Therapists in 23140

Photo of Marie W Cadden, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MAC
Marie W Cadden
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MAC
2 Endorsed
Providence Forge, VA 23140
I am a born and raised Southern girl and now a recent transplant to Virginia. I'm a licensed clinical social worker in both Virginia and Georgia and have 25+ years’ experience working with children, parents, and adult women in various stages of life. My specialities include anxiety, depression, ADHD, stress and parenting difficulties. I especially enjoy assisting women with meeting their treatment goals. Additionally, I am trained in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). I also offer Adult ADHD assessments.
I am a born and raised Southern girl and now a recent transplant to Virginia. I'm a licensed clinical social worker in both Virginia and Georgia and have 25+ years’ experience working with children, parents, and adult women in various stages of life. My specialities include anxiety, depression, ADHD, stress and parenting difficulties. I especially enjoy assisting women with meeting their treatment goals. Additionally, I am trained in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). I also offer Adult ADHD assessments.
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Photo of Emily Elliott, Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW, MAT
Emily Elliott
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMSW, MAT
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling lost, frustrated, down, or empty? Have you experienced any life-changing events that have left you confused or overwhelmed? Do you have relationship challenges that seem to keep repeating? Are you at a loss with how to approach situations with your children that seem insurmountable? Life and relationship transitions can push us to our mental and emotional limits. At MMP, we are here to help you identify your challenges and emotions and then develop coping skills that will allow you to navigate stressful events. With these newly acquired ideas and skills, you can start living the life that you want.
Are you feeling lost, frustrated, down, or empty? Have you experienced any life-changing events that have left you confused or overwhelmed? Do you have relationship challenges that seem to keep repeating? Are you at a loss with how to approach situations with your children that seem insurmountable? Life and relationship transitions can push us to our mental and emotional limits. At MMP, we are here to help you identify your challenges and emotions and then develop coping skills that will allow you to navigate stressful events. With these newly acquired ideas and skills, you can start living the life that you want.
(804) 294-4248 View (804) 294-4248
Photo of Richard Swaine, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Richard Swaine
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
I have been a licensed professional counselor for over a decade, working with adolescents and adults in both inpatient and outpatient settings. I work with clients dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma recovery, mood disorders, relationship issues, and codependency. I focus on cognitive behavioral therapy and solution-focused therapy to develop coping skills to help you move successfully to a full and happy life. I can help you develop mindfulness practices and tools to enhance your recovery.
I have been a licensed professional counselor for over a decade, working with adolescents and adults in both inpatient and outpatient settings. I work with clients dealing with anxiety, depression, trauma recovery, mood disorders, relationship issues, and codependency. I focus on cognitive behavioral therapy and solution-focused therapy to develop coping skills to help you move successfully to a full and happy life. I can help you develop mindfulness practices and tools to enhance your recovery.
(804) 336-3629 View (804) 336-3629
Photo of Terica Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Terica Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Hi! I'm Terica Brown. Congratulations for the choice to invest in yourself! It can be a difficult proposition to choose to engage in therapy and you have made that choice. I believe therapy is one of the best things anyone can do to care for themselves. It's like a spa for your heart and mind; minus the spa amenities! I specialize in meeting people where they are in a down to earth way, assisting them with identifying their needs and goals, and working with them to address the issues that keep them stuck. One of the best things about therapy is no topic is off limits and the time is all about you!
Hi! I'm Terica Brown. Congratulations for the choice to invest in yourself! It can be a difficult proposition to choose to engage in therapy and you have made that choice. I believe therapy is one of the best things anyone can do to care for themselves. It's like a spa for your heart and mind; minus the spa amenities! I specialize in meeting people where they are in a down to earth way, assisting them with identifying their needs and goals, and working with them to address the issues that keep them stuck. One of the best things about therapy is no topic is off limits and the time is all about you!
(804) 568-9586 View (804) 568-9586

