Therapists in 27713

Photo of Suzana Pratt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT
Suzana Pratt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, RPT
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
Children, adolescents, and parents experience unique joys and challenges. When children are feeling big emotions, it can sometimes look like anxiety, depression, physical aggression, and defiance. Adolescents are navigating their identities and social relationships. Parents are trying to balance their own needs with those of their families. Therapy is a place to access emotional support and skill building. I provide play therapy to support children, and utilize a more directive style to support adolescents, adults and parents. I provide a safe space that empowers clients to utilize their unique strengths, and I am LGBTQ+ affirming.
Children, adolescents, and parents experience unique joys and challenges. When children are feeling big emotions, it can sometimes look like anxiety, depression, physical aggression, and defiance. Adolescents are navigating their identities and social relationships. Parents are trying to balance their own needs with those of their families. Therapy is a place to access emotional support and skill building. I provide play therapy to support children, and utilize a more directive style to support adolescents, adults and parents. I provide a safe space that empowers clients to utilize their unique strengths, and I am LGBTQ+ affirming.
(919) 887-8979 View (919) 887-8979
Photo of Presley Bright, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS
Presley Bright
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAS
Durham, NC 27713
I recognize each person as an individual with unique strengths, values and desires. As a part of the therapeutic process, I encourage people to identify and reflect on their own values and to improve their practice of making mindful choices based on those values. People often turn to therapy because they feel overwhelmed, alone, or disconnected. My hope for people receiving therapy is that they will experience a restoration of calm, a feeling of connectedness, and a return to a sense of normalcy. I concentrate on improving people's self-efficacy, the belief that one is able and capable.
I recognize each person as an individual with unique strengths, values and desires. As a part of the therapeutic process, I encourage people to identify and reflect on their own values and to improve their practice of making mindful choices based on those values. People often turn to therapy because they feel overwhelmed, alone, or disconnected. My hope for people receiving therapy is that they will experience a restoration of calm, a feeling of connectedness, and a return to a sense of normalcy. I concentrate on improving people's self-efficacy, the belief that one is able and capable.
(919) 584-9869 View (919) 584-9869
Photo of Janice L Bryant, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC-S, LCAS
Janice L Bryant
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC-S, LCAS
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Supervisor (LCMHC-S) and a Licensed Clinical Addiction Specialist (LCAS). I specialize in populations dually diagnosed with Mental Health and Substance Abuse Disorders. I am trained in Multi-Systemic Therapy; a family focused evidenced based model. Other training include Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Trauma Focused Therapy and Motivational Interviewing which is primarily used with populations battling chemical addiction.
I am a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Supervisor (LCMHC-S) and a Licensed Clinical Addiction Specialist (LCAS). I specialize in populations dually diagnosed with Mental Health and Substance Abuse Disorders. I am trained in Multi-Systemic Therapy; a family focused evidenced based model. Other training include Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Trauma Focused Therapy and Motivational Interviewing which is primarily used with populations battling chemical addiction.
(919) 647-9914 View (919) 647-9914
Photo of Mindi Perry, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Mindi Perry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Durham, NC 27713
Mindi M. Perry, LCSW Mindi M. Perry is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in North Carolina who has been practicing since 1989. She has a Bachelor's Degree in Sociology and a Master's Degree in of Social Work. Mindi has extensive experience providing training and supervision to foster parents, licensed clinical social workers, medical professionals, and graduate level students. She endorses a strengths-based approach when providing therapy and believes in the potential of her patients. Mindi is person-centered and embraces a holistic point of view, focusing on the social, emotional, and physical well-being of others.
Mindi M. Perry, LCSW Mindi M. Perry is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in North Carolina who has been practicing since 1989. She has a Bachelor's Degree in Sociology and a Master's Degree in of Social Work. Mindi has extensive experience providing training and supervision to foster parents, licensed clinical social workers, medical professionals, and graduate level students. She endorses a strengths-based approach when providing therapy and believes in the potential of her patients. Mindi is person-centered and embraces a holistic point of view, focusing on the social, emotional, and physical well-being of others.
(919) 584-9760 View (919) 584-9760
Photo of Jenny Daniel, MS, LCMHC-A, LCAS-A
Jenny Daniel
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
Do you have thoughts or feelings that make it difficult for you to experience joy? Have you had an experience or struggle that you can’t seem to move past? Maybe you find yourself relying on drugs or alcohol just to “feel normal” or make it through the day? Are you in a relationship that is holding you back from accomplishing your goals or being your authentic self? These are just a few examples of situations that I can help you navigate.
Do you have thoughts or feelings that make it difficult for you to experience joy? Have you had an experience or struggle that you can’t seem to move past? Maybe you find yourself relying on drugs or alcohol just to “feel normal” or make it through the day? Are you in a relationship that is holding you back from accomplishing your goals or being your authentic self? These are just a few examples of situations that I can help you navigate.
