Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

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Photo of Travis W Schermer, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Travis W Schermer
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, ACS
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
It is not my place to tell you how to feel or how to be in response to life; your experiences, desires, and goals are your own. It is my job to work on understanding, as best I can, what you envision for your life and assist you in bringing it into the world. Sometimes this work can be focused on a particular area or issue, while other times it can feel harder to pin-down the exact cause. We start where you are and then collaborate on finding a way forward together.
It is not my place to tell you how to feel or how to be in response to life; your experiences, desires, and goals are your own. It is my job to work on understanding, as best I can, what you envision for your life and assist you in bringing it into the world. Sometimes this work can be focused on a particular area or issue, while other times it can feel harder to pin-down the exact cause. We start where you are and then collaborate on finding a way forward together.
(412) 776-0196 View (412) 776-0196
Photo of Mary L Griffin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Mary L Griffin
Licensed Professional Counselor, RN, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15237
I've helped my clients break through the obstacles that seem to be holding them back in life. You can learn and develop better ways to handle the issues that are standing in the way of your goals. Get in touch today to see how we can work together to help you find peace and contentment. As an LPC, I offer clinical experience and knowledge, providing counseling to all clients, with a special focus on treating anxiety and panic disorder.
I've helped my clients break through the obstacles that seem to be holding them back in life. You can learn and develop better ways to handle the issues that are standing in the way of your goals. Get in touch today to see how we can work together to help you find peace and contentment. As an LPC, I offer clinical experience and knowledge, providing counseling to all clients, with a special focus on treating anxiety and panic disorder.
(878) 313-6458 View (878) 313-6458
Photo of Sharifa Martin, Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Sharifa Martin
Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
I specialize in Depression, Anxiety, & Trauma/Substance Use. I introduce therapeutic interventions appropriate for an individual's comfort level, leading to long-term personal growth. I allow you to "take the wheel" and work with you as you define your therapy goals. I encourage you to have a voice, to speak up if an area of your treatment is not working for you, and to ask questions. I am candid in that if there is an answer to a question I do not know, I will research and consult with my supervisor to get you the best answer possible.
I specialize in Depression, Anxiety, & Trauma/Substance Use. I introduce therapeutic interventions appropriate for an individual's comfort level, leading to long-term personal growth. I allow you to "take the wheel" and work with you as you define your therapy goals. I encourage you to have a voice, to speak up if an area of your treatment is not working for you, and to ask questions. I am candid in that if there is an answer to a question I do not know, I will research and consult with my supervisor to get you the best answer possible.
(412) 838-3916 View (412) 838-3916
Photo of Jenny Spitzer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Jenny Spitzer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
What is keeping you from having the life you want? Let’s figure this out together and get you feeling better quickly.
What is keeping you from having the life you want? Let’s figure this out together and get you feeling better quickly.
(570) 676-1662 View (570) 676-1662
Photo of Holly Zill, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Holly Zill
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15222
Holly Zill is Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who works with her clients by meeting them at their pace and need level to achieve their personal goals, decrease negative symptoms, improve interpersonal relationships, and increase quality of life. Holly has 7 years of experience in the mental health field. Holly completed her Master of Arts (MA) in Couples, Marriage and Family Therapy at Kutztown University.
Holly Zill is Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who works with her clients by meeting them at their pace and need level to achieve their personal goals, decrease negative symptoms, improve interpersonal relationships, and increase quality of life. Holly has 7 years of experience in the mental health field. Holly completed her Master of Arts (MA) in Couples, Marriage and Family Therapy at Kutztown University.
(339) 244-7023 View (339) 244-7023
Photo of Kristen J Ober, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Kristen J Ober
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, BCBA, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15236
Not accepting new clients
I have worked in a multitude of different settings including inpatient hospitalization, residential, in-home, school, and outpatient, which provide valuable experience. No matter the setting, I prides myself in rapport building and finding the motivation in the client and family to make necessary changes. In addition to being a licensed professional counselor, I am also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst and looks for behavioral change to be the forefront of treatment.
I have worked in a multitude of different settings including inpatient hospitalization, residential, in-home, school, and outpatient, which provide valuable experience. No matter the setting, I prides myself in rapport building and finding the motivation in the client and family to make necessary changes. In addition to being a licensed professional counselor, I am also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst and looks for behavioral change to be the forefront of treatment.