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Brian Browning, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Brian Browning
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Williamsburg, VA 23188
I strongly believe that everyone has a story to tell. Sometimes, life and circumstances outside of our control muddy that story, leaving us confused and stuck in the same chapter over and over again. I work with clients from a person-centered perspective to identify their current needs and strengths. Utilizing evidenced-based practices and interventions, I aim to work alongside clients to foster resiliency and personal agency in writing their own narrative.
I strongly believe that everyone has a story to tell. Sometimes, life and circumstances outside of our control muddy that story, leaving us confused and stuck in the same chapter over and over again. I work with clients from a person-centered perspective to identify their current needs and strengths. Utilizing evidenced-based practices and interventions, I aim to work alongside clients to foster resiliency and personal agency in writing their own narrative.
(757) 798-8219 View (757) 798-8219
Photo of LeRoger Parrish, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
LeRoger Parrish
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am passionate about helping adults and adolescents (age 13+) strengthen the resilience in their lives. Are you experiencing trouble finding your joy in life? Having a lack of self compassion and multiple negative thoughts on a daily basis? Imagine having the skills and perspective to dispute those thoughts to help yourself learn to choose joy even in tough circumstances. "Joy is a decision, a really brave one, about how you are going to respond to life." -Wess Stafford
I am passionate about helping adults and adolescents (age 13+) strengthen the resilience in their lives. Are you experiencing trouble finding your joy in life? Having a lack of self compassion and multiple negative thoughts on a daily basis? Imagine having the skills and perspective to dispute those thoughts to help yourself learn to choose joy even in tough circumstances. "Joy is a decision, a really brave one, about how you are going to respond to life." -Wess Stafford
(540) 274-2595 View (540) 274-2595
Photo of Kayo Tokizawa, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Kayo Tokizawa
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Richmond, VA 23230
When was the last time you connected with yourself? Have you ever thought about reconciling with yourself? Being vulnerable does not signify weakness, and seeking help is not embarrassing. I am committed to a holistic approach that addresses individual concerns while fostering self-understanding. I offer practical coping strategies to empower personal growth and strengthen interpersonal relationships. I work with individuals facing mood disorders, trauma, substance use, grief, life transitions, racial identity, immigration stress, LGBTQIA+ topics, and relationship issues.
When was the last time you connected with yourself? Have you ever thought about reconciling with yourself? Being vulnerable does not signify weakness, and seeking help is not embarrassing. I am committed to a holistic approach that addresses individual concerns while fostering self-understanding. I offer practical coping strategies to empower personal growth and strengthen interpersonal relationships. I work with individuals facing mood disorders, trauma, substance use, grief, life transitions, racial identity, immigration stress, LGBTQIA+ topics, and relationship issues.
(804) 207-8039 View (804) 207-8039
Photo of Darryl Brooks - Viaduct Health LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Viaduct Health LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
Mission Statement: To offer accessible, affordable and quality mental health services and addictive behavioral services to individuals and their families. Vision Statement: We envision transparency between clinicians, mental health staff, families and communities to openly engage in the mental health process through therapeutic recovery which promotes generational healing.
Mission Statement: To offer accessible, affordable and quality mental health services and addictive behavioral services to individuals and their families. Vision Statement: We envision transparency between clinicians, mental health staff, families and communities to openly engage in the mental health process through therapeutic recovery which promotes generational healing.
(229) 860-2319 View (229) 860-2319
Photo of Dr. Lea Theodore, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Lea Theodore
Psychologist, PhD
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Making the decision to seek therapy takes strength and is an act of vulnerability. The therapeutic relationship is a very personal and individualized partnership. Successful therapy requires a high degree of trust with highly sensitive subject matter that is usually not discussed anywhere but the therapist's office. As a psychologist, my primary objective is to understand your present challenges and help you build a rich and fulfilling life, enhancing one's mental health and overall quality of life.
