Therapists in 16652

Photo of Aaren Sellers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Aaren Sellers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
1 Endorsed
Huntingdon, PA 16652
Hi there! If you are looking for a therapist who brings authenticity, empathy and advocacy- I think you're in the perfect place. I am a Licensed Social Worker who practices in Huntingdon County. I utilize art and play based interventions, as well as talk therapy. I work with children ages 3-18 years old, as well as adults who are navigating traumatic experiences, anxiety, depression, relationship stressors, and life transitions. Life can feel heavy when you've spent years surviving instead of feeling safe, connected and understood. My goal as a therapist is to create a space where you don't have to carry everything alone.
Hi there! If you are looking for a therapist who brings authenticity, empathy and advocacy- I think you're in the perfect place. I am a Licensed Social Worker who practices in Huntingdon County. I utilize art and play based interventions, as well as talk therapy. I work with children ages 3-18 years old, as well as adults who are navigating traumatic experiences, anxiety, depression, relationship stressors, and life transitions. Life can feel heavy when you've spent years surviving instead of feeling safe, connected and understood. My goal as a therapist is to create a space where you don't have to carry everything alone.
(814) 687-8119 View (814) 687-8119
Photo of Jonathan Reveley-Cohen, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCDP-D
Jonathan Reveley-Cohen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CCDP-D
Huntingdon, PA 16652
If you know you want something to be different but don't know what it is, or if you know what it is but cannot find the way, I want to help. We can resolve this fundamental problem rooted in challenges like anxiety, trauma, depression, relationships, or finding meaning or purpose in life. We'll work collaboratively so you can find out what or how to change.
If you know you want something to be different but don't know what it is, or if you know what it is but cannot find the way, I want to help. We can resolve this fundamental problem rooted in challenges like anxiety, trauma, depression, relationships, or finding meaning or purpose in life. We'll work collaboratively so you can find out what or how to change.
(814) 251-1696 View (814) 251-1696
Photo of Caitlyn Oliva, Licensed Associate Professional Counselor, MA, LAPC
Caitlyn Oliva
Licensed Associate Professional Counselor, MA, LAPC
Huntingdon, PA 16652
Stepping into therapy takes immense courage, and my first priority is to ensure you feel entirely safe, seen, and heard exactly as you are. I welcome children, adolescents, and adults who are ready to heal from trauma, ease the grip of anxiety, or find hope through depression. I specialize in working with those who carry high-stress loads, including first responders who face unique occupational trauma and daily pressures. My ideal client is anyone who feels overwhelmed by their circumstances but desires a sensitive, trauma-informed ally to help them process their experiences and rediscover their inner resilience.
Stepping into therapy takes immense courage, and my first priority is to ensure you feel entirely safe, seen, and heard exactly as you are. I welcome children, adolescents, and adults who are ready to heal from trauma, ease the grip of anxiety, or find hope through depression. I specialize in working with those who carry high-stress loads, including first responders who face unique occupational trauma and daily pressures. My ideal client is anyone who feels overwhelmed by their circumstances but desires a sensitive, trauma-informed ally to help them process their experiences and rediscover their inner resilience.
(814) 662-9822 View (814) 662-9822
Photo of Lauren Albright, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Lauren Albright
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Huntingdon, PA 16652
Hello! I’m Lauren Albright, MS, LPC, a Licensed Professional Counselor with a Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. I have experience working with adults who are navigating anxiety, trauma, depression, emotional overwhelm, life transitions, relationship stress, and self-worth challenges. I am also the founder of Beauty From Ashes Counseling Services, LLC where my mission is centered on helping individuals move from pain toward healing, growth, and restoration. I have experience supporting adults facing complex mental health concerns, including neurodivergence, trauma, family conflict, and major life transitions.
Hello! I’m Lauren Albright, MS, LPC, a Licensed Professional Counselor with a Master’s degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. I have experience working with adults who are navigating anxiety, trauma, depression, emotional overwhelm, life transitions, relationship stress, and self-worth challenges. I am also the founder of Beauty From Ashes Counseling Services, LLC where my mission is centered on helping individuals move from pain toward healing, growth, and restoration. I have experience supporting adults facing complex mental health concerns, including neurodivergence, trauma, family conflict, and major life transitions.
