Photo of Catherine Medina, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Catherine Medina
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Warsaw, VA 22572
Hi! My name is Catherine Medina, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker practicing in Virginia. My goal is to assist people in living their most fulfilling life by resolving the issues that stand in their way. I have extensive clinical training and experience, and I am excited to make a positive difference in your life! I primarily work with adults and couples. I have extensive experience with adults of all ages and with newlyweds as well as people in long-term relationships. My experience is primarily in treating mood, anxiety, trauma, self-esteem, and relationship issues.
Hi! My name is Catherine Medina, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker practicing in Virginia. My goal is to assist people in living their most fulfilling life by resolving the issues that stand in their way. I have extensive clinical training and experience, and I am excited to make a positive difference in your life! I primarily work with adults and couples. I have extensive experience with adults of all ages and with newlyweds as well as people in long-term relationships. My experience is primarily in treating mood, anxiety, trauma, self-esteem, and relationship issues.
(757) 690-2136 View (757) 690-2136
Photo of Cameron Sgroi, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cameron Sgroi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Warsaw, VA 22572  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
If you have found yourself here because you are experiencing stress, feeling anxious, dealing with grief or just need someone to talk through issues or process feelings with, then you are in the right place. Let me help you channel your emotional wellness and reach your goals. Book with me now by clicking on my website! If you do not see an available time that works for you, please reach out via email or phone and I'll work with you to find a good time to connect.
If you have found yourself here because you are experiencing stress, feeling anxious, dealing with grief or just need someone to talk through issues or process feelings with, then you are in the right place. Let me help you channel your emotional wellness and reach your goals. Book with me now by clicking on my website! If you do not see an available time that works for you, please reach out via email or phone and I'll work with you to find a good time to connect.
(804) 395-5853 View (804) 395-5853
Photo of Keshawna Tiggle, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Keshawna Tiggle
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Warsaw, VA 22572
My name is Keshawna Tiggle and I'm a Licensed Professional Counseling (LPC) in Virginia. My approach to therapy is very much person-centered. Clients are in control of their lives and treatment and I'm here to support through the use of various empathetic interventions. I have years of experience working with individuals, who struggle with various mood disorders, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, self-harm, depression, life changes, school challenges, self-esteem, etc.
My name is Keshawna Tiggle and I'm a Licensed Professional Counseling (LPC) in Virginia. My approach to therapy is very much person-centered. Clients are in control of their lives and treatment and I'm here to support through the use of various empathetic interventions. I have years of experience working with individuals, who struggle with various mood disorders, anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, self-harm, depression, life changes, school challenges, self-esteem, etc.
(434) 474-2473 View (434) 474-2473

