Photo of John Isaac Gerson, Psychologist in 10536, NY
John Isaac Gerson
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Katonah, NY 10536
Throughout the 50 years I have been helping clients improve their lives, the resilience of the human spirit continually amazes me. I see therapy as a collaboration: my job is to listen carefully to the issues and concerns that worry and frustrate you and your job is to present your concerns to me. Together we will develop a working relationship with the goal of helping you overcome your problems and fears. It is my pleasure to join you in this journey.
Throughout the 50 years I have been helping clients improve their lives, the resilience of the human spirit continually amazes me. I see therapy as a collaboration: my job is to listen carefully to the issues and concerns that worry and frustrate you and your job is to present your concerns to me. Together we will develop a working relationship with the goal of helping you overcome your problems and fears. It is my pleasure to join you in this journey.
(914) 252-3218 View (914) 252-3218
Photo of Clorinda Bulfamante, Psychologist in 10536, NY
Clorinda Bulfamante
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536
I am a clinical psychologist providing therapy and assessment services in Scarsdale and Greenwich. I treat various conditions, such as depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, social anxiety, and school/work issues. I also focus on life transitions, whether that be a recent move, transition from college, changes in family dynamics, or changes in significant relationships. Furthermore, I have extensive experience in conducting psychological assessments. Therapeutically, I focus on developing teens and adults, where as I provide assessments for all ages.
I am a clinical psychologist providing therapy and assessment services in Scarsdale and Greenwich. I treat various conditions, such as depression, anxiety, behavioral problems, social anxiety, and school/work issues. I also focus on life transitions, whether that be a recent move, transition from college, changes in family dynamics, or changes in significant relationships. Furthermore, I have extensive experience in conducting psychological assessments. Therapeutically, I focus on developing teens and adults, where as I provide assessments for all ages.
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Photo of Katie Parent, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10536, NY
Katie Parent
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536
Katie Parent, LCSW, is a trauma-informed clinician committed to holistic well-being, emphasizing the integration of evidence-based mind-body practices to nurture a balanced relationship between the mind, body, and soul. With a wealth of experience spanning adults, children, families, and couples, Katie brings a comprehensive approach to her therapeutic work. Katie creates a welcoming and inclusive space, honoring all gender identities and providing support for individuals with various mental and physical health challenges. With a compassionate and sensitive approach, she strives to empower clients on their journey towards healing.
Katie Parent, LCSW, is a trauma-informed clinician committed to holistic well-being, emphasizing the integration of evidence-based mind-body practices to nurture a balanced relationship between the mind, body, and soul. With a wealth of experience spanning adults, children, families, and couples, Katie brings a comprehensive approach to her therapeutic work. Katie creates a welcoming and inclusive space, honoring all gender identities and providing support for individuals with various mental and physical health challenges. With a compassionate and sensitive approach, she strives to empower clients on their journey towards healing.
(914) 353-3188 View (914) 353-3188
Photo of Carolyn D Greene, Psychologist in 10536, NY
Carolyn D Greene
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Katonah, NY 10536  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am here to offer you help through life’s most difficult transitions. Anxiety, depression, past trauma, and current stressors can weigh us down. Sometimes, even positive changes, like pregnancy and postpartum, can be hard. While I can help clients with a variety of issues, my specialties include treatment of trauma/PTSD as well as treatment of mood and anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Welcome! I am here to offer you help through life’s most difficult transitions. Anxiety, depression, past trauma, and current stressors can weigh us down. Sometimes, even positive changes, like pregnancy and postpartum, can be hard. While I can help clients with a variety of issues, my specialties include treatment of trauma/PTSD as well as treatment of mood and anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
(914) 863-6628 View (914) 863-6628
Photo of Samuel Parton, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10536, NY
Samuel Parton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536
Working in schools and foster care settings for years, Sam is an expert in child and adolescent therapy. He utilizes two of the leading therapies, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). With CBT, Sam helps clients change unhelpful thought processes and behavioral patterns and aids clients in bravely facing their fears. While with DBT, he helps clients learn better emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal skills. He is passionate about building connections and assists clients in finding strengths and skills within themselves to work through any struggles they might be experiencing.
Working in schools and foster care settings for years, Sam is an expert in child and adolescent therapy. He utilizes two of the leading therapies, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT). With CBT, Sam helps clients change unhelpful thought processes and behavioral patterns and aids clients in bravely facing their fears. While with DBT, he helps clients learn better emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal skills. He is passionate about building connections and assists clients in finding strengths and skills within themselves to work through any struggles they might be experiencing.
