Photo of Kathy Bryant, MS, CPNP-PC, FNP-BC
Kathy Bryant
MS, CPNP-PC, FNP-BC
Verified Verified
Midlothian, VA 23112
Kathy is a dual board-certified Nurse Practitioner, who is qualified to practice in pediatric and family healthcare. She received her Bachelors, Master’s and Post Master’s degrees from Virginia Commonwealth University. Her work experience includes: inpatient mental health, mother infant unit, pediatric primary care, nursing instructor, preceptor for nurse practitioner students and working in outpatient psychiatry treating adolescents and adults.
Kathy is a dual board-certified Nurse Practitioner, who is qualified to practice in pediatric and family healthcare. She received her Bachelors, Master’s and Post Master’s degrees from Virginia Commonwealth University. Her work experience includes: inpatient mental health, mother infant unit, pediatric primary care, nursing instructor, preceptor for nurse practitioner students and working in outpatient psychiatry treating adolescents and adults.
(804) 203-0543 View (804) 203-0543
Photo of Mary Nell Donahue, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Mary Nell Donahue
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Midlothian, VA 23112
I strive to do my best to support individuals that are in search of establishing new skills to promote personal growth and comfort in response to any challenges they are facing. I work with clients aged 10 and older in areas of anxiety management, anger management, grief processing, attachment issues, mindfulness skills, family dynamics, relationship conflict, self-esteem, boundary setting, depression, adjusting to life changes, and implementation of effective communication skills.
I strive to do my best to support individuals that are in search of establishing new skills to promote personal growth and comfort in response to any challenges they are facing. I work with clients aged 10 and older in areas of anxiety management, anger management, grief processing, attachment issues, mindfulness skills, family dynamics, relationship conflict, self-esteem, boundary setting, depression, adjusting to life changes, and implementation of effective communication skills.
(804) 570-2723 View (804) 570-2723
Photo of Bethany Allen, Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Bethany Allen
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I received my Master of Science in Social Work from the University of Louisville. I work with the following populations: children, adolescents, young adults and LGBTQIA+. I have worked with populations specifically with depression, anxiety, trauma, sexual abuse/assault, domestic violence survivors, among many other mental health challenges. I have a vast array of experience in the mental health field working in a residential, group home, and psychiatric inpatient settings with children, adolescents, and adults. I have experience working with individuals who have been in crisis and who have experienced trauma.
I received my Master of Science in Social Work from the University of Louisville. I work with the following populations: children, adolescents, young adults and LGBTQIA+. I have worked with populations specifically with depression, anxiety, trauma, sexual abuse/assault, domestic violence survivors, among many other mental health challenges. I have a vast array of experience in the mental health field working in a residential, group home, and psychiatric inpatient settings with children, adolescents, and adults. I have experience working with individuals who have been in crisis and who have experienced trauma.
(804) 395-7546 View (804) 395-7546
Photo of Alyssa Maxie - Beyond The Image Christian Counseling., Pre-Licensed Professional, LRIC, MA
Alyssa Maxie - Beyond The Image Christian Counseling.
Pre-Licensed Professional, LRIC, MA
Verified Verified
Midlothian, VA 23112
-Strength for Today- "This too shall pass". Our world is filled with people who fight silent battles every day, struggling to understand and cope with their mental health. I am here to tell them that they are not alone. I believe that in the midst of darkness, there is still hope and a light at the end of the tunnel. I believe strongly that everyone can benefit from attending therapy. My ultimate passion is to help others through their struggles in difficult times. I believe in an individualized, patient-centered approach because everyone’s needs are different and therapy is not "one-size-fits-all".
-Strength for Today- "This too shall pass". Our world is filled with people who fight silent battles every day, struggling to understand and cope with their mental health. I am here to tell them that they are not alone. I believe that in the midst of darkness, there is still hope and a light at the end of the tunnel. I believe strongly that everyone can benefit from attending therapy. My ultimate passion is to help others through their struggles in difficult times. I believe in an individualized, patient-centered approach because everyone’s needs are different and therapy is not "one-size-fits-all".