(814) 324-0280 View (814) 324-0280
Photo of Kelly C. Henry, Counselor, MS, LAPC
Kelly C. Henry
Counselor, MS, LAPC
Huntingdon, PA 16652
Each client is an individual with unique experiences and stories. They deserve individualized treatment that focuses on their needs. I desire to help clients realize their potential and be the best version of themselves. I emphasize the client’s strengths and motivate them to develop positive coping, communication, and self-control skills. Utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Choice Theory/Reality Therapy, I encourage clients to focus on their inner resources. I believe clients have the inner resources to heal and lead a happy, fulfilling life. A strong and trusting therapeutic alliance is important in all counseling.
Each client is an individual with unique experiences and stories. They deserve individualized treatment that focuses on their needs. I desire to help clients realize their potential and be the best version of themselves. I emphasize the client’s strengths and motivate them to develop positive coping, communication, and self-control skills. Utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Choice Theory/Reality Therapy, I encourage clients to focus on their inner resources. I believe clients have the inner resources to heal and lead a happy, fulfilling life. A strong and trusting therapeutic alliance is important in all counseling.
(814) 593-0194 View (814) 593-0194
Photo of Caitlynn Ann Beatty, LSW
Caitlynn Ann Beatty
Verified Verified
Huntingdon, PA 16652
I help children, teens, and young adults make sense of life’s twists and turns—whether it’s major changes at home, difficult peer or family relationships, emotional ups and downs, anxiety, grief, ADHD, eating struggles, or simply feeling stuck. I see myself as a guide alongside my clients, helping them build confidence, recognize their strengths, and move toward healing and growth. I enjoy working with individuals who are open, curious, and ready to take meaningful steps toward positive change.
I help children, teens, and young adults make sense of life’s twists and turns—whether it’s major changes at home, difficult peer or family relationships, emotional ups and downs, anxiety, grief, ADHD, eating struggles, or simply feeling stuck. I see myself as a guide alongside my clients, helping them build confidence, recognize their strengths, and move toward healing and growth. I enjoy working with individuals who are open, curious, and ready to take meaningful steps toward positive change.
(814) 485-9428 View (814) 485-9428
Photo of Amy Knaus, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Amy Knaus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Serves Area
Welcome! My name is Amy, and I am a Licensed Social Worker in the state of Pennsylvania. I approach therapy with a personal understanding of what it is like to go through the journey of self-discovery. I believe in providing a warm and safe environment where we can build our working relationship. I practice from a lens which is person-centered while helping you build resilience and self-compassion through the use of cognitive behavior therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy. I specialize in trauma, LGBTQ+ supportive care, and substance use concerns. I enjoy working with children, teens, adults, and couples.
Welcome! My name is Amy, and I am a Licensed Social Worker in the state of Pennsylvania. I approach therapy with a personal understanding of what it is like to go through the journey of self-discovery. I believe in providing a warm and safe environment where we can build our working relationship. I practice from a lens which is person-centered while helping you build resilience and self-compassion through the use of cognitive behavior therapy and dialectical behavioral therapy. I specialize in trauma, LGBTQ+ supportive care, and substance use concerns. I enjoy working with children, teens, adults, and couples.
(717) 707-7922 View (717) 707-7922
Photo of Katelynn Bender-Hubbard, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Katelynn Bender-Hubbard
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I am a Person-Centered therapist, meaning I maintain that clients are the experts of their lives, problems, solutions, relationships and more. My role is to support and assist you in the process of finding valid solutions or coping techniques for the problems and symptoms you experience. I strive to provide a safe, accepting, and comfortable environment in which you are free to explore your symptoms, concerns, and beliefs without judgement. In turn, you are then able to access the internal wealth of knowledge you possess.
I am a Person-Centered therapist, meaning I maintain that clients are the experts of their lives, problems, solutions, relationships and more. My role is to support and assist you in the process of finding valid solutions or coping techniques for the problems and symptoms you experience. I strive to provide a safe, accepting, and comfortable environment in which you are free to explore your symptoms, concerns, and beliefs without judgement. In turn, you are then able to access the internal wealth of knowledge you possess.