(919) 504-4190 View (919) 504-4190
Photo of Tryphene Dewanou, Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, LCMHC-A
Tryphene Dewanou
Lic Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, LCMHC-A
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
Tryphene is a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate who has obtained her Master in Clinical Mental Health Counseling, from Columbia International University. She has worked with children, individuals, and families in both school and office settings. Tryphene therapeutic services have included but are not limited to anxiety, depression, conduct disorder, ADHD management, grief, trauma, relationship challenges, and life adjustment. She utilizes a systemic, person-centered, emotional-forced therapy approaches as well as other more specific modalities as needed.
Tryphene is a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate who has obtained her Master in Clinical Mental Health Counseling, from Columbia International University. She has worked with children, individuals, and families in both school and office settings. Tryphene therapeutic services have included but are not limited to anxiety, depression, conduct disorder, ADHD management, grief, trauma, relationship challenges, and life adjustment. She utilizes a systemic, person-centered, emotional-forced therapy approaches as well as other more specific modalities as needed.
(984) 283-5655 View (984) 283-5655
Photo of Matthew McGibney, LCMHC
Matthew McGibney
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
I strive to provide a compassionate and supportive space for individuals and couples to explore their thoughts, emotions, and relationships. Many of my clients have a deep yearning to understand themselves better, to explore the roots of their struggles, and to gain insight into their patterns. Through a therapeutic relationship built on trust and collaboration, my aim is to provide the support, guidance, and therapeutic tools necessary for them to achieve their goals and lead a more meaningful and satisfying life.
I strive to provide a compassionate and supportive space for individuals and couples to explore their thoughts, emotions, and relationships. Many of my clients have a deep yearning to understand themselves better, to explore the roots of their struggles, and to gain insight into their patterns. Through a therapeutic relationship built on trust and collaboration, my aim is to provide the support, guidance, and therapeutic tools necessary for them to achieve their goals and lead a more meaningful and satisfying life.
(919) 899-2168 View (919) 899-2168
Photo of Matthew Varley, Psychologist, PhD
Matthew Varley
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
People often seek psychotherapy to cope with challenges, gain insights, and make meaningful changes in their personal and professional lives and relationships. Forming a collaborative relationship with every client is central to my work. Grounded in person-centered, existential, and mindfulness-based practice, I engage in the ongoing search for meaning in life. Most of my clients prefer longer-term, depth-oriented psychotherapy. I enjoy meeting with diverse adolescents, adults, couples and groups.
People often seek psychotherapy to cope with challenges, gain insights, and make meaningful changes in their personal and professional lives and relationships. Forming a collaborative relationship with every client is central to my work. Grounded in person-centered, existential, and mindfulness-based practice, I engage in the ongoing search for meaning in life. Most of my clients prefer longer-term, depth-oriented psychotherapy. I enjoy meeting with diverse adolescents, adults, couples and groups.
(919) 646-9663 View (919) 646-9663
Photo of Anna Cecere, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, LCMHCA
Anna Cecere
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, LCMHCA
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
Sometimes life feels out of control. While we can't control everything, you can decide who you are and who you want to be. If you are a student, an athlete, a first responder, or just motivated for change, together we can understand thinking patterns/beliefs and implement different actions to guide you in the direction you want. You can learn new skills, build your identity, and engage in self-compassion.
Sometimes life feels out of control. While we can't control everything, you can decide who you are and who you want to be. If you are a student, an athlete, a first responder, or just motivated for change, together we can understand thinking patterns/beliefs and implement different actions to guide you in the direction you want. You can learn new skills, build your identity, and engage in self-compassion.
(984) 360-6986 View (984) 360-6986
Photo of Amy Wendelowski, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC
Amy Wendelowski
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, LCMHC
Durham, NC 27713
Amy Wendolowski is a compassionate and clinically grounded mental health counselor specializing in addiction treatment and recovery support. With extensive experience working with individuals navigating substance use disorders, Amy provides a safe, nonjudgmental space for clients to explore the challenges that impact their emotional, mental, and behavioral well-being. Her therapeutic approach integrates evidence-based practices with a warm, person-centered style, helping clients build insight, develop healthy coping skills, and create meaningful change.
Amy Wendolowski is a compassionate and clinically grounded mental health counselor specializing in addiction treatment and recovery support. With extensive experience working with individuals navigating substance use disorders, Amy provides a safe, nonjudgmental space for clients to explore the challenges that impact their emotional, mental, and behavioral well-being. Her therapeutic approach integrates evidence-based practices with a warm, person-centered style, helping clients build insight, develop healthy coping skills, and create meaningful change.