(804) 395-6861 View (804) 395-6861
Photo of Sybil L. Robertson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Sybil L. Robertson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Midlothian, VA 23112
I enjoy working with teens from 13-18 and women throughout their life. My experience includes working with adolescents with depression, anxiety, adjustment problems due to divorce, life changes and social pressure in the teenage years. I also enjoy working with women experiencing depression, anxiety and adjustment issues. Depression during and after pregnancy is an area of focus and experience.
I enjoy working with teens from 13-18 and women throughout their life. My experience includes working with adolescents with depression, anxiety, adjustment problems due to divorce, life changes and social pressure in the teenage years. I also enjoy working with women experiencing depression, anxiety and adjustment issues. Depression during and after pregnancy is an area of focus and experience.
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Photo of Ashley Gibson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ashley Gibson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Midlothian, VA 23112
Bringing my energy and knowledge to the therapeutic relationship, I provide psychoeducation around clients' concerns and encouragement. I believe we are all wildly capable of doing amazing things and want to help clients become the best versions of themselves, by motivating, offering a different perspective at times, and holding clients accountable, when needed. I especially enjoy working with women 40 and under and bring my own experience as a mother, millennial, and woman to my practice.
Bringing my energy and knowledge to the therapeutic relationship, I provide psychoeducation around clients' concerns and encouragement. I believe we are all wildly capable of doing amazing things and want to help clients become the best versions of themselves, by motivating, offering a different perspective at times, and holding clients accountable, when needed. I especially enjoy working with women 40 and under and bring my own experience as a mother, millennial, and woman to my practice.
(804) 361-7610 View (804) 361-7610
Photo of Adria Evelyn Gardner, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Adria Evelyn Gardner
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Midlothian, VA 23112
I once had a client compare meeting a new therapist to being on a blind date. No one therapist approaches challenges the same way and we are all unique just like you. While it may feel like being on a blind date, reading a therapist’s bio is a way to take some of the guesswork out of the equation. I received my M.S. in Counseling Psychology from Frostburg State University in 2005 and became a Licensed Professional Counselor in 2013.
I once had a client compare meeting a new therapist to being on a blind date. No one therapist approaches challenges the same way and we are all unique just like you. While it may feel like being on a blind date, reading a therapist’s bio is a way to take some of the guesswork out of the equation. I received my M.S. in Counseling Psychology from Frostburg State University in 2005 and became a Licensed Professional Counselor in 2013.
(804) 315-3640 View (804) 315-3640
Photo of Karl G. Memmer, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Karl G. Memmer
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
14 Endorsed
Midlothian, VA 23112
I provide high quality counseling and mental health services to children, teens and adults in Virginia. All individuals will face challenges in life, and we all possess the ability to overcome them. However, sometimes circumstances can feel overwhelming and we struggle to manage the realities of everyday life. This is when feelings of depression, anxiety and hopelessness can begin to dominate our daily reality. The good news is, by combining scientifically proven methods, you can build the resilience skills necessary to thrive, no matter what circumstances you face.
I provide high quality counseling and mental health services to children, teens and adults in Virginia. All individuals will face challenges in life, and we all possess the ability to overcome them. However, sometimes circumstances can feel overwhelming and we struggle to manage the realities of everyday life. This is when feelings of depression, anxiety and hopelessness can begin to dominate our daily reality. The good news is, by combining scientifically proven methods, you can build the resilience skills necessary to thrive, no matter what circumstances you face.
(804) 409-6191 View (804) 409-6191
Photo of Georgia Evangeliou, Licensed Professional Counselor, MAEd, LPC
Georgia Evangeliou
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Midlothian, VA 23112
My passion lies in helping people navigate all of life's twists and turns. Life can be hard, uncomfortable, and chaotic, and you don’t have to go through these hardships alone. My goal is to ensure you feel heard, supported, and respected while working together to create sustainable change in your life. I work best with motivated individuals who are ready to actively engage in their personal growth, inside and outside of therapy. I primarily find myself working with women, college students, and young adults, supporting them through various challenges and transitions.