(814) 318-8513 View (814) 318-8513
Mary Susan Harris
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Serves Area
I work with individuals and couples. There’s no charge for the initial phone conversation. During that call, I’ll help you explore your needs and your options, and we can set an appointment. I have been in practice as a therapist for 25 years working in the areas of personal growth, individual and marital difficulties, relationship problems, trauma resolution, and improved communication skills. In addition to my initial training, I did advance work in EMDR and I hold a Fellowship in Psychotherapy from the American Psychotherapy Association.
I work with individuals and couples. There’s no charge for the initial phone conversation. During that call, I’ll help you explore your needs and your options, and we can set an appointment. I have been in practice as a therapist for 25 years working in the areas of personal growth, individual and marital difficulties, relationship problems, trauma resolution, and improved communication skills. In addition to my initial training, I did advance work in EMDR and I hold a Fellowship in Psychotherapy from the American Psychotherapy Association.
(814) 752-8818 View (814) 752-8818
Photo of Sarah Jefferson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Sarah Jefferson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Huntingdon, PA 16652
Waitlist for new clients
I am a licensed clinical social worker, specializing in trauma treatment. I have fifteen years of experience working with adolescents and adults as they work to heal from emotional and sexual abuse, relationship violence, and family environments impacted by addiction and mental illness. I am certified in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for the treatment of traumatic memory. I use a blend of mindfulness and structural dissociation theory to heal aspects of the self that were impacted by trauma. This method supports you to deeply and fully heal painful life experiences.
I am a licensed clinical social worker, specializing in trauma treatment. I have fifteen years of experience working with adolescents and adults as they work to heal from emotional and sexual abuse, relationship violence, and family environments impacted by addiction and mental illness. I am certified in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for the treatment of traumatic memory. I use a blend of mindfulness and structural dissociation theory to heal aspects of the self that were impacted by trauma. This method supports you to deeply and fully heal painful life experiences.
(814) 619-0627 View (814) 619-0627
Photo of Kate Anders, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Kate Anders
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
Hello! And welcome! I'm so glad you're here. I am deeply committed to walking with my clients on their journeys of self-discovery as they confront their toughest avoidances and uncover their vulnerabilities. I provide a safe and nonjudgmental space for clients to share their stories while helping to empower them to make changes, create meaning, and discover ways to enjoy life.
Hello! And welcome! I'm so glad you're here. I am deeply committed to walking with my clients on their journeys of self-discovery as they confront their toughest avoidances and uncover their vulnerabilities. I provide a safe and nonjudgmental space for clients to share their stories while helping to empower them to make changes, create meaning, and discover ways to enjoy life.
(814) 995-6224 View (814) 995-6224
Photo of Eileen Woods, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Eileen Woods
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
You may feel distracted, numb, overwhelmed, lost, or weighed down at times, know that you’re not alone — and you don’t have to carry it all by yourself. I work with people who feel frozen in their lives, often due to worries and fears related to past experiences or not knowing how to move past fears of the future. I’m here to listen with compassion and help you find your way forward.
You may feel distracted, numb, overwhelmed, lost, or weighed down at times, know that you’re not alone — and you don’t have to carry it all by yourself. I work with people who feel frozen in their lives, often due to worries and fears related to past experiences or not knowing how to move past fears of the future. I’m here to listen with compassion and help you find your way forward.
(814) 850-2180 View (814) 850-2180
Photo of Amanda Easter, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Amanda Easter
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Hi! I'm Amanda, LPC in Pennsylvania. I started my journey as a school counselor at a high school for 13 years and then transitioned into an outpatient facility. I enjoy working with teens, young adults, and adults as they navigate their lives. I love learning about and connecting with others. I help support individuals with adjusting to new situations, set boundaries, feel empowered, manage the demands of life, learn better coping and implement self-care. Together we can identify what's not working, explore thoughts, feelings, and core concerns, in order to create better balance.