Making the decision to seek therapy takes strength and is an act of vulnerability. The therapeutic relationship is a very personal and individualized partnership. Successful therapy requires a high degree of trust with highly sensitive subject matter that is usually not discussed anywhere but the therapist's office. As a psychologist, my primary objective is to understand your present challenges and help you build a rich and fulfilling life, enhancing one's mental health and overall quality of life.
(631) 825-9511 View (631) 825-9511
Photo of Purnima Karki, LMFT
Purnima Karki
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ashland, VA 23005
I believe that healing is not just about managing symptoms — it’s about returning to wholeness. As a psychotherapist my role will be to facilitate your growth, with you as the decision-maker in what directions we should follow along the journey. Through person-centered, multicultural, and evidence-based methods, I will help you to explore past and present issues affecting your health, going along with your pace as we discover what is important to you in journeying through life. I also use an emotionally focused approach to help individuals and couples towards deeper connection and intimacy.
I believe that healing is not just about managing symptoms — it’s about returning to wholeness. As a psychotherapist my role will be to facilitate your growth, with you as the decision-maker in what directions we should follow along the journey. Through person-centered, multicultural, and evidence-based methods, I will help you to explore past and present issues affecting your health, going along with your pace as we discover what is important to you in journeying through life. I also use an emotionally focused approach to help individuals and couples towards deeper connection and intimacy.
(804) 597-6584 View (804) 597-6584
Photo of Shane Marie Davis - New Perspectives Counseling LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAC
New Perspectives Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CSAC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
As a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Substance Abuse Counselor, I empower individuals to overcome challenges and realize their potential. My mission is to provide compassionate, evidence-based care in a safe, non-judgmental space. I believe in the inner strength of each person and guide them on their journey to healing and growth. With a holistic approach, I address mental health and substance use, equipping clients with the tools and resilience needed for lasting change. My goal is to make a meaningful difference in the lives I serve.
As a Licensed Professional Counselor and Certified Substance Abuse Counselor, I empower individuals to overcome challenges and realize their potential. My mission is to provide compassionate, evidence-based care in a safe, non-judgmental space. I believe in the inner strength of each person and guide them on their journey to healing and growth. With a holistic approach, I address mental health and substance use, equipping clients with the tools and resilience needed for lasting change. My goal is to make a meaningful difference in the lives I serve.
(540) 783-6986 View (540) 783-6986
Tina Buettner
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Richmond, VA 23294
I am a therapist under supervision working towards obtaining licensure. I specialize in providing solutions to the various problems impacting individuals' daily lives, whether stemming from past experiences or current concerns. My therapeutic approach is characterized by interactivity, strength-based techniques, solution-focused strategies, and a person-centered orientation. Together, we will collaboratively design a therapeutic plan that incorporates compassion, humor, creativity and a non-judgmental perspective in an empathetic environment to foster growth and healing.
I am a therapist under supervision working towards obtaining licensure. I specialize in providing solutions to the various problems impacting individuals' daily lives, whether stemming from past experiences or current concerns. My therapeutic approach is characterized by interactivity, strength-based techniques, solution-focused strategies, and a person-centered orientation. Together, we will collaboratively design a therapeutic plan that incorporates compassion, humor, creativity and a non-judgmental perspective in an empathetic environment to foster growth and healing.
(804) 206-8754 View (804) 206-8754
Photo of Dr. Jennifer Blue, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Jennifer Blue
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
Welcome! I am a clinical psychologist dedicated to providing compassionate, evidence-based care tailored to your unique needs. With expertise in reproductive mental health, trauma across the lifespan, and neurodiversity, I offer a supportive space to explore challenges, develop coping strategies, and foster resilience. Whether you're navigating perinatal mood disorders, healing from past trauma or seeking guidance for ADHD and autism-related concerns, my goal is to empower you with the tools for meaningful growth. In addition to these specialties, I also work with a wide range of general mental health concerns.
