Therapists in 13024

Photo of Ellen Ross, Licensed Psychoanalyst, PsyD, LP, NCPsyA
Ellen Ross
Licensed Psychoanalyst, PsyD, LP, NCPsyA
Serves Area
When I think of therapy, I see it as a chance to study one's life and patterns non-judgmentally, with the opportunity to modify things that do not help to live a life satisfactorily. It is a self-educational experience where all thoughts and feelings and the obstacles which interfere with living are cooperatively addressed. Progressive talking takes place to work through anxiety, depression, relationships, workplace stress and parenting, as well as the whole scope of emotional challenges, mild to serious. It is a form of maturation occurring at a pace amenable to the individual. Please call for more information.
When I think of therapy, I see it as a chance to study one's life and patterns non-judgmentally, with the opportunity to modify things that do not help to live a life satisfactorily. It is a self-educational experience where all thoughts and feelings and the obstacles which interfere with living are cooperatively addressed. Progressive talking takes place to work through anxiety, depression, relationships, workplace stress and parenting, as well as the whole scope of emotional challenges, mild to serious. It is a form of maturation occurring at a pace amenable to the individual. Please call for more information.
(315) 231-6067 View (315) 231-6067
Photo of Christopher J Thomas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MS, CASAC-M
Christopher J Thomas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MS, CASAC-M
Serves Area
Are you struggling with a mental health issue? Do you lack motivation, focus, and direction? Are you overwhelmed with life stressors and emotions? Are you living in the past, stuck, and unable to move forward? Do you use alcohol, drugs, gambling, sex or gaming to “cope” with life stressors? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you would benefit from counseling with an objective, nonjudgmental, and supportive therapist. Let me be that therapist for you. Life can be hard, stressful, and challenging but you do not have to navigate this trip alone.
Are you struggling with a mental health issue? Do you lack motivation, focus, and direction? Are you overwhelmed with life stressors and emotions? Are you living in the past, stuck, and unable to move forward? Do you use alcohol, drugs, gambling, sex or gaming to “cope” with life stressors? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you would benefit from counseling with an objective, nonjudgmental, and supportive therapist. Let me be that therapist for you. Life can be hard, stressful, and challenging but you do not have to navigate this trip alone.
(315) 712-1300 View (315) 712-1300
Photo of Sally J Griswold - Step Ahead Therapeutic Services,PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, PLLC
Step Ahead Therapeutic Services,PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, PLLC
Serves Area
Welcome. Reaching out for support can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. At Step Ahead, we provide a warm, supportive, and nonjudgmental space where you can feel safe to explore, heal, and grow. We are a small, strength-based group practice working with individuals of all ages, as well as couples and families. Our therapists are trained in evidence-based approaches including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Motivational Interviewing, and trauma-focused therapies such as IFS and EMDR. We tailor our approach to meet your unique needs and goals. Our top priority is helping you
Welcome. Reaching out for support can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. At Step Ahead, we provide a warm, supportive, and nonjudgmental space where you can feel safe to explore, heal, and grow. We are a small, strength-based group practice working with individuals of all ages, as well as couples and families. Our therapists are trained in evidence-based approaches including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Motivational Interviewing, and trauma-focused therapies such as IFS and EMDR. We tailor our approach to meet your unique needs and goals. Our top priority is helping you
(315) 640-4196 View (315) 640-4196

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Douglas Goldschmidt, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWR, PhD
Douglas Goldschmidt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWR, PhD
Fayetteville, NY 13066
I believe that therapy can develop non-judgmental awareness of what we face in the present, of thoughts and feelings that are based on conditioned reactions from our past, and of the ability to then cultivate the inner freedom that allows us to move into a future grounded in experience and directed at a positive and compassionate understanding of ourselves and of others. Developing the ability to be aware is a practice that each client learns and practices according to their needs, interests, and learning styles. There is no ideal client, there is only the commitment to practice awareness and find freedom from the past.