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Photo of Jeanmarie L. Sandford, Psychologist in 10536, NY
Jeanmarie L. Sandford
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536
Not accepting new clients
Hello & welcome! Life is interesting. It can be complicated and overwhelming. But I believe that above all, it remains a beautiful gift, as each of us have a right to become our most insightful, confident, and authentic selves. Throughout life, we may have developed defenses or created thought and behavior patterns designed to help us survive, obtain love, or have certain needs met. For children, teens, and adults alike, worries and sadness can emerge, and difficulties can arise from disconnecting from one’s true self, one's family, one’s social circle, one’s gifts, and one’s purpose.
Hello & welcome! Life is interesting. It can be complicated and overwhelming. But I believe that above all, it remains a beautiful gift, as each of us have a right to become our most insightful, confident, and authentic selves. Throughout life, we may have developed defenses or created thought and behavior patterns designed to help us survive, obtain love, or have certain needs met. For children, teens, and adults alike, worries and sadness can emerge, and difficulties can arise from disconnecting from one’s true self, one's family, one’s social circle, one’s gifts, and one’s purpose.
(914) 200-4673 View (914) 200-4673
Photo of Andrea P Jaffee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10536, NY
Andrea P Jaffee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536  (Online Only)
Hello and welcome! Are you grappling with anxiety, depression, ADHD, low-self esteem, body image issues, parenting, relationship and/or work issues? I have over 20 years of experience helping my clients to live happier, more effective, peaceful lives.
Hello and welcome! Are you grappling with anxiety, depression, ADHD, low-self esteem, body image issues, parenting, relationship and/or work issues? I have over 20 years of experience helping my clients to live happier, more effective, peaceful lives.
(347) 797-5845 View (347) 797-5845
Photo of Suzanne M Gabriele, Psychologist in 10536, NY
Suzanne M Gabriele
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536
Life inevitably involves struggle. The goal of therapy is to understand the source of your current struggles in order to live more fully and effectively. In my experience, life difficulties are either long standing or acute. The enduring difficulties are often the result of underlying patterns that result in feeling stuck, anxious or depressed. These patterns may manifest in relationship problems, parenting difficulties or low self esteem. Acute situations, such as death or divorce, take time to process and can trigger earlier losses. In either situation, the wish to function and feel better is what motivates us to seek therapy.
Life inevitably involves struggle. The goal of therapy is to understand the source of your current struggles in order to live more fully and effectively. In my experience, life difficulties are either long standing or acute. The enduring difficulties are often the result of underlying patterns that result in feeling stuck, anxious or depressed. These patterns may manifest in relationship problems, parenting difficulties or low self esteem. Acute situations, such as death or divorce, take time to process and can trigger earlier losses. In either situation, the wish to function and feel better is what motivates us to seek therapy.
(914) 215-5040 View (914) 215-5040
Photo of Judith Sorokin, Psychologist in 10536, NY
Judith Sorokin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536
Not accepting new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over 20 years' experience working with adults of all ages. I collaborate with each client to create a safe and trusting therapeutic relationship within which the individual can explore and clarify difficulties, come to a deeper understanding, and make changes that lead to a more fulfilling life. I integrate aspects of psychodynamic, interpersonal, cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness approaches, and tailor the work to the individual needs of my clients.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist with over 20 years' experience working with adults of all ages. I collaborate with each client to create a safe and trusting therapeutic relationship within which the individual can explore and clarify difficulties, come to a deeper understanding, and make changes that lead to a more fulfilling life. I integrate aspects of psychodynamic, interpersonal, cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness approaches, and tailor the work to the individual needs of my clients.
(914) 930-2953 View (914) 930-2953
Photo of Laura M. Vraney, Psychologist in 10536, NY
Laura M. Vraney
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536
Waitlist for new clients
Thank you for visiting my profile. I am licensed in NY, CT, and MA. Psychotherapy is about educating and raising awareness so that we can non-judgmentally identify our patterns and manage life’s confusion. I appreciate a collaborative approach to help identify your needs and goals. I utilize an integration of evidence-based treatment, process therapy, and a mindfulness framework. I also take time to understand and integrate what makes each person unique, such as our mood, temperament, family system, environment, culture, and biology.
Thank you for visiting my profile. I am licensed in NY, CT, and MA. Psychotherapy is about educating and raising awareness so that we can non-judgmentally identify our patterns and manage life’s confusion. I appreciate a collaborative approach to help identify your needs and goals. I utilize an integration of evidence-based treatment, process therapy, and a mindfulness framework. I also take time to understand and integrate what makes each person unique, such as our mood, temperament, family system, environment, culture, and biology.