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Roxianna Johnson, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Roxianna Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Montross, VA 22520
Hi, I’m Roxi, a Licensed Professional Counselor. I’m a compassionate and approachable human and social services professional with more than thirty (30) years of experience supporting folks with disabilities including, mental health, substance abuse, social difficulties, and people in other special needs populations. I’ve assisted individuals, families, and couples as they navigate through trauma, depression, anxiety, and homelessness to a more functional way of life. I understand that we are all unique and experience life’s challenges in our own unique ways.
Hi, I’m Roxi, a Licensed Professional Counselor. I’m a compassionate and approachable human and social services professional with more than thirty (30) years of experience supporting folks with disabilities including, mental health, substance abuse, social difficulties, and people in other special needs populations. I’ve assisted individuals, families, and couples as they navigate through trauma, depression, anxiety, and homelessness to a more functional way of life. I understand that we are all unique and experience life’s challenges in our own unique ways.
(757) 929-9689 View (757) 929-9689
Photo of Josh Johnson, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Josh Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Tappahannock, VA 22560  (Online Only)
I am a therapist focused on helping people identify and overcome the patterns that are holding them in place. My work focuses on helping individuals develop trust in themselves, heal from their past, and develop skills to build a life they love. I believe in the power of vulnerability, the inherent wisdom of each person I work with and the value of laughter. I have been in practice since 2018 working with trauma, anxiety, addiction and depression. I am EMDR trained and utilize CBT, DBT, ego-state and mindfulness based approaches in my work with clients.
I am a therapist focused on helping people identify and overcome the patterns that are holding them in place. My work focuses on helping individuals develop trust in themselves, heal from their past, and develop skills to build a life they love. I believe in the power of vulnerability, the inherent wisdom of each person I work with and the value of laughter. I have been in practice since 2018 working with trauma, anxiety, addiction and depression. I am EMDR trained and utilize CBT, DBT, ego-state and mindfulness based approaches in my work with clients.
(804) 979-2333 View (804) 979-2333
Photo of Merissa Costello, ACNP-BC
Merissa Costello
ACNP-BC
Verified Verified
Tappahannock, VA 22560
As a board-certified Adult Acute Nurse Practitioner, I graduated from Virginia Commonwealth University with a Bachelor's degree in Nursing in 2002 and a Master's degree in Nursing in 2003. I have experience in Emergency Medicine, Primary Care, Orthopaedics, and Medication Management of ADHD, anxiety, and depression.
As a board-certified Adult Acute Nurse Practitioner, I graduated from Virginia Commonwealth University with a Bachelor's degree in Nursing in 2002 and a Master's degree in Nursing in 2003. I have experience in Emergency Medicine, Primary Care, Orthopaedics, and Medication Management of ADHD, anxiety, and depression.
(804) 805-4086 View (804) 805-4086
Photo of Ann Benner, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ann Benner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Howertons, VA 22454
I am Ann Bohr Benner, LCSW. I like to work with adults of all ages who are dealing with depression, anxiety, life transitions, and/or grief. We start with and come back to client goals. I think holistically about people who are in distress. Sleep, diet, relaxation, exercise, social support, and spiritual life all can contribute to change. Then self-awareness, insight, and intentional behavior change are important. I endeavor to create a safe space in which each person can be exactly where they are, and eventually, the natural inclination to heal and grow can flourish.
I am Ann Bohr Benner, LCSW. I like to work with adults of all ages who are dealing with depression, anxiety, life transitions, and/or grief. We start with and come back to client goals. I think holistically about people who are in distress. Sleep, diet, relaxation, exercise, social support, and spiritual life all can contribute to change. Then self-awareness, insight, and intentional behavior change are important. I endeavor to create a safe space in which each person can be exactly where they are, and eventually, the natural inclination to heal and grow can flourish.
(540) 210-1187 View (540) 210-1187
Photo of Antonina (Toni) Vitale, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Antonina (Toni) Vitale
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
Tappahannock, VA 22560
Not accepting new clients
Please EMAIL. I create a safe holding space where people can deeply explore what is blocking them from enjoying their lives to the fullest. Life is going to present challenges, there is no getting around that. What we do now and how we move forward is what matters. I welcome you to come explore your negative beliefs and strengthen new positive adaptive beliefs that allow you to thrive in your daily life. My experiences enable me to effectively work with people on a wide range of problems, including PTSD, CPTSD, attachment, relationships, low self-esteem, co-dependency, anxiety, abuse, neglect, and recovery from addiction.
Please EMAIL. I create a safe holding space where people can deeply explore what is blocking them from enjoying their lives to the fullest. Life is going to present challenges, there is no getting around that. What we do now and how we move forward is what matters. I welcome you to come explore your negative beliefs and strengthen new positive adaptive beliefs that allow you to thrive in your daily life. My experiences enable me to effectively work with people on a wide range of problems, including PTSD, CPTSD, attachment, relationships, low self-esteem, co-dependency, anxiety, abuse, neglect, and recovery from addiction.
(757) 758-6635 View (757) 758-6635
Photo of Debbie Kirkwood, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Debbie Kirkwood
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Hague, VA 22469
Hi, my name is Debbie Kirkwood, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Licensed Professional Counselor. Having been in the mental health field for over 20 years, I have worked with many people of every age group and from various backgrounds and cultures. My focuses are Anxiety, Job Stress, Life Coaching, Stress, and Relationship Issues. I use Coaching, Person-Centered, Solution Focused Brief (SFBT), Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), and Supportive. I believe in meeting the client where they are and not where I want them to be.
Hi, my name is Debbie Kirkwood, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Licensed Professional Counselor. Having been in the mental health field for over 20 years, I have worked with many people of every age group and from various backgrounds and cultures. My focuses are Anxiety, Job Stress, Life Coaching, Stress, and Relationship Issues. I use Coaching, Person-Centered, Solution Focused Brief (SFBT), Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), and Supportive. I believe in meeting the client where they are and not where I want them to be.