I believe that therapy can develop non-judgmental awareness of what we face in the present, of thoughts and feelings that are based on conditioned reactions from our past, and of the ability to then cultivate the inner freedom that allows us to move into a future grounded in experience and directed at a positive and compassionate understanding of ourselves and of others. Developing the ability to be aware is a practice that each client learns and practices according to their needs, interests, and learning styles. There is no ideal client, there is only the commitment to practice awareness and find freedom from the past.
(315) 805-4194 View (315) 805-4194
Photo of Julie Malloy, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Julie Malloy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Liverpool, NY 13088
I strive to create an environment where you feel safe working through unresolved issues in an effort to expand your capacity for a fulfilling life. I will help you recognize personal strengths and resources and develop a stronger sense of resiliency. When we understand that most of our suffering doesn't come from feeling pain, but from all the ways we avoid confronting or dealing with our unresolved issues, we learn how to reduce our suffering.
I strive to create an environment where you feel safe working through unresolved issues in an effort to expand your capacity for a fulfilling life. I will help you recognize personal strengths and resources and develop a stronger sense of resiliency. When we understand that most of our suffering doesn't come from feeling pain, but from all the ways we avoid confronting or dealing with our unresolved issues, we learn how to reduce our suffering.
(347) 956-4489 View (347) 956-4489
Photo of Jana Venditte, Counselor, LMHC
Jana Venditte
Counselor, LMHC
North Syracuse, NY 13212
As a therapist with real-life experiences, my first career was a cosmetologist. I am committed to empowering others as they find harmony in the world. In our first session, we'll explore what brought you to therapy and decide the most appropriate ways to help you. I offer my clients compassion, insights, and practical skills. I hold certifications in EMDR, EFT & Compassionate Bereavement Care.
As a therapist with real-life experiences, my first career was a cosmetologist. I am committed to empowering others as they find harmony in the world. In our first session, we'll explore what brought you to therapy and decide the most appropriate ways to help you. I offer my clients compassion, insights, and practical skills. I hold certifications in EMDR, EFT & Compassionate Bereavement Care.
(680) 219-6315 View (680) 219-6315
Photo of Judy Lynch, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, L, C, S, W
Judy Lynch
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, L, C, S, W
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I’m a licensed clinical social worker in Ithaca NY. I provide a safe space for my clients, and I have a strong ability and commitment to help people improve the quality of their lives. I have worked with adults of all ages, adolescents, and college students struggling to manage depression, anxiety, ADHD, loss, trauma, and stress, as well as relationship concerns and more. Therapy can be the doorway to personal growth and change. I welcome questions from prospective clients.
I’m a licensed clinical social worker in Ithaca NY. I provide a safe space for my clients, and I have a strong ability and commitment to help people improve the quality of their lives. I have worked with adults of all ages, adolescents, and college students struggling to manage depression, anxiety, ADHD, loss, trauma, and stress, as well as relationship concerns and more. Therapy can be the doorway to personal growth and change. I welcome questions from prospective clients.
(607) 233-4474 View (607) 233-4474
Photo of Lisa Tedeschi, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Lisa Tedeschi
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you considering therapy to be better with the ones you love, to improve your life, to gain clarity, to find new energy, to heal, to make sense of a complex world, to find your power, or just stop hurting? I can help you create new possibilities, whether you are looking for skills and training or a safe space to unfold. I am committed to respectfully supporting people from diverse worldviews and will take time to understand your life and relationships from your perspective. We can start with a free 15 min. call to explore whether therapy with me is a good fit for your needs, and to answer your questions.
Are you considering therapy to be better with the ones you love, to improve your life, to gain clarity, to find new energy, to heal, to make sense of a complex world, to find your power, or just stop hurting? I can help you create new possibilities, whether you are looking for skills and training or a safe space to unfold. I am committed to respectfully supporting people from diverse worldviews and will take time to understand your life and relationships from your perspective. We can start with a free 15 min. call to explore whether therapy with me is a good fit for your needs, and to answer your questions.