(984) 299-9721 View (984) 299-9721
Photo of Elias Scott Mohr, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MA
Elias Scott Mohr
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, MA
2 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
The people who tend to work with me are thoughtful and curious, often navigating grief, life transitions, identity shifts, or relationship strain. They may appear steady on the outside while feeling stretched thin inside. Many want space to slow down and understand themselves more fully, creating change that feels integrated and lasting. For couples, my goal is to help each person gently uncover the patterns that create tension. Sessions focus on strengthening communication, and better understanding both your partner’s inner world and the larger ecosystem of your relationship.
The people who tend to work with me are thoughtful and curious, often navigating grief, life transitions, identity shifts, or relationship strain. They may appear steady on the outside while feeling stretched thin inside. Many want space to slow down and understand themselves more fully, creating change that feels integrated and lasting. For couples, my goal is to help each person gently uncover the patterns that create tension. Sessions focus on strengthening communication, and better understanding both your partner’s inner world and the larger ecosystem of your relationship.
(984) 324-8127 View (984) 324-8127
Photo of Beth Lewis, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC, SEP
Beth Lewis
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MA, LCMHC, SEP
6 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
Feeling stuck in your ability to make lasting and meaningful life changes? Or looking for someone to help you cope with anxiety or relationship issues? I specialize in working with young (18 and up) and older adults who struggle with disordered eating, acute and complex trauma, interpersonal issues, anxiety, depression, communication problems, complications with life transitions, and intimacy issues. Additionally, I welcome and have extensive experience working with individuals who are part of the LGBTQIA+ community and individuals in polyamorous or non-traditional relationships.
Feeling stuck in your ability to make lasting and meaningful life changes? Or looking for someone to help you cope with anxiety or relationship issues? I specialize in working with young (18 and up) and older adults who struggle with disordered eating, acute and complex trauma, interpersonal issues, anxiety, depression, communication problems, complications with life transitions, and intimacy issues. Additionally, I welcome and have extensive experience working with individuals who are part of the LGBTQIA+ community and individuals in polyamorous or non-traditional relationships.
(984) 205-7325 View (984) 205-7325
Photo of Rosemary Barbour, LPC Intern
Rosemary Barbour
LPC Intern
Durham, NC 27713
Are you seeking support to navigate trauma, PTSD, anxiety, stress, or other mental health challenges? As a counseling intern with a background in Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and a commitment to mental health, I provide tailored counseling services to individuals from diverse backgrounds. Whether you're a first responder, military personnel, or anyone facing mental health struggles, I offer compassionate, evidence-based care to support your healing journey. Together, we'll work collaboratively to identify and achieve your goals, empowering you to live a fulfilling and resilient life.
Are you seeking support to navigate trauma, PTSD, anxiety, stress, or other mental health challenges? As a counseling intern with a background in Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and a commitment to mental health, I provide tailored counseling services to individuals from diverse backgrounds. Whether you're a first responder, military personnel, or anyone facing mental health struggles, I offer compassionate, evidence-based care to support your healing journey. Together, we'll work collaboratively to identify and achieve your goals, empowering you to live a fulfilling and resilient life.
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Photo of Nicholas Rogers, Psychologist, PsyD
Nicholas Rogers
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
Finding hope in the midst of life's challenges is possible. With years of experience in psychotherapy and in crisis management, I have served diverse populations, from being an on-call provider for an entire county to working with individuals in outpatient therapy and hospitals. My expertise includes helping clients of all ages navigate life's complexities. I approach therapy with a strong focus on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which means we can tackle problems efficiently and begin creating change today. I work with individuals across the lifespan, offering tailored support to their unique situation and needs.
Finding hope in the midst of life's challenges is possible. With years of experience in psychotherapy and in crisis management, I have served diverse populations, from being an on-call provider for an entire county to working with individuals in outpatient therapy and hospitals. My expertise includes helping clients of all ages navigate life's complexities. I approach therapy with a strong focus on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which means we can tackle problems efficiently and begin creating change today. I work with individuals across the lifespan, offering tailored support to their unique situation and needs.
(919) 572-0000 View (919) 572-0000
Photo of Sarah 'howie' Howard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sarah 'howie' Howard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
Teenage-hood can be ROUGH. It's when teens want independence and are figuring out their identity and parents would just like to know what's going on. We say things we don't mean to people we love or we aren't finding a way to communicate where everyone feels heard. So many other factors have an impact like trauma, attachment, oppression, timeframes, shame, world events, culture, and family history. I could keep that list going forever and that's too much to figure out alone.
Teenage-hood can be ROUGH. It's when teens want independence and are figuring out their identity and parents would just like to know what's going on. We say things we don't mean to people we love or we aren't finding a way to communicate where everyone feels heard. So many other factors have an impact like trauma, attachment, oppression, timeframes, shame, world events, culture, and family history. I could keep that list going forever and that's too much to figure out alone.