(878) 313-2219 View (878) 313-2219
Photo of Suzanne Burkley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Suzanne Burkley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Suzanne M. Burkley is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2003. She attended Indiana University of PA for Criminology and received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 1990 and attended Duquesne University and received a Master of Science Education (MSED) in 1998. Suzanne is skilled at several different evidenced based practices (CBT, DBT, MI, Brief Solution Focus, Exposure Therapy, Person Center, TF-CBT) and is able to apply specific approaches, methods and/or strategies to fit the need of the client at that particular time.
Suzanne M. Burkley is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2003. She attended Indiana University of PA for Criminology and received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 1990 and attended Duquesne University and received a Master of Science Education (MSED) in 1998. Suzanne is skilled at several different evidenced based practices (CBT, DBT, MI, Brief Solution Focus, Exposure Therapy, Person Center, TF-CBT) and is able to apply specific approaches, methods and/or strategies to fit the need of the client at that particular time.
(412) 218-3514 View (412) 218-3514
Photo of Linda J Nordquist, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Linda J Nordquist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15217
The most courageous thing you can do is to begin the journey of understanding your own story. Our past experiences touch nearly every relationship in our lives. Often, despite our best efforts, old unhelpful patterns re-emerge. Our ways of coping with stress and uncertainty become painful and limiting with time. Psychotherapy can be a space to unlearn these harmful patterns and heal past hurtful experiences. I use an eclectic framework for therapy that depends on what my client feels is most helpful, though my roots are in attachment, psychodynamic and EMDR therapies.
The most courageous thing you can do is to begin the journey of understanding your own story. Our past experiences touch nearly every relationship in our lives. Often, despite our best efforts, old unhelpful patterns re-emerge. Our ways of coping with stress and uncertainty become painful and limiting with time. Psychotherapy can be a space to unlearn these harmful patterns and heal past hurtful experiences. I use an eclectic framework for therapy that depends on what my client feels is most helpful, though my roots are in attachment, psychodynamic and EMDR therapies.
(412) 275-4683 View (412) 275-4683
Photo of Carolyn Theresa Skiff, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Carolyn Theresa Skiff
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15227
I am here to help people on their journey, wherever they are in life. I believe in empowering people to make good choices for themselves. I work well with clients suffering from depression and/or anxiety and want solid positive coping skills to help deal with stressors. I use CBT and trauma-informed care, as well as an Adlerian perspective to understand the importance of early childhood experiences on personality and belief structure. I believe mindfulness matters. Taking care of you is important!
I am here to help people on their journey, wherever they are in life. I believe in empowering people to make good choices for themselves. I work well with clients suffering from depression and/or anxiety and want solid positive coping skills to help deal with stressors. I use CBT and trauma-informed care, as well as an Adlerian perspective to understand the importance of early childhood experiences on personality and belief structure. I believe mindfulness matters. Taking care of you is important!
(412) 376-4050 View (412) 376-4050
Photo of Mariah Cooney, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Mariah Cooney
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15222  (Online Only)
You may be struggling with relationship issues, low self-esteem, and anxiety. Your needs are vital, and you deserve a therapist who genuinely comprehends your challenges and aspirations. You want to regain confidence, foster healthier relationships, and conquer anxiety. Together, we'll embark on a journey towards enhanced self-esteem, improved relationships, and a more tranquil, fulfilling life.
You may be struggling with relationship issues, low self-esteem, and anxiety. Your needs are vital, and you deserve a therapist who genuinely comprehends your challenges and aspirations. You want to regain confidence, foster healthier relationships, and conquer anxiety. Together, we'll embark on a journey towards enhanced self-esteem, improved relationships, and a more tranquil, fulfilling life.
(412) 517-7758 View (412) 517-7758
Photo of Gregory Mairs, Marriage & Family Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Gregory Mairs
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15222  (Online Only)
Gregory Mairs is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) who has 22 years of direct mobile therapy experience with couples therapy, individual therapy, and particularly family systems with severe trauma, abuse, systemic trauma, complex trauma, and severe mental illness. Greg only recently completed his Master of Arts in Marriage and Family Therapy (MAMFT) at Seton Hill University following 20+ years of doing mobile therapy with various social service agencies in the Pittsburgh area.
Gregory Mairs is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) who has 22 years of direct mobile therapy experience with couples therapy, individual therapy, and particularly family systems with severe trauma, abuse, systemic trauma, complex trauma, and severe mental illness. Greg only recently completed his Master of Arts in Marriage and Family Therapy (MAMFT) at Seton Hill University following 20+ years of doing mobile therapy with various social service agencies in the Pittsburgh area.