(914) 752-4435 View (914) 752-4435
Photo of Jason Duncan, Psychologist in 10536, NY
Jason Duncan
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536
I am a psychologist providing therapy and assessment services for children through adults. I have extensive clinical experience and am an expert Cognitive Behavioral Therapist. I’ve been trained by top therapy institutes, am a board member for well accomplished CBT organizations, and run the official podcast for the national CBT organization. I strive to regularly advance my knowledge and provide leading scientific treatments. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, panic, OCD, trauma, stress, insomnia, ADHD, defiance, and work/school issues. Many of my clients lead busy lives; therefore, I offer evening appointments.
I am a psychologist providing therapy and assessment services for children through adults. I have extensive clinical experience and am an expert Cognitive Behavioral Therapist. I’ve been trained by top therapy institutes, am a board member for well accomplished CBT organizations, and run the official podcast for the national CBT organization. I strive to regularly advance my knowledge and provide leading scientific treatments. I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, panic, OCD, trauma, stress, insomnia, ADHD, defiance, and work/school issues. Many of my clients lead busy lives; therefore, I offer evening appointments.
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Photo of Debbie November, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10536, NY
Debbie November
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Katonah, NY 10536
Are you or a family member struggling with feelings of anxiety or sadness? Having issues with relationships? Just feel like making some changes in your life ? Whatever your issues are , if you need someone to listen to you (without judging) and help you navigate through some of life's difficult journeys, please reach out. I will stand with you in the mess and together we will work on putting some order into whatever chaos you feel. The first step is the hardest! Send me an email or pick up the phone and give me a call. Let's see if we can figure things out together.
Are you or a family member struggling with feelings of anxiety or sadness? Having issues with relationships? Just feel like making some changes in your life ? Whatever your issues are , if you need someone to listen to you (without judging) and help you navigate through some of life's difficult journeys, please reach out. I will stand with you in the mess and together we will work on putting some order into whatever chaos you feel. The first step is the hardest! Send me an email or pick up the phone and give me a call. Let's see if we can figure things out together.
(914) 344-2064 View (914) 344-2064
Photo of Catherine Armao, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10536, NY
Catherine Armao
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536  (Online Only)
Hi there! I am a licensed clinical social worker certified in Perinatal Mental Health. I am passionate about supporting individuals and their families through pregnancy, postpartum and beyond.
Hi there! I am a licensed clinical social worker certified in Perinatal Mental Health. I am passionate about supporting individuals and their families through pregnancy, postpartum and beyond.
(914) 758-1480 View (914) 758-1480
Photo of Sara Frankie, Psychologist in 10536, NY
Sara Frankie
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536
Why is it that the most important relationship in our lives is often the one that gets the least attention? Self-care is so essential, and yet many of us leave it for last or skip it all together. Many of us in today’s society feel enormous pressure to do and have it all, often at the expense of our happiness and mental health. The resulting anxiety, stress, and depression can be difficult to manage on your own. In my practice, I focus on the therapeutic relationship and interpersonal connection, as I believe that trust and an open dialogue are the first steps in achieving meaningful change.
Why is it that the most important relationship in our lives is often the one that gets the least attention? Self-care is so essential, and yet many of us leave it for last or skip it all together. Many of us in today’s society feel enormous pressure to do and have it all, often at the expense of our happiness and mental health. The resulting anxiety, stress, and depression can be difficult to manage on your own. In my practice, I focus on the therapeutic relationship and interpersonal connection, as I believe that trust and an open dialogue are the first steps in achieving meaningful change.
(914) 354-3735 View (914) 354-3735
Photo of David King, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10536, NY
David King
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536
When difficult personal and family issues occur, working with a very experienced and well trained therapist can really help. I have been in practice for 35 years, helping individuals, couples and families find solutions to problems with anxiety, ADHD, depression, phobias, OCD and trauma related issues. We will work together to take a comprehensive evaluation of your situation, and then focus in on specific changes that will to improve things. Our work may utilize individual, couples, family work, or a combination of these modalities. I work collaboratively with other professionals and school staff as needed.
When difficult personal and family issues occur, working with a very experienced and well trained therapist can really help. I have been in practice for 35 years, helping individuals, couples and families find solutions to problems with anxiety, ADHD, depression, phobias, OCD and trauma related issues. We will work together to take a comprehensive evaluation of your situation, and then focus in on specific changes that will to improve things. Our work may utilize individual, couples, family work, or a combination of these modalities. I work collaboratively with other professionals and school staff as needed.
(914) 297-9559 View (914) 297-9559
Photo of Jessi McKenna, Counselor in 10536, NY
Jessi McKenna
Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Katonah, NY 10536
Hi! I'm Jessi, a licensed psychotherapist in NY and CT. I focus on two different types of primary clients. 1) Young women in their 20s-30s focusing on self exploration, transitions, relationships, communication, anxiety and confidence. 2) Children and their parents with a focus on play therapy/techniques, anxiety and parent training. I believe all our actions are derived from previous life experiences and my goal is to support clients in understanding their actions, while learning tools for self growth in both life and parenting. I currently hold sessions both in person and virtually. My office is located in Westchester NY.