Welcome! I am a clinical psychologist dedicated to providing compassionate, evidence-based care tailored to your unique needs. With expertise in reproductive mental health, trauma across the lifespan, and neurodiversity, I offer a supportive space to explore challenges, develop coping strategies, and foster resilience. Whether you're navigating perinatal mood disorders, healing from past trauma or seeking guidance for ADHD and autism-related concerns, my goal is to empower you with the tools for meaningful growth. In addition to these specialties, I also work with a wide range of general mental health concerns.
(757) 290-1396 View (757) 290-1396
Photo of Michelle A Hill - B3 Emotional Wellness, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
B3 Emotional Wellness
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Williamsburg, VA 23185
My approach is centered in unconditional acceptance of my Client’s experiences and feelings. I strive to create an environment in which my Client can use their individual strengths to make constructive changes in the areas of their life where they are struggling. I employ a holistic approach, tailored to the individual needs and concerns of each client or couple I work with. Drawing from person-centered, cognitive-behavioral, and solution-focused theories. To ensure counseling services are emotionally beneficial, behaviorally focused, and holistically bound.
My approach is centered in unconditional acceptance of my Client’s experiences and feelings. I strive to create an environment in which my Client can use their individual strengths to make constructive changes in the areas of their life where they are struggling. I employ a holistic approach, tailored to the individual needs and concerns of each client or couple I work with. Drawing from person-centered, cognitive-behavioral, and solution-focused theories. To ensure counseling services are emotionally beneficial, behaviorally focused, and holistically bound.
(757) 854-9704 View (757) 854-9704
Photo of Erin Choice, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Erin Choice
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Chester, VA 23831
Are you ready to grow, even if you're unsure how to begin? Feeling stuck in anxiety, weighed down by past trauma, or uncertain about their relationships or the future? Craving clarity, connection, or confidence? Tired of survival mode and want to thrive: emotionally, mentally, or spiritually? This is a space where you can be yourself fully, free from judgment. If you are open to exploring new tools and perspectives, want real change, let's work together to reach for it. You've shown your courage by beginning the search!
Are you ready to grow, even if you're unsure how to begin? Feeling stuck in anxiety, weighed down by past trauma, or uncertain about their relationships or the future? Craving clarity, connection, or confidence? Tired of survival mode and want to thrive: emotionally, mentally, or spiritually? This is a space where you can be yourself fully, free from judgment. If you are open to exploring new tools and perspectives, want real change, let's work together to reach for it. You've shown your courage by beginning the search!
(804) 294-4619 View (804) 294-4619
Alease B Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, EMDR, LSATP
You may be strong on the outside but overwhelmed on the inside—carrying grief, trauma, or old wounds that keep you feeling stuck. You want a safe space to breathe, be honest, and feel understood. You’re seeking emotional and spiritual support, tools to manage your feelings, and gentle trauma work like EMDR. Your goal is to break old cycles, heal deeply, rebuild confidence, and reconnect with your true self. You’re tired of surviving—you want joy, peace, clarity, and restoration. I’m here to walk with you toward that healing.
You may be strong on the outside but overwhelmed on the inside—carrying grief, trauma, or old wounds that keep you feeling stuck. You want a safe space to breathe, be honest, and feel understood. You’re seeking emotional and spiritual support, tools to manage your feelings, and gentle trauma work like EMDR. Your goal is to break old cycles, heal deeply, rebuild confidence, and reconnect with your true self. You’re tired of surviving—you want joy, peace, clarity, and restoration. I’m here to walk with you toward that healing.
(804) 373-2565 View (804) 373-2565
Photo of Beth Baehren D'Arrissi, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CTFCBT
Beth Baehren D'Arrissi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CTFCBT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Thank you for reaching out especially during this uncertain time! I am taking telehealth & office appts Mon-Fri. I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals & couples using evidence-based therapies. My journey and passion derive from my personal journey of therapy throughout the years and as a result has deepened my commitment to helping individuals who feel discouraged, anxious, and overwhelmed by their circumstances. My specific treatment focus areas are relationship conflicts, anxiety, trauma, depression, grief and loss. I aim to educate, encourage and empower to increase inner peace, resilience, and hope.