Hi! I'm Amanda, LPC in Pennsylvania. I started my journey as a school counselor at a high school for 13 years and then transitioned into an outpatient facility. I enjoy working with teens, young adults, and adults as they navigate their lives. I love learning about and connecting with others. I help support individuals with adjusting to new situations, set boundaries, feel empowered, manage the demands of life, learn better coping and implement self-care. Together we can identify what's not working, explore thoughts, feelings, and core concerns, in order to create better balance.
(814) 995-6282 View (814) 995-6282
Photo of Kassi Casteel, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Kassi Casteel
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, sadness, stress, trauma, or big life changes and want a safe place to talk? Maybe you have a child or teen struggling with emotions, friendships, school, or past difficult experiences, or maybe you're a college student trying to balance academics, relationships, and growing independence. What you need most is to feel truly heard, understood, and supported without judgment. You want help making sense of your feelings, building confidence, and learning skills to handle tough moments more effectively. My goal is to help you feel calmer, more confident, and more in control of your emotions.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, sadness, stress, trauma, or big life changes and want a safe place to talk? Maybe you have a child or teen struggling with emotions, friendships, school, or past difficult experiences, or maybe you're a college student trying to balance academics, relationships, and growing independence. What you need most is to feel truly heard, understood, and supported without judgment. You want help making sense of your feelings, building confidence, and learning skills to handle tough moments more effectively. My goal is to help you feel calmer, more confident, and more in control of your emotions.
(814) 687-8970 View (814) 687-8970
Photo of Gina Luisa Miller, Licensed Professional Counselor, CTRT-C, EMDR-T, CCTP-II, NCC, LPC
Gina Luisa Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, CTRT-C, EMDR-T, CCTP-II, NCC, LPC
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I believe in the resilience of people and the possibility of lasting change. If feelings of overwhelm, stress, or recurring patterns are impacting your life, support is available. Therapy can be a meaningful step toward healing for trauma, anxiety and depression. In a safe, person-centered environment, you will be guided with compassion and respect as you explore your unique path to growth. This process is about your empowerment and strength. Together, evidence-based strategies will be tailored to your needs, helping you move toward greater authenticity and well-being. When you're ready, reaching out can be the first step to change.
I believe in the resilience of people and the possibility of lasting change. If feelings of overwhelm, stress, or recurring patterns are impacting your life, support is available. Therapy can be a meaningful step toward healing for trauma, anxiety and depression. In a safe, person-centered environment, you will be guided with compassion and respect as you explore your unique path to growth. This process is about your empowerment and strength. Together, evidence-based strategies will be tailored to your needs, helping you move toward greater authenticity and well-being. When you're ready, reaching out can be the first step to change.
(814) 258-4954 View (814) 258-4954
Photo of Emily Thibault, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Emily Thibault
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) providing therapy in a supportive and queer-friendly environment. I specialize in work with clients with prenatal and postpartum depression, grief, life changes, mood disorders, self-esteem, and substance use. I have professional experience, prior to private practice, working with young adults on an inpatient psychiatric unit and ante/postpartum parents in a hospital setting.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) providing therapy in a supportive and queer-friendly environment. I specialize in work with clients with prenatal and postpartum depression, grief, life changes, mood disorders, self-esteem, and substance use. I have professional experience, prior to private practice, working with young adults on an inpatient psychiatric unit and ante/postpartum parents in a hospital setting.
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More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Ashton Boal, Psychologist, PsyD
Ashton Boal
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
State College, PA 16801