My passion lies in helping people navigate all of life's twists and turns. Life can be hard, uncomfortable, and chaotic, and you don’t have to go through these hardships alone. My goal is to ensure you feel heard, supported, and respected while working together to create sustainable change in your life. I work best with motivated individuals who are ready to actively engage in their personal growth, inside and outside of therapy. I primarily find myself working with women, college students, and young adults, supporting them through various challenges and transitions.
(804) 374-9609 View (804) 374-9609
Photo of Dr. Byron D. Williams Jr., Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Byron D. Williams Jr.
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Online Only
If you're already viewing my profile, you're looking to take steps toward getting better - whatever that means. Most people looking for a therapist may feel too overwhelmed to even know how to start. I would love to work with you to help you figure out those next steps. I have over a decade of experience as a licensed psychologist. I specialize in treating black men and women, however I am able to help many different people to address many different concerns.
If you're already viewing my profile, you're looking to take steps toward getting better - whatever that means. Most people looking for a therapist may feel too overwhelmed to even know how to start. I would love to work with you to help you figure out those next steps. I have over a decade of experience as a licensed psychologist. I specialize in treating black men and women, however I am able to help many different people to address many different concerns.
(804) 404-5403 View (804) 404-5403
Photo of Olivia Cruz, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd
Olivia Cruz
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd
Verified Verified
Online Only
Hey there! I'm Olivia and I'm here to walk with you on your journey towards inner peace and self-assurance. Are anxious thoughts constantly clouding your mind? Do you struggle with low self-esteem, doubting your worth and abilities? You're not alone, and I'm here to help. I have a passion for empowering individuals to overcome anxiety and boost self-esteem. Together, we'll unravel the complexities of your anxiety, understanding its roots and triggers. Through personalized therapy sessions, we'll equip you with practical tools and techniques to manage anxious thoughts and break free from their grip.
Hey there! I'm Olivia and I'm here to walk with you on your journey towards inner peace and self-assurance. Are anxious thoughts constantly clouding your mind? Do you struggle with low self-esteem, doubting your worth and abilities? You're not alone, and I'm here to help. I have a passion for empowering individuals to overcome anxiety and boost self-esteem. Together, we'll unravel the complexities of your anxiety, understanding its roots and triggers. Through personalized therapy sessions, we'll equip you with practical tools and techniques to manage anxious thoughts and break free from their grip.
(804) 258-4385 View (804) 258-4385
Photo of Matthew Barber, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Matthew Barber
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MS
Verified Verified
Midlothian, VA 23112
Feeling overwhelmed by stress, anxiety, depression, or the challenges of everyday life? You’re not alone. Many adults grapple with relationship difficulties, work-related burnout, or major life transitions. As a dedicated therapist, I offer compassionate support tailored to your unique needs. Utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and psychodynamic approaches, I strive to create a safe and welcoming space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings without judgment.
Feeling overwhelmed by stress, anxiety, depression, or the challenges of everyday life? You’re not alone. Many adults grapple with relationship difficulties, work-related burnout, or major life transitions. As a dedicated therapist, I offer compassionate support tailored to your unique needs. Utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and psychodynamic approaches, I strive to create a safe and welcoming space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings without judgment.
(804) 966-0375 x179 View (804) 966-0375 x179
Photo of Eric M Garrison, DLSHTM, DACS, FRSPH, CSC-S
Eric M Garrison
DLSHTM, DACS, FRSPH, CSC-S
Verified Verified
Midlothian, VA 23112
My international sex counseling clients have included West End and Broadway actors, Wall Street traders, waitresses, construction workers, and homemakers, all seeking a trauma-responsive, kink-friendly environment to address their sexual concerns. They aim to overcome STIs, erectile, ejaculatory & orgasmic challenges. On their own or with a referral from their healthcare providers, my clients desire enhanced pleasure, improved intimacy, and a satisfying sex life through self-exploration & tailored guidance, free from the constraints of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. In those situations, they know I will make the appropriate referrals.