(412) 900-2320 View (412) 900-2320
Photo of Anna Rastatter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Anna Rastatter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
The foundation of a therapeutic relationship depends on empathy and connection. I work to establish a supportive, non-judgemental space for individuals to focus on growth and healing. My practice emphasizes collaboration, recognizing the client as the expert of their own experience. Although I’ve worked with a variety of people, I enjoy working with women navigating changes across the lifespan, LGBTQIA+ individuals, and those experiencing concerns surrounding anxiety and depression, trauma, stress, and grief and loss. I support clients in building on their current strengths and means of coping.
The foundation of a therapeutic relationship depends on empathy and connection. I work to establish a supportive, non-judgemental space for individuals to focus on growth and healing. My practice emphasizes collaboration, recognizing the client as the expert of their own experience. Although I’ve worked with a variety of people, I enjoy working with women navigating changes across the lifespan, LGBTQIA+ individuals, and those experiencing concerns surrounding anxiety and depression, trauma, stress, and grief and loss. I support clients in building on their current strengths and means of coping.
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Photo of Paula Rossi, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Paula Rossi
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
Not accepting new clients
I believe that therapy should feel like a conversation between two people, without a power imbalance or fears of being judged. I am a licensed professional counselor, but first and foremost, I’m a human being like you. If you choose to work together, I promise to be genuine, compassionate, and real. I specialize in treating adolescents through young adults, and I have extensive experience working with depression, anxiety, suicidality and self-injury, and Borderline Personality Disorder.
I believe that therapy should feel like a conversation between two people, without a power imbalance or fears of being judged. I am a licensed professional counselor, but first and foremost, I’m a human being like you. If you choose to work together, I promise to be genuine, compassionate, and real. I specialize in treating adolescents through young adults, and I have extensive experience working with depression, anxiety, suicidality and self-injury, and Borderline Personality Disorder.
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Photo of Erin Eckman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Erin Eckman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW , LSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15203
Are you dealing with anxiety, depression, and ADHD symptoms that are exacerbated by external life circumstances? Do you want to understand your emotions and learn how to cope with them? My ideal client is seeking support and wants to begin the journey of improving their mental health. The client may have short-term or long-term goals but needs support to achieve them. The client might also want to improve their self-esteem through therapeutic work. Working with a strengths-based, trauma-informed, person-centered eclectic approach can help clients feel supported, develop coping skills, and improve self-esteem.
Are you dealing with anxiety, depression, and ADHD symptoms that are exacerbated by external life circumstances? Do you want to understand your emotions and learn how to cope with them? My ideal client is seeking support and wants to begin the journey of improving their mental health. The client may have short-term or long-term goals but needs support to achieve them. The client might also want to improve their self-esteem through therapeutic work. Working with a strengths-based, trauma-informed, person-centered eclectic approach can help clients feel supported, develop coping skills, and improve self-esteem.
(412) 991-1706 View (412) 991-1706
Photo of Carole Joan Honeychurch, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Carole Joan Honeychurch
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NBCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15208
People seek therapy when they are in pain. This pain may show up as anxiety, depression, loneliness, compulsive behaviors, addiction or a combination of these. My job as your therapist is to meet you where you are and to understand your experience, your pain, and to help you move forward. The goal is to create a collaboration in which you have the support and safety to begin to challenge thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors that may be holding you back and causing suffering. I will guide you in this work with warmth, humor, respect, and acceptance.
People seek therapy when they are in pain. This pain may show up as anxiety, depression, loneliness, compulsive behaviors, addiction or a combination of these. My job as your therapist is to meet you where you are and to understand your experience, your pain, and to help you move forward. The goal is to create a collaboration in which you have the support and safety to begin to challenge thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors that may be holding you back and causing suffering. I will guide you in this work with warmth, humor, respect, and acceptance.
(412) 275-4853 View (412) 275-4853
Photo of Wesley Waldrup, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Wesley Waldrup
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15206
Perhaps you are struggling with a life transition, facing a chronic illnesses or an unexpected loss in your life? Are you adjusting to a new role? Concerned about depression or anxiety? Do you have strained relationships or trouble communicating? Counseling can help you navigate these difficult experiences with more confidence.... After an assessment of your conflicts, we will work together to set goals for approaching life in different ways.
Perhaps you are struggling with a life transition, facing a chronic illnesses or an unexpected loss in your life? Are you adjusting to a new role? Concerned about depression or anxiety? Do you have strained relationships or trouble communicating? Counseling can help you navigate these difficult experiences with more confidence.... After an assessment of your conflicts, we will work together to set goals for approaching life in different ways.