Thank you for reaching out especially during this uncertain time! I am taking telehealth & office appts Mon-Fri. I have over 15 years of experience working with individuals & couples using evidence-based therapies. My journey and passion derive from my personal journey of therapy throughout the years and as a result has deepened my commitment to helping individuals who feel discouraged, anxious, and overwhelmed by their circumstances. My specific treatment focus areas are relationship conflicts, anxiety, trauma, depression, grief and loss. I aim to educate, encourage and empower to increase inner peace, resilience, and hope.
(571) 604-5234 View (571) 604-5234
Photo of Sarah 'Peyton' Buongiorne, Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd
Sarah 'Peyton' Buongiorne
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd
Henrico, VA 23229
Taking the first step toward therapy is a deeply personal and courageous choice. Whether you're feeling overwhelmed by anxiety or depression, navigating the challenges of substance use, or adjusting to significant life changes, you deserve a space where you feel truly seen and supported. I strive to offer a warm, affirming, and nonjudgmental environment where your story matters—where healing can begin through trust, safety, and collaboration.
Taking the first step toward therapy is a deeply personal and courageous choice. Whether you're feeling overwhelmed by anxiety or depression, navigating the challenges of substance use, or adjusting to significant life changes, you deserve a space where you feel truly seen and supported. I strive to offer a warm, affirming, and nonjudgmental environment where your story matters—where healing can begin through trust, safety, and collaboration.
(804) 424-4998 View (804) 424-4998
Photo of Carrie Schaffer, Psychologist, PhD
Carrie Schaffer
Psychologist, PhD
Serves Area
I am currently forming a Men's Separation/Divorce Support Group. I work with people who are struggling with a range of problems and wish to better understand their thoughts, feelings and behavior; they might be at a crossroads and want help thinking about the impact of a significant change on self and others. I am experienced working with people from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds as well as LGBTQ+ individuals. I'm compassionate and non judgmental and tailor my work to each patient's needs. I received my PhD from Yale University and have worked in community clinics, hospitals and extensively with UVA students and faculty.
I am currently forming a Men's Separation/Divorce Support Group. I work with people who are struggling with a range of problems and wish to better understand their thoughts, feelings and behavior; they might be at a crossroads and want help thinking about the impact of a significant change on self and others. I am experienced working with people from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds as well as LGBTQ+ individuals. I'm compassionate and non judgmental and tailor my work to each patient's needs. I received my PhD from Yale University and have worked in community clinics, hospitals and extensively with UVA students and faculty.
(434) 214-4476 View (434) 214-4476
Photo of Sydney McAdams, Resident in Counseling, MS
Sydney McAdams
Resident in Counseling, MS
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I believe that the relationship between therapist and client is the foundation for healing, and I approach each session with empathy, openness, and authenticity. Built on empathy, trust, and collaboration, my counseling style is relational and person-centered, creating a space where you feel safe to explore life's challenges without judgment. I enjoy working with teens and adults navigating OCD, anxiety, depression, and personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder. I am also passionate about supporting LGBTQIA+ and neurodivergent clients.
I believe that the relationship between therapist and client is the foundation for healing, and I approach each session with empathy, openness, and authenticity. Built on empathy, trust, and collaboration, my counseling style is relational and person-centered, creating a space where you feel safe to explore life's challenges without judgment. I enjoy working with teens and adults navigating OCD, anxiety, depression, and personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder. I am also passionate about supporting LGBTQIA+ and neurodivergent clients.
(804) 806-4339 View (804) 806-4339

See more therapy options for 23140

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 23140

< 10

Therapists in 23140 who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Coping Skills
100% Self Esteem
75% Parenting
75% Trauma and PTSD
75% Family Conflict

Average years in practice

27 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 23140 see their clients

75% Online Only
25% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

67% Female
33% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 23140?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.