(802) 949-0822 View (802) 949-0822
Photo of Niccole R Lorenzo, Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC
Niccole R Lorenzo
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Fayetteville, NY 13066
Whether during various life transitions or through personal growth, it is my hope to offer a compassionate space for dialogue, non-judgmental understanding and encouragement towards self-awareness and empowerment.
Whether during various life transitions or through personal growth, it is my hope to offer a compassionate space for dialogue, non-judgmental understanding and encouragement towards self-awareness and empowerment.
(315) 628-8419 View (315) 628-8419
Photo of Tracy Carmody-Davis - Paths To Recovery Mental Health Counseling, PLLC, Counselor, LMHC
A family owned and operated private group therapy practice with locations in Baldwinsville and Manlius offering a full range of counseling services for all ages and stages, starting with play therapy at the age of 3. Our team of providers offers collaborative support, and individualized speciality areas of practice. Our beautiful and serene therapy spaces welcome you and your loved one. Should you be seeking parenting support while your child is in therapy, reach out for sessions at the same time.
A family owned and operated private group therapy practice with locations in Baldwinsville and Manlius offering a full range of counseling services for all ages and stages, starting with play therapy at the age of 3. Our team of providers offers collaborative support, and individualized speciality areas of practice. Our beautiful and serene therapy spaces welcome you and your loved one. Should you be seeking parenting support while your child is in therapy, reach out for sessions at the same time.
(315) 302-1225 View (315) 302-1225
Photo of Katherine Daskalakis, Psychologist, PhD
Katherine Daskalakis
Psychologist, PhD
Fulton, NY 13069
Dr. Daskalakis has many interested when it comes to treating patients. She enjoys working with children, teens, adults, and couples. She also provides expert testimony to various courts in Oswego County and surrounding counties. Dr. Daskalakis also conducts psychological testing to clarify diagnoses questions as well as court ordered evaluations. Dr. Daskalakis uses cognitive behavioral techniques as well as dialectical behavioral techniques to reduce intense symptomology in patients experiencing symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder. Her wry sense of humor and lovely personality helps her patients feel more comfortable during their journey of exploring their personal issues and improving their lifestyle.
Dr. Daskalakis has many interested when it comes to treating patients. She enjoys working with children, teens, adults, and couples. She also provides expert testimony to various courts in Oswego County and surrounding counties. Dr. Daskalakis also conducts psychological testing to clarify diagnoses questions as well as court ordered evaluations. Dr. Daskalakis uses cognitive behavioral techniques as well as dialectical behavioral techniques to reduce intense symptomology in patients experiencing symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder. Her wry sense of humor and lovely personality helps her patients feel more comfortable during their journey of exploring their personal issues and improving their lifestyle.
(315) 870-1086 View (315) 870-1086
Photo of Sarah Nunes - J&N Psychotherapy Group, PLLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
J&N Psychotherapy Group, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
1 Endorsed
Syracuse, NY 13210
Our practice focuses on relationships, trauma, and somatic work. If you’re feeling stuck in relational patterns, caught in your thoughts, or disconnected from yourself or others, you don’t have to navigate it alone. We’re here to help you move toward a more grounded and authentic way of living and being in relationship.
Our practice focuses on relationships, trauma, and somatic work. If you’re feeling stuck in relational patterns, caught in your thoughts, or disconnected from yourself or others, you don’t have to navigate it alone. We’re here to help you move toward a more grounded and authentic way of living and being in relationship.
(585) 580-2962 View (585) 580-2962
Photo of Tara N Cole - Tara Cole Counseling Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, LCSW
Tara Cole Counseling Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, LCSW
Syracuse, NY 13202
My practice is built on trust, pragmatic counseling, and professionalism. I view therapy as a journey to a healthier and fuller self. My goal is to help my clients navigate the twists and turns of life through genuine and authentic relationships. My areas of specialty include: ADHD, anger management, anxiety, communication, boundary setting, depression, parent coaching, relationship counseling, self-esteem, social anxiety, stress management, and gender and sexuality. I provide counseling for adults, children and adolescents, as well as couples and families.
