heteronormative, same-sex, interracial) as well as individual support of clients from all walks of life in anger management, depression, anxiety, and conflict resolution. I also have experience dealing with food addiction and overcoming internal struggles that result in obesity. With individuals, my goal is to connect with you at your pace and come together to define your therapy goals and how I can help you get where you see your ideal self. I have a pragmatic counseling style and love keeping our conversations grounded.
I am an LGBTQIA+ affirming therapist who focuses on relationship issues for all types of couples (heteronormative, same-sex, interracial) as well as individual support of clients from all walks of life in anger management, depression, anxiety, and conflict resolution. I also have experience dealing with food addiction and overcoming internal struggles that result in obesity. With individuals, my goal is to connect with you at your pace and come together to define your therapy goals and how I can help you get where you see your ideal self. I have a pragmatic counseling style and love keeping our conversations grounded.
(912) 455-3283 View (912) 455-3283
Photo of Allyn D Robb Jr - Emerald Isle Counseling, EdS, NCC, BCPC, CPCS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Emerald Isle Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, NCC, BCPC, CPCS, LPC
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548
Offices located in St. Simons Island, Brunswick, Kingsland or via Telehealth; serving all ages. People seek counseling for a wide variety of reasons. Some are going through difficult life transitions, while others are trying to learn more about themselves and lead more fulfilling lives. Whatever may be your reason for searching today, know that we can help you. Brunswick Location: 501 Gloucester Street, Suite 204; St Simon Island Location: 203 Marina Drive; Kingsland Location: 130 Gross Road, Suite 102. - - - - - - - - -Find Your Balance- - - - - -
Offices located in St. Simons Island, Brunswick, Kingsland or via Telehealth; serving all ages. People seek counseling for a wide variety of reasons. Some are going through difficult life transitions, while others are trying to learn more about themselves and lead more fulfilling lives. Whatever may be your reason for searching today, know that we can help you. Brunswick Location: 501 Gloucester Street, Suite 204; St Simon Island Location: 203 Marina Drive; Kingsland Location: 130 Gross Road, Suite 102. - - - - - - - - -Find Your Balance- - - - - -
(912) 330-4401 View (912) 330-4401
Photo of Jeanne Simpson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jeanne Simpson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548
Hi, my name is Jeanne Simpson. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state Georgia. Finding a balance with work, relationships, self-care and managing every day life can be challenging. Counseling is the perfect tool to help gain perspective of the challenges we face. I am here to support you in that process. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, depression, grief and loss, depression, work-related stressors, adjustment concerns, self-esteem issues, and aging.
Hi, my name is Jeanne Simpson. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state Georgia. Finding a balance with work, relationships, self-care and managing every day life can be challenging. Counseling is the perfect tool to help gain perspective of the challenges we face. I am here to support you in that process. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, depression, grief and loss, depression, work-related stressors, adjustment concerns, self-esteem issues, and aging.
(470) 664-6939 View (470) 664-6939
Photo of Jason Hill, LPC, LMFT, MAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jason Hill
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMFT, MAC
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548
I have practice locations in Brunswick, St. Simons Island, St. Marys, and Hinesville
I have practice locations in Brunswick, St. Simons Island, St. Marys, and Hinesville
(912) 387-0667 View (912) 387-0667
Photo of William Darsey, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
William Darsey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548
As a therapist, I am dedicated to helping you achieve your goals and improve the quality of your life. My approach to counseling is eclectic/integrative and based upon a person’s individual needs while being empathetic, non-judgmental, and easy to talk to. I primarily draw upon cognitive-behavioral therapy, humanism, systems theory, strengths-based theory, trauma-informed care, and psychoeducation. 
Since graduating from the University of Georgia and entering the field in 2010, I have gathered broad clinical experience in both the United States and the United Kingdom.
As a therapist, I am dedicated to helping you achieve your goals and improve the quality of your life. My approach to counseling is eclectic/integrative and based upon a person’s individual needs while being empathetic, non-judgmental, and easy to talk to. I primarily draw upon cognitive-behavioral therapy, humanism, systems theory, strengths-based theory, trauma-informed care, and psychoeducation. 
Since graduating from the University of Georgia and entering the field in 2010, I have gathered broad clinical experience in both the United States and the United Kingdom.
(404) 689-1895 View (404) 689-1895
Photo of Dr. Karen Nicole Kearby, PsyD, LPCMHSP, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Karen Nicole Kearby
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPCMHSP, NCC
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC-MHSP) and a Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC) with a doctorate in Psychology and six years of experience in the field. I’ve worked with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and groups with self-esteem issues, depression, anxiety, partner relational problems, anger/stress management, trauma, and life adjustment issues. I utilize a mix of Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), Positive Psychology, Solution Focused Brief (SFBT), and Dialectical (DBT) modalities. I believe that when people have hope and replace irrational thoughts and attitudes, they are able to change.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC-MHSP) and a Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC) with a doctorate in Psychology and six years of experience in the field. I’ve worked with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and groups with self-esteem issues, depression, anxiety, partner relational problems, anger/stress management, trauma, and life adjustment issues. I utilize a mix of Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), Positive Psychology, Solution Focused Brief (SFBT), and Dialectical (DBT) modalities. I believe that when people have hope and replace irrational thoughts and attitudes, they are able to change.