(984) 985-2816 x724 View (984) 985-2816 x724
Photo of Max Martin, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, LCMHCA
Max Martin
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor Associate, LCMHCA
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
Accepting new clients! Sometimes we reach points in life where we feel stuck. We might be trapped in loops of negative thoughts, or feel like we’ve hit a dead end in our career or relationships. When we reach out for support and connection, we find that the technology that was supposed to connect us has left us more isolated than ever. Individually or as a couple, I will help you create a space to reflect and work through difficult thoughts and emotions–cultivating hope and building a deeper sense of meaning in your life story.
Accepting new clients! Sometimes we reach points in life where we feel stuck. We might be trapped in loops of negative thoughts, or feel like we’ve hit a dead end in our career or relationships. When we reach out for support and connection, we find that the technology that was supposed to connect us has left us more isolated than ever. Individually or as a couple, I will help you create a space to reflect and work through difficult thoughts and emotions–cultivating hope and building a deeper sense of meaning in your life story.
(984) 315-7136 View (984) 315-7136
Photo of Lindsey Ohler, PsyD
Lindsey Ohler
Verified Verified
Durham, NC 27713
My treatment style incorporates both client-centered and empirically-validated approaches in order to best serve each client's unique needs. I collaborate with clients to develop solution-focused goals that strengthen their interpersonal, behavioral, and emotional functioning.
My treatment style incorporates both client-centered and empirically-validated approaches in order to best serve each client's unique needs. I collaborate with clients to develop solution-focused goals that strengthen their interpersonal, behavioral, and emotional functioning.
(919) 572-0000 View (919) 572-0000
Photo of Casey Okoniewski, Psychologist, PhD
Casey Okoniewski
Psychologist, PhD
2 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
I specialize in intricate differential diagnostics for neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, and learning disorders assisting individuals and their families to gain clarity and insight. My specialties include nuanced autism profiles, including those often referred to as high-functioning or those assigned female at birth, and complex cognitive and behavioral profiles.
I specialize in intricate differential diagnostics for neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, and learning disorders assisting individuals and their families to gain clarity and insight. My specialties include nuanced autism profiles, including those often referred to as high-functioning or those assigned female at birth, and complex cognitive and behavioral profiles.
(919) 893-0193 View (919) 893-0193
Photo of Kiel Frett, Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS
Kiel Frett
Counselor, LCMHC, LCAS
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
A foundational quote for my work as well as my life has been “Be kind for everyone is facing a hard battle.” One’s battle could be feeling alone even when surrounded by people, trying to manage countless life stressors, or struggling to overcome addiction amongst others. Meeting you where you are at and seeing past your symptoms to who you are as a person is central to who I am as a counselor. Within your battle, I strive to compassionately assist you in recognizing the strengths that you have within yourself to cope.
A foundational quote for my work as well as my life has been “Be kind for everyone is facing a hard battle.” One’s battle could be feeling alone even when surrounded by people, trying to manage countless life stressors, or struggling to overcome addiction amongst others. Meeting you where you are at and seeing past your symptoms to who you are as a person is central to who I am as a counselor. Within your battle, I strive to compassionately assist you in recognizing the strengths that you have within yourself to cope.
(919) 849-3050 View (919) 849-3050
Photo of Brice Bradshaw, Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC, NCC
Brice Bradshaw
Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor, MS, LCMHC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Durham, NC 27713
Various obstacles in life can leave us feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or sometimes even hopeless. If you're someone who has an internal desire to be a better, more fulfilled person but you find yourself struggling with how to get there, you may be feeling discouraged, anxious and/or depressed. Are you looking to change that? If you're ready to give therapy a try and see if things can be better, welcome! Let's work through whatever's been holding you back! Hello! I'm Brice Bradshaw. I work with kids, adolescents, and adults of all ages. I look forward to helping you to achieve your goals, both in counseling and in life.
Various obstacles in life can leave us feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or sometimes even hopeless. If you're someone who has an internal desire to be a better, more fulfilled person but you find yourself struggling with how to get there, you may be feeling discouraged, anxious and/or depressed. Are you looking to change that? If you're ready to give therapy a try and see if things can be better, welcome! Let's work through whatever's been holding you back! Hello! I'm Brice Bradshaw. I work with kids, adolescents, and adults of all ages. I look forward to helping you to achieve your goals, both in counseling and in life.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 27713

500+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 27713 who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
84% Depression
68% Self Esteem
61% Trauma and PTSD
57% Grief
55% Relationship Issues
55% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% Aetna
81% BlueCross and BlueShield
72% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 27713 see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
13% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 27713?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.