My practice is built on trust, pragmatic counseling, and professionalism. I view therapy as a journey to a healthier and fuller self. My goal is to help my clients navigate the twists and turns of life through genuine and authentic relationships. My areas of specialty include: ADHD, anger management, anxiety, communication, boundary setting, depression, parent coaching, relationship counseling, self-esteem, social anxiety, stress management, and gender and sexuality. I provide counseling for adults, children and adolescents, as well as couples and families.
(315) 816-4157 View (315) 816-4157
Photo of Paolo Cesari - New Avenues Mental Health Counseling PLLC, Counselor, LMHC, CCPT
New Avenues Mental Health Counseling PLLC
Counselor, LMHC, CCPT
3 Endorsed
Baldwinsville, NY 13027
Reaching out for support can feel overwhelming — but you don’t have to navigate life’s challenges alone. At New Avenues Counseling, we are a team of compassionate, licensed clinicians dedicated to helping children, adolescents, and adults of all ages find healing, growth, and renewed hope. Our practice specializes in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, eating disorders, and a wide range of other mental health concerns. Whether you are seeking support for yourself or your child, we work collaboratively to create a safe, supportive space where you feel heard, understood, and empowered.
Reaching out for support can feel overwhelming — but you don’t have to navigate life’s challenges alone. At New Avenues Counseling, we are a team of compassionate, licensed clinicians dedicated to helping children, adolescents, and adults of all ages find healing, growth, and renewed hope. Our practice specializes in treating anxiety, depression, trauma, eating disorders, and a wide range of other mental health concerns. Whether you are seeking support for yourself or your child, we work collaboratively to create a safe, supportive space where you feel heard, understood, and empowered.
(315) 753-4248 View (315) 753-4248
Photo of Joy Strickland, Counselor, LMHC
Joy Strickland
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Fayetteville, NY 13066
You can be surrounded by people and still feel completely alone. Maybe you grew up keeping the peace, managing everyone else's emotions, or shrinking yourself to avoid conflict and now those same patterns are running your life. You overthink, people-please, and constantly second-guess yourself. You're self-aware enough to know something isn't working, but awareness alone hasn't changed it. These patterns have roots. Family wounds, early trauma, painful relationships that taught you it wasn't safe to just be yourself. If you're a young adult finally ready to discover who you actually are and you're in the right place.
You can be surrounded by people and still feel completely alone. Maybe you grew up keeping the peace, managing everyone else's emotions, or shrinking yourself to avoid conflict and now those same patterns are running your life. You overthink, people-please, and constantly second-guess yourself. You're self-aware enough to know something isn't working, but awareness alone hasn't changed it. These patterns have roots. Family wounds, early trauma, painful relationships that taught you it wasn't safe to just be yourself. If you're a young adult finally ready to discover who you actually are and you're in the right place.
(680) 208-3559 View (680) 208-3559
Photo of Melissa M Kallfelz, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Melissa M Kallfelz
Counselor, MA, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Skaneateles, NY 13152
Things happen to us everyday which impact and change who we are and how we live in this world. My role as a therapist is to support others in identifying their purpose. The passion for guiding others in identifying positive choices and making healthy changes is my purpose. Whether you are going through life transitions, feel depressed, or anxious, therapy can help facilitate positive change and improve your overall quality of life.
Things happen to us everyday which impact and change who we are and how we live in this world. My role as a therapist is to support others in identifying their purpose. The passion for guiding others in identifying positive choices and making healthy changes is my purpose. Whether you are going through life transitions, feel depressed, or anxious, therapy can help facilitate positive change and improve your overall quality of life.