My international sex counseling clients have included West End and Broadway actors, Wall Street traders, waitresses, construction workers, and homemakers, all seeking a trauma-responsive, kink-friendly environment to address their sexual concerns. They aim to overcome STIs, erectile, ejaculatory & orgasmic challenges. On their own or with a referral from their healthcare providers, my clients desire enhanced pleasure, improved intimacy, and a satisfying sex life through self-exploration & tailored guidance, free from the constraints of DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. In those situations, they know I will make the appropriate referrals.
(804) 531-5590 View (804) 531-5590
Photo of Taylor Murphy, Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Taylor Murphy
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
Midlothian, VA 23112
Hi! I am a supervisee in clinical social work who attended JMU (Go Dukes!) for my undergrad degree and VCU for grad school! I have worked at the Children's Hospital providing counseling and support to children and their families who were facing many challenges. I have also worked in school and trauma settings. I love to help children, teens and young adults reach their goals and overcome challenges which hinder their growth. If you are experiencing anxiety, depression or self-esteem issues I am here to help. I also enjoy helping women with a variety of issues and problems, including postpartum struggles.
Hi! I am a supervisee in clinical social work who attended JMU (Go Dukes!) for my undergrad degree and VCU for grad school! I have worked at the Children's Hospital providing counseling and support to children and their families who were facing many challenges. I have also worked in school and trauma settings. I love to help children, teens and young adults reach their goals and overcome challenges which hinder their growth. If you are experiencing anxiety, depression or self-esteem issues I am here to help. I also enjoy helping women with a variety of issues and problems, including postpartum struggles.
(804) 657-4556 View (804) 657-4556
Photo of Natasha Myiah Scott, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LAC
Natasha Myiah Scott
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LAC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Seeking therapy is never easy and it can be for various reasons. Taking steps to make changes in your life can be scary, empowering and exhilarating. It is hard work but with the right support, your unique concerns can be worked through layer by layer to unveil root causes. Your hopes, dreams and aspirations can then become a reality as we work closely to help you make healthier choices that allow you to have complete control as you regain aspects of your life that have been directly impacted by distressing thoughts and feelings.
Seeking therapy is never easy and it can be for various reasons. Taking steps to make changes in your life can be scary, empowering and exhilarating. It is hard work but with the right support, your unique concerns can be worked through layer by layer to unveil root causes. Your hopes, dreams and aspirations can then become a reality as we work closely to help you make healthier choices that allow you to have complete control as you regain aspects of your life that have been directly impacted by distressing thoughts and feelings.
(804) 596-4880 View (804) 596-4880
Photo of Karen Y Clark-Lowman, Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LCPC
Karen Y Clark-Lowman
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Midlothian, VA 23112
Karen is a Licensed Professional Counselor & a National Certified Counselor with over 25 years of experience in behavioral health & addictions. She gained her Maters in Community Mental Health Counseling in 1997 from Wilmington University, in DE. Karen is licensed in VA, DE & MD. She holds a tremendous amount of experience with mental health, addictions, & is a certified trauma therapist. Karen strongly promotes integrated health services to better enhance health & wellbeing. Karen strongly believes in a holistic approach. She encompasses all components of your life & assists you with envisioning how all issues are interrelated.
Karen is a Licensed Professional Counselor & a National Certified Counselor with over 25 years of experience in behavioral health & addictions. She gained her Maters in Community Mental Health Counseling in 1997 from Wilmington University, in DE. Karen is licensed in VA, DE & MD. She holds a tremendous amount of experience with mental health, addictions, & is a certified trauma therapist. Karen strongly promotes integrated health services to better enhance health & wellbeing. Karen strongly believes in a holistic approach. She encompasses all components of your life & assists you with envisioning how all issues are interrelated.