(571) 583-3963 View (571) 583-3963
Photo of Melissa Marks, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Melissa Marks
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Callao, VA 22435
I have an array of hands-on experience from initially beginning in healthcare and later transitioning into mental health. I received a master's degree in Marriage and Family in 2013 and a master's degree in Professional Counseling in 2015. I have worked with children, adolescents, and adults struggling with anxiety, depression, PTSD, anger, mood instability, and substance abuse. I believe that we all experience moments where we need additional support and someone to walk alongside us on our journey.
I have an array of hands-on experience from initially beginning in healthcare and later transitioning into mental health. I received a master's degree in Marriage and Family in 2013 and a master's degree in Professional Counseling in 2015. I have worked with children, adolescents, and adults struggling with anxiety, depression, PTSD, anger, mood instability, and substance abuse. I believe that we all experience moments where we need additional support and someone to walk alongside us on our journey.
(540) 584-8480 View (540) 584-8480
Photo of Erin Janovec, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Erin Janovec
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Howertons, VA 22454
Hello! My name is Erin Janovec. I am a licensed professional counselor in Virginia. My approach to therapy is a humanistic and integrated approach that considers each individual's unique needs. I am certified in EMDR and trained in TF-CBT. I have worked with clients ranging from young to old with varying diagnoses. I have experience working with individuals with substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, bipolar, OCD, PTSD, ADHD, and more.
Hello! My name is Erin Janovec. I am a licensed professional counselor in Virginia. My approach to therapy is a humanistic and integrated approach that considers each individual's unique needs. I am certified in EMDR and trained in TF-CBT. I have worked with clients ranging from young to old with varying diagnoses. I have experience working with individuals with substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, bipolar, OCD, PTSD, ADHD, and more.
(804) 373-2360 View (804) 373-2360
Photo of Katy Webb, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katy Webb
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tappahannock, VA 22560  (Online Only)
Katy Webb provides therapy to a wide range of populations including children, teens, adults, the elderly, and families. She provides emotionally-focused marital therapy to help couples work through a range of challenges. She specializes in working with children and adults with special needs (Autism, Intellectual Disability). She is a Certified Parent Trainer and diagnoses Autism. Katy has worked extensively with those experiencing chronic physical/GI illness, cancer, or traumatic injury. Katy Webb received her Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University and has worked in the medical/mental health field for over six years. **Katy provides LCSW supervision.
Katy Webb provides therapy to a wide range of populations including children, teens, adults, the elderly, and families. She provides emotionally-focused marital therapy to help couples work through a range of challenges. She specializes in working with children and adults with special needs (Autism, Intellectual Disability). She is a Certified Parent Trainer and diagnoses Autism. Katy has worked extensively with those experiencing chronic physical/GI illness, cancer, or traumatic injury. Katy Webb received her Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University and has worked in the medical/mental health field for over six years. **Katy provides LCSW supervision.
(804) 298-7806 View (804) 298-7806
Photo of Gregory Dams, LCP, Psychologist
Gregory Dams
Psychologist, LCP
Verified Verified
Farnham, VA 22460
I'm Greg Dams, a licensed clinical psychologist based in Roanoke, Virginia, offering statewide telehealth services. Specializing in anxiety, OCD, and depression, I use evidence-based therapies like CBT to help adults and older adolescents achieve their goals, fostering a positive outlook on life through warm, client-centered care. I typically work with adults experiencing anxiety disorders, panic attacks, obsessive-compulsive and related conditions, depression, and PTSD.
I'm Greg Dams, a licensed clinical psychologist based in Roanoke, Virginia, offering statewide telehealth services. Specializing in anxiety, OCD, and depression, I use evidence-based therapies like CBT to help adults and older adolescents achieve their goals, fostering a positive outlook on life through warm, client-centered care. I typically work with adults experiencing anxiety disorders, panic attacks, obsessive-compulsive and related conditions, depression, and PTSD.
(571) 604-5394 View (571) 604-5394
Photo of Lauren McKown, MSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lauren McKown
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tappahannock, VA 22560
I approach every client as a unique individual with openness and empathy. I believe all struggles deserve to be seen and heard in a safe place. I pride myself on using a client-centered, strengths-based approach to help clients heal from a variety of stressors like as trauma, depression, grief, and relationship concerns. In addition to traditional therapeutic modalities, I have experience working with TF- CBT (Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) and Brainspotting. I am open and willing to offer assistance and guidance on your healing journey. Please feel free to reach out to me if you feel we may be a good fit.
I approach every client as a unique individual with openness and empathy. I believe all struggles deserve to be seen and heard in a safe place. I pride myself on using a client-centered, strengths-based approach to help clients heal from a variety of stressors like as trauma, depression, grief, and relationship concerns. In addition to traditional therapeutic modalities, I have experience working with TF- CBT (Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) and Brainspotting. I am open and willing to offer assistance and guidance on your healing journey. Please feel free to reach out to me if you feel we may be a good fit.
(757) 603-3774 View (757) 603-3774
Photo of Staci Nicole Dungee, NCC, LPC, CCTP, CSAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Staci Nicole Dungee
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC, CCTP, CSAC
Verified Verified
Tappahannock, VA 22560
"Instead of saying I'm damaged, I'm broken, say I'm healing, I'm rediscovering myself, I'm starting over."- The Healing Place. Oftentimes we find ourselves having negative thoughts or making self-disparaging statements, not realizing the impact it has our everyday life. By coming to therapy, we will work on changing these thought patterns and improving your overall outlook on life. Additionally, we will examine past trauma or underlying causes that may be affecting your ability to function and work towards reducing and/or resolving the impact of the underlying problems on your overall functioning.