(315) 707-4246 View (315) 707-4246
Photo of Jill Boyer, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Jill Boyer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
1 Endorsed
Skaneateles, NY 13152
Anxiety and daily stressors can make the simplest parts of life feel overwhelming and heavy. From overthinking to paralyzing OCD, it can be exhausting to manage your day. But, you are not alone! My approach is grounded in empathy, validation, and evidence-based strategies that empower you to build insight and manage your anxious thoughts and feelings - as well as your behavioral responses to them. Using evidence-based techniques, we will work as a team to uncover the root causes of your anxiety and develop the necessary skills needed to restore your life balance and peace of mind.
Anxiety and daily stressors can make the simplest parts of life feel overwhelming and heavy. From overthinking to paralyzing OCD, it can be exhausting to manage your day. But, you are not alone! My approach is grounded in empathy, validation, and evidence-based strategies that empower you to build insight and manage your anxious thoughts and feelings - as well as your behavioral responses to them. Using evidence-based techniques, we will work as a team to uncover the root causes of your anxiety and develop the necessary skills needed to restore your life balance and peace of mind.
(315) 840-1465 View (315) 840-1465
Photo of Brandon Chevere, Counselor, LMHC
Brandon Chevere
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Fulton, NY 13069
Feeling anxious all the time is such a crippling feeling and can feel like there is no escaping it. Just when one anxious thought starts to go away, another one shows up and takes its place. It can feel like an endless cycle of racing thoughts, worry, and fear about anything and everything. It’s hard to know when the anxiety will be over especially living in an anxiety-inducing world that is constantly changing which in turn leads to more anxiety. If this sounds like you, you're not alone!
Feeling anxious all the time is such a crippling feeling and can feel like there is no escaping it. Just when one anxious thought starts to go away, another one shows up and takes its place. It can feel like an endless cycle of racing thoughts, worry, and fear about anything and everything. It’s hard to know when the anxiety will be over especially living in an anxiety-inducing world that is constantly changing which in turn leads to more anxiety. If this sounds like you, you're not alone!
(929) 209-2380 View (929) 209-2380
Photo of Hannah Colbert Kalampoukas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR-C
Hannah Colbert Kalampoukas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR-C
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
How do you feel right now? What do you need? What do you want? Change in our lives can only come from a better understanding of who we really are. Validation of past experiences, wounds and traumas. Through exploration, comes a willingness to work to change. Not who you are, but how you are; in relationships, at work, with your family and with yourself. Reducing anxiety, feeling less depressed, better able to deal with overwhelming emotions. Contentment.
How do you feel right now? What do you need? What do you want? Change in our lives can only come from a better understanding of who we really are. Validation of past experiences, wounds and traumas. Through exploration, comes a willingness to work to change. Not who you are, but how you are; in relationships, at work, with your family and with yourself. Reducing anxiety, feeling less depressed, better able to deal with overwhelming emotions. Contentment.
(646) 921-3992 View (646) 921-3992
Photo of Tyler Hill, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MFT
Tyler Hill
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MFT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Accepting new clients! Guiding couples and individuals toward stronger connection, trust, and emotional growth for lasting relationship change. Are you struggling to connect with your partner or family member? Has life constantly presented challenges for you? Issues can stem from various places; but I believe our emotions, trauma, and our relationships can affect our lives more than anything. While these things can be scary and complicated, it’s important to explore these aspects of our lives while also finding our own sense of change. I work with couples, families, and individuals of all ages.
Accepting new clients! Guiding couples and individuals toward stronger connection, trust, and emotional growth for lasting relationship change. Are you struggling to connect with your partner or family member? Has life constantly presented challenges for you? Issues can stem from various places; but I believe our emotions, trauma, and our relationships can affect our lives more than anything. While these things can be scary and complicated, it’s important to explore these aspects of our lives while also finding our own sense of change. I work with couples, families, and individuals of all ages.
(315) 618-2721 View (315) 618-2721

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 13024

< 10

Therapists in 13024 who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Marriage Counseling
67% Relationship Issues
67% Personality Disorders
67% Grief
67% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

21 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% The Alliance
100% Aetna
100% BHS | Behavioral Health Systems

How Therapists in 13024 see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

50% Female
50% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 13024?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.