(470) 280-2147 View (470) 280-2147
Photo of Amy Wood, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Amy Wood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548  (Online Only)
Welcome! As a seasoned therapist with over a decade of experience, I'm here to help you with both past and present issues that are impacting your everyday life. I specialize in treating anxiety, postpartum depression, pregnancy loss, infertility, challenges as a new or seasoned parent, post-traumatic stress disorder, issues with relationships, and issues with work/school. I provide a warm and welcoming virtual space for residents of GA, VT and FL.
Welcome! As a seasoned therapist with over a decade of experience, I'm here to help you with both past and present issues that are impacting your everyday life. I specialize in treating anxiety, postpartum depression, pregnancy loss, infertility, challenges as a new or seasoned parent, post-traumatic stress disorder, issues with relationships, and issues with work/school. I provide a warm and welcoming virtual space for residents of GA, VT and FL.
(470) 665-4851 View (470) 665-4851
Photo of Sheridan Ann Jackson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sheridan Ann Jackson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548  (Online Only)
My work is designed to help you achieve your goals and to support you in your efforts to live the life you want to live. My basic orientation is psychodynamic, but I'm flexible in my approach. I honor the individuality of each person with whom I work. I believe in the strength of the human spirit and the possibilities of change for anyone who desires it.
My work is designed to help you achieve your goals and to support you in your efforts to live the life you want to live. My basic orientation is psychodynamic, but I'm flexible in my approach. I honor the individuality of each person with whom I work. I believe in the strength of the human spirit and the possibilities of change for anyone who desires it.
(213) 693-4401 View (213) 693-4401
Photo of Nannette Marie Brannon, LPC, NCC, CPCS, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nannette Marie Brannon
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CPCS
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548
I have over 18 years' experience providing counseling to adult, children, and families. I have experience with military issues. also have experience dealing with grief counseling. I have also provided counseling addictive issues. Individualize all counseling to meet the specific need of that person that I am counseling at the time.
I have over 18 years' experience providing counseling to adult, children, and families. I have experience with military issues. also have experience dealing with grief counseling. I have also provided counseling addictive issues. Individualize all counseling to meet the specific need of that person that I am counseling at the time.
(912) 324-7890 View (912) 324-7890
Photo of Claudia Luna, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Claudia Luna
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kingsland, GA 31548
Sometimes life's struggles and losses leave you with a sense of hopelessness and uncertainty about the future. You begin to question the meaning and purpose of your life as you have grown discontent with where you are and who you have become. You now find yourself feeling overwhelmed with life and as a failure. At times the feelings of fear, worry, anxiety, regret, shame, doubt, and uncertainty hit you all at once leaving you in a deeper emotional and physical pain. Whether it’s the loss of a loved one, a marriage, a breakup, a relationship, a pet, a job, a move, or hopes and dreams I can help.
Sometimes life's struggles and losses leave you with a sense of hopelessness and uncertainty about the future. You begin to question the meaning and purpose of your life as you have grown discontent with where you are and who you have become. You now find yourself feeling overwhelmed with life and as a failure. At times the feelings of fear, worry, anxiety, regret, shame, doubt, and uncertainty hit you all at once leaving you in a deeper emotional and physical pain. Whether it’s the loss of a loved one, a marriage, a breakup, a relationship, a pet, a job, a move, or hopes and dreams I can help.
(912) 455-6214 View (912) 455-6214
Photo of Mary Merritt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mary Merritt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Kingsland, GA 31548  (Online Only)
Message me directly for available appointments I am a licensed clinical social worker with 23 years of experience in the field, 17 of which have been in counseling. I assist clients with issues surrounding self-esteem, body image, anxiety, depression and eating disorders. I also assist clients struggling with relationship issues and divorce. I have extensive experience in grief counseling and supporting clients as they process loss. I am passionate about helping others love themselves, take care of their bodies, and find freedom from societal standards!
Message me directly for available appointments I am a licensed clinical social worker with 23 years of experience in the field, 17 of which have been in counseling. I assist clients with issues surrounding self-esteem, body image, anxiety, depression and eating disorders. I also assist clients struggling with relationship issues and divorce. I have extensive experience in grief counseling and supporting clients as they process loss. I am passionate about helping others love themselves, take care of their bodies, and find freedom from societal standards!
(706) 420-5761 View (706) 420-5761
1

See more therapy options for 31548

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 31548

20+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in 31548 who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
92% Depression
84% Trauma and PTSD
80% Grief
80% Coping Skills
76% Relationship Issues
76% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
91% Cigna and Evernorth
77% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 31548 see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
21% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 31548?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.