Hi! I'm Jessi, a licensed psychotherapist in NY and CT. I focus on two different types of primary clients. 1) Young women in their 20s-30s focusing on self exploration, transitions, relationships, communication, anxiety and confidence. 2) Children and their parents with a focus on play therapy/techniques, anxiety and parent training. I believe all our actions are derived from previous life experiences and my goal is to support clients in understanding their actions, while learning tools for self growth in both life and parenting. I currently hold sessions both in person and virtually. My office is located in Westchester NY.
(646) 759-2605 View (646) 759-2605
Photo of Lauren Dobbs, Psychologist in 10536, NY
Lauren Dobbs
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Katonah, NY 10536
Dr. Dobbs is an accomplished clinical psychologist with over fifteen years of experience between teaching and clinical work. She specializes in working with children, teens, and adults and has worked across various settings, including private practice, school, residential, and community mental health. Her therapeutic approach is rooted in the gold standard of treatment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which provides faster, more effective results. With children and teens, she goes beyond the traditional confines of therapy by harnessing their natural creativity, integrating art, music, games, journaling, and other creative outlets.
Dr. Dobbs is an accomplished clinical psychologist with over fifteen years of experience between teaching and clinical work. She specializes in working with children, teens, and adults and has worked across various settings, including private practice, school, residential, and community mental health. Her therapeutic approach is rooted in the gold standard of treatment, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which provides faster, more effective results. With children and teens, she goes beyond the traditional confines of therapy by harnessing their natural creativity, integrating art, music, games, journaling, and other creative outlets.
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Photo of Christine Peters, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10536, NY
Christine Peters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536
Christine has over 10 years of therapy experience, utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other approaches. She received her degree from New York University and is also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. She has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults for a variety of issues. These include depression, anxiety, phobias, panic, anger, stress, insomnia, ADHD, autism, developmental delays, and work/home/school issues.
Christine has over 10 years of therapy experience, utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other approaches. She received her degree from New York University and is also a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. She has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults for a variety of issues. These include depression, anxiety, phobias, panic, anger, stress, insomnia, ADHD, autism, developmental delays, and work/home/school issues.
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Photo of Lucia Lezama Tannenbaum, Psychologist in 10536, NY
Lucia Lezama Tannenbaum
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Katonah, NY 10536  (Online Only)
Starting psychotherapy is a brave step towards change. Finding the right psychotherapist can be challenging. In your initial consultation we can discuss the reasons that bring you in, what you expect to get out of treatment, and a plan that suits your needs. We can also discuss scheduling and fees. All with the goal of finding out if I am a good fit for you. I have expertise working with adults struggling with relationship issues, life transitions, and family conflict. I believe that in psychotherapy a person's relationship patterns can be understood and reconfigured, giving way to new ones.
Starting psychotherapy is a brave step towards change. Finding the right psychotherapist can be challenging. In your initial consultation we can discuss the reasons that bring you in, what you expect to get out of treatment, and a plan that suits your needs. We can also discuss scheduling and fees. All with the goal of finding out if I am a good fit for you. I have expertise working with adults struggling with relationship issues, life transitions, and family conflict. I believe that in psychotherapy a person's relationship patterns can be understood and reconfigured, giving way to new ones.
(917) 746-3050 View (917) 746-3050
Photo of Deborah S Gershon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 10536, NY
Deborah S Gershon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Katonah, NY 10536
Do you want to take control of your life but just don't know how? Maybe you are feeling unsatisfied or frustrated in your relationships or in your life. Maybe you are struggling with anxiety or depression or dealing with a life transition. I can help you gain clarity and control, resolve issues, and guide you to a more productive and happier place. My warm style, extensive experience and knowledge, and my direct and interactive approach has been very effective in helping many individuals and couples achieve their goals.
Do you want to take control of your life but just don't know how? Maybe you are feeling unsatisfied or frustrated in your relationships or in your life. Maybe you are struggling with anxiety or depression or dealing with a life transition. I can help you gain clarity and control, resolve issues, and guide you to a more productive and happier place. My warm style, extensive experience and knowledge, and my direct and interactive approach has been very effective in helping many individuals and couples achieve their goals.
(914) 801-8153 View (914) 801-8153

See more therapy options for 10536

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 10536

100+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in 10536 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
90% Depression
83% Relationship Issues
82% Self Esteem
67% Grief
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Parenting

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% Cigna and Evernorth
68% Aetna
50% Oxford

How Therapists in 10536 see their clients

85% In Person and Online
15% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 10536?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.