"Instead of saying I'm damaged, I'm broken, say I'm healing, I'm rediscovering myself, I'm starting over."- The Healing Place. Oftentimes we find ourselves having negative thoughts or making self-disparaging statements, not realizing the impact it has our everyday life. By coming to therapy, we will work on changing these thought patterns and improving your overall outlook on life. Additionally, we will examine past trauma or underlying causes that may be affecting your ability to function and work towards reducing and/or resolving the impact of the underlying problems on your overall functioning.
(804) 656-5619 View (804) 656-5619
Photo of Milov Sonnier, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Milov Sonnier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Caret, VA 22436
I am Milov Sonnier a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Virginia. I work with clients statewide via telehealth. I specialize in women's issues, trauma, PTSD, thought disorders, stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues and more. I use integrative approaches to help my clients make progress and to begin to feel better. I have found that my style and approach is a good fit for adults who are experiencing transition periods in their lives, and have traumatic memories that surface due to a current life stressor's.
I am Milov Sonnier a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Virginia. I work with clients statewide via telehealth. I specialize in women's issues, trauma, PTSD, thought disorders, stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues and more. I use integrative approaches to help my clients make progress and to begin to feel better. I have found that my style and approach is a good fit for adults who are experiencing transition periods in their lives, and have traumatic memories that surface due to a current life stressor's.
(757) 801-5421 View (757) 801-5421
Photo of Robin Beck, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Robin Beck
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Farnham, VA 22460
Welcome! My name is Robin Beck and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I will work with individuals, couples, and families experiencing depression, anxiety, bipolar, trauma, PTSD, substance use as a comorbid issue, ADHD, adjustment disorder, anger management, behavioral issues, and relational issues. I specialize in CBT, DBT, person-centered, positive psychology, solution-focused, existential, and trauma-informed therapy when working with clients. I believe once the root of the problem is discovered, we can process it and find positive strategies to heal through the painful core issue.
Welcome! My name is Robin Beck and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I will work with individuals, couples, and families experiencing depression, anxiety, bipolar, trauma, PTSD, substance use as a comorbid issue, ADHD, adjustment disorder, anger management, behavioral issues, and relational issues. I specialize in CBT, DBT, person-centered, positive psychology, solution-focused, existential, and trauma-informed therapy when working with clients. I believe once the root of the problem is discovered, we can process it and find positive strategies to heal through the painful core issue.
(757) 982-8063 View (757) 982-8063
Photo of Beth Ann Meyer, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Beth Ann Meyer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Callao, VA 22435
Welcome! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 30 years of experience working with people of all ages and many backgrounds, ethnicities, and circumstances. I work with you to reach your goals by using your current strengths, supports, and coping skills and adding to them during therapy sessions and real-world application between sessions regardless of your situation. I am here to assist you along life's journey, whether that is a time of change, loss, stress, maintaining, or moving forward.
Welcome! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 30 years of experience working with people of all ages and many backgrounds, ethnicities, and circumstances. I work with you to reach your goals by using your current strengths, supports, and coping skills and adding to them during therapy sessions and real-world application between sessions regardless of your situation. I am here to assist you along life's journey, whether that is a time of change, loss, stress, maintaining, or moving forward.
(571) 576-3352 View (571) 576-3352
Photo of Janine Snader, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Janine Snader
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Tappahannock, VA 22560
There are times in all our lives when we need help getting through stressful situations, life adjustments, or managing ongoing mental health symptoms. It can be hard to make the decision to reach out. I am here to help. Experience has shown me that we all have strengths to build on and the inner wisdom to make things better. We often just need a guide to help us get back on track. I work with clients with emotional and behavioral struggles, including anxiety, anger and depression. I work with individuals and include family members to improve quality of life.
There are times in all our lives when we need help getting through stressful situations, life adjustments, or managing ongoing mental health symptoms. It can be hard to make the decision to reach out. I am here to help. Experience has shown me that we all have strengths to build on and the inner wisdom to make things better. We often just need a guide to help us get back on track. I work with clients with emotional and behavioral struggles, including anxiety, anger and depression. I work with individuals and include family members to improve quality of life.
(804) 597-2002 View (804) 597-2002
Photo of Renae Willis, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Renae Willis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tappahannock, VA 22560
Thank you for looking at my profile. I am an LCSW, licensed in the state of VA, with many years of experience treating children, teens, adults, couples and families. I enjoy working with clients from a wide array of backgrounds and across the lifespan.
Thank you for looking at my profile. I am an LCSW, licensed in the state of VA, with many years of experience treating children, teens, adults, couples and families. I enjoy working with clients from a wide array of backgrounds and across the lifespan.
(571) 604-6482 View (571) 604-6482

See more therapy options for 22572

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 22572

< 10

Therapists in 22572 who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
100% Peer Relationships
100% Coping Skills
100% Self Esteem
100% Stress
67% Relationship Issues
67% Depression

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% Cigna and Evernorth
100% Anthem

How Therapists in 22572 see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 22572?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.