(804) 657-4997 View (804) 657-4997
Photo of Adrienne C Armstrong, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LMFT
Adrienne C Armstrong
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you struggling with feelings of unease or worry and looking to feel more comfort in your life? Even if you seem to hold it all together for everyone else, you might feel stuck, disconnected, unhappy, or that life has become mundane. Let’s work together to find your voice, harness your strengths, and ensure you are presenting your true self to the world. My open, warm, and non-judgmental approach to therapy meets you where you are, nurturing an environment conducive to growth and healthy acceptance.
Are you struggling with feelings of unease or worry and looking to feel more comfort in your life? Even if you seem to hold it all together for everyone else, you might feel stuck, disconnected, unhappy, or that life has become mundane. Let’s work together to find your voice, harness your strengths, and ensure you are presenting your true self to the world. My open, warm, and non-judgmental approach to therapy meets you where you are, nurturing an environment conducive to growth and healthy acceptance.
(804) 597-6650 View (804) 597-6650
Photo of Jessica Beach, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Jessica Beach
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Midlothian, VA 23112
My family and I moved to Richmond in August 2017 and fell in love with the area. I grew up in Long Island, New York and obtained my Master’s Degree in Social Work at Stony Brook University. My family and I spent 10 years living in sunny Florida where I worked in a community mental health agency. I received her LCSW during this time and had the privilege of working with a diverse population. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who is experienced in working with adolescents, adults, and families. I believe that we all have struggles that can benefit from support from time to time.
My family and I moved to Richmond in August 2017 and fell in love with the area. I grew up in Long Island, New York and obtained my Master’s Degree in Social Work at Stony Brook University. My family and I spent 10 years living in sunny Florida where I worked in a community mental health agency. I received her LCSW during this time and had the privilege of working with a diverse population. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who is experienced in working with adolescents, adults, and families. I believe that we all have struggles that can benefit from support from time to time.
(804) 835-6123 View (804) 835-6123
Photo of Ashlyn Dimmick, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Ashlyn Dimmick
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Midlothian, VA 23112
I am a licensed professional counselor who believes that it is an honor to walk alongside my clients in working with their mental health needs. I have experience with a wide variety of mental health needs, especially depression, anxiety, and trauma. I work with clients ages 15 and older, as well as families and couples. I'm a good choice for clients who want individualized sessions that focus on both their immediate and long-term needs. I emphasize learning and use of skills that are effective for that particular client to meet their goals.
I am a licensed professional counselor who believes that it is an honor to walk alongside my clients in working with their mental health needs. I have experience with a wide variety of mental health needs, especially depression, anxiety, and trauma. I work with clients ages 15 and older, as well as families and couples. I'm a good choice for clients who want individualized sessions that focus on both their immediate and long-term needs. I emphasize learning and use of skills that are effective for that particular client to meet their goals.
(804) 571-7550 View (804) 571-7550
Photo of Lindsey Thomas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lindsey Thomas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Midlothian, VA 23112
Are you or your family struggling with stressful situations, relational difficulties, or feeling overwhelmed and unsure of how to move forward? These things can create significant stress in our lives and are sometimes difficult to move through without professional help. These things can keep us stuck. If you are looking to become unstuck and searching for a way to find freedom and regain or gain for the first time a sense of feeling OK, I can help you.
Are you or your family struggling with stressful situations, relational difficulties, or feeling overwhelmed and unsure of how to move forward? These things can create significant stress in our lives and are sometimes difficult to move through without professional help. These things can keep us stuck. If you are looking to become unstuck and searching for a way to find freedom and regain or gain for the first time a sense of feeling OK, I can help you.
(804) 376-9017 View (804) 376-9017
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See more therapy options for 23112

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 23112

300+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in 23112 who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
91% Depression
73% Coping Skills
72% Stress
69% Self Esteem
64% Trauma and PTSD
63% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
86% Anthem
85% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in 23112 see their clients

52% Online Only
48% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 23112?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.