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who is passionate about helping individuals navigate the world through an integrative therapeutic approach that is specific to the unique needs of each client. I have prior experience conducting individual and group psychotherapy in college counseling, community mental health, and substance use treatment centers and have worked with a diverse range of clients with varying mental health concerns including relationship and attachment dynamics, identity development, depression, anxiety, trauma, and substance-related concerns.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who is passionate about helping individuals navigate the world through an integrative therapeutic approach that is specific to the unique needs of each client. I have prior experience conducting individual and group psychotherapy in college counseling, community mental health, and substance use treatment centers and have worked with a diverse range of clients with varying mental health concerns including relationship and attachment dynamics, identity development, depression, anxiety, trauma, and substance-related concerns.
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Photo of Peggy E. Nadenichek, Psychologist, M.Ed.
Peggy E. Nadenichek
Psychologist, M.Ed.
State College, PA 16801
Does it feel like life keeps shifting beneath your feet—like just when you find your footing, something new throws you off balance? Maybe you're navigating a loss that has left you hollowed out, or anxiety that follows you from the moment you wake up. Perhaps your mood feels unpredictable, and you're not sure why some days feel impossibly heavy while others feel almost manageable. You're not broken—you're human, and you're carrying more than you should have to carry alone.
Does it feel like life keeps shifting beneath your feet—like just when you find your footing, something new throws you off balance? Maybe you're navigating a loss that has left you hollowed out, or anxiety that follows you from the moment you wake up. Perhaps your mood feels unpredictable, and you're not sure why some days feel impossibly heavy while others feel almost manageable. You're not broken—you're human, and you're carrying more than you should have to carry alone.
(814) 904-6173 View (814) 904-6173
Photo of Megan Moran, Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC
Megan Moran
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC
Serves Area
Hello! I have worked in a variety of treatment settings and works with individuals, couples and families with clients ranging from 5 years old through late stage life. I focus on a client centered and strengths based approach, utilizing evidence based practices including cognitive behavioral therapy to help clients reach their goals. Whether it is depression, anxiety, relationships, adhd, navigating changes or life stressors.
Hello! I have worked in a variety of treatment settings and works with individuals, couples and families with clients ranging from 5 years old through late stage life. I focus on a client centered and strengths based approach, utilizing evidence based practices including cognitive behavioral therapy to help clients reach their goals. Whether it is depression, anxiety, relationships, adhd, navigating changes or life stressors.
(724) 204-6255 View (724) 204-6255
Photo of Katie Fiore, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Katie Fiore
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Hollidaysburg, PA 16648
I am a licensed Marriage and Family therapist currently accepting new clients of all ages. I have experience working with all age ranges with a variety of needs, from couples and family work to individual work. I work hard to create a safe therapeutic relationship built on trust with my clients. I have a systemic approach, believing that family, relationships, and our experiences play a huge role in who we are and how we experience life. I believe in a strength based approach which puts the client in control of their lives.
I am a licensed Marriage and Family therapist currently accepting new clients of all ages. I have experience working with all age ranges with a variety of needs, from couples and family work to individual work. I work hard to create a safe therapeutic relationship built on trust with my clients. I have a systemic approach, believing that family, relationships, and our experiences play a huge role in who we are and how we experience life. I believe in a strength based approach which puts the client in control of their lives.
(814) 201-7952 View (814) 201-7952

See more therapy options for 16652

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 16652

10+

Average cost per session

$140

Therapists in 16652 who prioritize treating:

88% Anxiety
88% Trauma and PTSD
88% Social Anxiety
88% Complex PTSD
88% Health Anxiety
88% Medical Trauma
88% Driving Anxiety

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% Aetna
79% BlueCross and BlueShield
79% Highmark

How Therapists in 16652 see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

94% Female
6% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 16652?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.