(412) 385-4243 View (412) 385-4243
Photo of New Directions Mental Health - Robinson Twp, Psychologist in Pittsburgh, PA
New Directions Mental Health - Robinson Twp
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15205
Offering Teletherapy, Telepsychiatry and in-office visits. We are a heart-centered practice dedicated to providing highly personalized care that supports you in making lasting changes. At New Directions, we specialize in providing the help you need from start to finish including matching you with the right therapist or psychiatric provider and offering effective services. Whether you are looking for individual therapy for yourself, therapy for a child or teen, couple's therapy, family therapy and/or psychiatric services, we can assist.
Offering Teletherapy, Telepsychiatry and in-office visits. We are a heart-centered practice dedicated to providing highly personalized care that supports you in making lasting changes. At New Directions, we specialize in providing the help you need from start to finish including matching you with the right therapist or psychiatric provider and offering effective services. Whether you are looking for individual therapy for yourself, therapy for a child or teen, couple's therapy, family therapy and/or psychiatric services, we can assist.
(412) 444-7275 View (412) 444-7275
Photo of Martha D'Abruzzo, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Martha D'Abruzzo
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15206  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Hello! Due to a focus on other offerings, I do not have psychotherapy openings. However, I am accepting new clients (Telehealth) for the Safe and Sound Protocol and mindfulness training. My psychotherapy approach is rooted in mindfulness, relational systems, trauma and nervous system informed intervention. Over the past several years I have trained in newer frameworks, including EMDR, Polyvagal Theory-informed therapy, somatic and sensory experiencing, as well as other trauma-informed techniques.
Hello! Due to a focus on other offerings, I do not have psychotherapy openings. However, I am accepting new clients (Telehealth) for the Safe and Sound Protocol and mindfulness training. My psychotherapy approach is rooted in mindfulness, relational systems, trauma and nervous system informed intervention. Over the past several years I have trained in newer frameworks, including EMDR, Polyvagal Theory-informed therapy, somatic and sensory experiencing, as well as other trauma-informed techniques.
(412) 906-9837 View (412) 906-9837
Photo of Mark Shoaf, Licensed Professional Counselor in Pittsburgh, PA
Mark Shoaf
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, CCSIM
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15238
The funny things about life's hurts, they generally do not just get better on their own. Running from a problem is a race we will never win. My goal is to create a warm safe and relaxed place for you to explore, to discuss, to learn and maybe laugh. The outcome is for you to feel empowered in your life and to have HOPE. Changing or healing often require learning new skills so my approach is as much about coaching as it is about counseling. My primary counseling modes are Cognitive Dissonance and Reframing and REBT (Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy). Together we create the tools for HOPE that are custom made for you.
The funny things about life's hurts, they generally do not just get better on their own. Running from a problem is a race we will never win. My goal is to create a warm safe and relaxed place for you to explore, to discuss, to learn and maybe laugh. The outcome is for you to feel empowered in your life and to have HOPE. Changing or healing often require learning new skills so my approach is as much about coaching as it is about counseling. My primary counseling modes are Cognitive Dissonance and Reframing and REBT (Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy). Together we create the tools for HOPE that are custom made for you.
(412) 407-4070 View (412) 407-4070
Photo of Gail Ludwig Vogler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Pittsburgh, PA
Gail Ludwig Vogler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW, MSN
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15243
Are you struggling and frustrated with life problems and traditional help is not working? I offer an organic blending of traditional eastern healing practices with western psychotherapy. This work helps you deepen your connection to the answers which are already within you. I just help you "see" them, and assist you in bridging a connection between the healthy self and those parts of you that are struggling to be healthy. I call these dissonant parts. These dissonant parts can create disorder and dysfunction. We work as partners on a path towards unity, health and well-being.
Are you struggling and frustrated with life problems and traditional help is not working? I offer an organic blending of traditional eastern healing practices with western psychotherapy. This work helps you deepen your connection to the answers which are already within you. I just help you "see" them, and assist you in bridging a connection between the healthy self and those parts of you that are struggling to be healthy. I call these dissonant parts. These dissonant parts can create disorder and dysfunction. We work as partners on a path towards unity, health and well-being.
(412) 528-4081 View (412) 528-4081

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
77% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills
66% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

81% Highmark
74% Aetna
67% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Pittsburgh, PA see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
19% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Pittsburgh?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.