Therapists in 07963

Photo of Morgan Dartnell, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Morgan Dartnell
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Life is full of changes, new jobs, relocations, shifting relationships, and unexpected challenges. If you are feeling overwhelmed by transitions or struggling to adjust, it is natural to feel uncertain. Therapy offers a supportive space where you can gain the clarity and structure needed to navigate life’s ups and downs. Together, we will explore how these changes are affecting you and find practical solutions to help you regain stability and confidence.
Life is full of changes, new jobs, relocations, shifting relationships, and unexpected challenges. If you are feeling overwhelmed by transitions or struggling to adjust, it is natural to feel uncertain. Therapy offers a supportive space where you can gain the clarity and structure needed to navigate life’s ups and downs. Together, we will explore how these changes are affecting you and find practical solutions to help you regain stability and confidence.
(908) 246-1480 View (908) 246-1480
Photo of Lindsey Capalbo, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CMPC, NCC
Lindsey Capalbo
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CMPC, NCC
Serves Area
Performance anxiety, confidence building, managing mistakes & general wellness strategies are key factors of high-performers success rates; however, are normally not trained nearly as much as physical skills. Now more than ever, athletes & performers are feeling high stakes pressure and comparison to their peers. Lacking support in mental health and performance can lead to long-term issues and disappointment in your journey. We believe training your mental game is just as important as training your physical one.
Performance anxiety, confidence building, managing mistakes & general wellness strategies are key factors of high-performers success rates; however, are normally not trained nearly as much as physical skills. Now more than ever, athletes & performers are feeling high stakes pressure and comparison to their peers. Lacking support in mental health and performance can lead to long-term issues and disappointment in your journey. We believe training your mental game is just as important as training your physical one.
(201) 720-1063 View (201) 720-1063
Photo of Marc Schiffman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Marc Schiffman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I have spent 10 years working with adults struggling with depression, anxiety, interpersonal conflicts, and struggles with maintaining sobriety and recovery. For some, symptoms are a nuisance that they need help managing. For others, symptoms have compromised their lives so much that they are on disability and/or repeatedly unable to attain the life goals they have set for themselves. In each case, I work with the person to find thought processes and behaviors that can improve their quality of life.
I have spent 10 years working with adults struggling with depression, anxiety, interpersonal conflicts, and struggles with maintaining sobriety and recovery. For some, symptoms are a nuisance that they need help managing. For others, symptoms have compromised their lives so much that they are on disability and/or repeatedly unable to attain the life goals they have set for themselves. In each case, I work with the person to find thought processes and behaviors that can improve their quality of life.
(908) 516-3995 View (908) 516-3995
Photo of Marcia R Reich, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CPT
Marcia R Reich
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CPT
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
These are anxious times that we live in. With each day, we are bombarded with so many unavoidable triggers. Your anxiety may have just begun, or like so many of us, intensified along with panic attacks and periods of depression. Your struggle is real and normal and I can help. I offer therapy that is a combination of talk therapy and the teaching of tangible tools. My goal is to help you manage triggers, reduce your symptoms and improve your day to day living. Believe it or not, you already have the skills to get yourself back on track. It's not magic. It's about mindset, empathy (for yourself) and having a safe, co-collaborator.
These are anxious times that we live in. With each day, we are bombarded with so many unavoidable triggers. Your anxiety may have just begun, or like so many of us, intensified along with panic attacks and periods of depression. Your struggle is real and normal and I can help. I offer therapy that is a combination of talk therapy and the teaching of tangible tools. My goal is to help you manage triggers, reduce your symptoms and improve your day to day living. Believe it or not, you already have the skills to get yourself back on track. It's not magic. It's about mindset, empathy (for yourself) and having a safe, co-collaborator.
(862) 212-0645 View (862) 212-0645
Photo of Tara Prezioso - Tara Prezioso, LCSW llc, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Tara Prezioso, LCSW llc
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Welcome and thank you for taking the time to review my profile! Finding a therapist can be daunting as there are so many things to consider. I have 20 years of experience in the mental health field helping children and their families overcome a variety of challenges, from family conflict and general stress to more formal diagnoses of depression, anxiety and ADHD. Specializing in CBT and solution-focused interventions, I meet you where you want to begin and let you guide this process!
Welcome and thank you for taking the time to review my profile! Finding a therapist can be daunting as there are so many things to consider. I have 20 years of experience in the mental health field helping children and their families overcome a variety of challenges, from family conflict and general stress to more formal diagnoses of depression, anxiety and ADHD. Specializing in CBT and solution-focused interventions, I meet you where you want to begin and let you guide this process!
(973) 557-4158 View (973) 557-4158

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Deborah Berger, Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Deborah Berger
Counselor, LPC, LMHC
Montclair, NJ 07042
I offer a supportive and safe environment for adults and seniors who are experiencing challenges in daily living. Together we will address and work through those challenges and, as a result, I will help you to grow more satisfied in your quality of life.
I offer a supportive and safe environment for adults and seniors who are experiencing challenges in daily living. Together we will address and work through those challenges and, as a result, I will help you to grow more satisfied in your quality of life.
(201) 645-1627 View (201) 645-1627
Photo of Tania Witek, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Tania Witek
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
2 Endorsed
Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927
As a therapist and mother, I am deeply passionate about supporting women, particularly mothers, through the unique challenges of motherhood. Whether you are navigating the early stages of motherhood, balancing family life with career, or simply looking for ways to reconnect with yourself, I am here to offer a compassionate and nonjudgmental space. With open ears and arms I welcome you to work through these difficult situations with me. Whether your choice is to meet in the comfort of your home through the use of HIPAA compliant telehealth or to meet in the comfort of my office, I am here to help you meet your needs!
As a therapist and mother, I am deeply passionate about supporting women, particularly mothers, through the unique challenges of motherhood. Whether you are navigating the early stages of motherhood, balancing family life with career, or simply looking for ways to reconnect with yourself, I am here to offer a compassionate and nonjudgmental space. With open ears and arms I welcome you to work through these difficult situations with me. Whether your choice is to meet in the comfort of your home through the use of HIPAA compliant telehealth or to meet in the comfort of my office, I am here to help you meet your needs!
(973) 834-5527 View (973) 834-5527
Photo of Emily Lozada-Kirlew, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Emily Lozada-Kirlew
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Life is often full of external and internal pressures and challenges that can lead one to feel anxious, depressed, and uncertain, among other distressing feelings. Recognizing these feelings and reaching out for therapeutic support during these times is a sign of strength and resiliency that can go a long way towards growth and healing. Whether you are faced with interpersonal challenges, struggle with your mental health, or battling with addiction, I believe that if you have the desire to improve your life, therapy can be a power tool to do so.
Life is often full of external and internal pressures and challenges that can lead one to feel anxious, depressed, and uncertain, among other distressing feelings. Recognizing these feelings and reaching out for therapeutic support during these times is a sign of strength and resiliency that can go a long way towards growth and healing. Whether you are faced with interpersonal challenges, struggle with your mental health, or battling with addiction, I believe that if you have the desire to improve your life, therapy can be a power tool to do so.
(856) 317-6222 View (856) 317-6222
Photo of Erick Wilson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Erick Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
1 Endorsed
Old Bridge, NJ 08857
I am a dedicated and compassionate counselor committed to making a meaningful impact in the community by uplifting and inspiring individuals during their most challenging times. My areas of focus include working with both adolescents and adults who are experiencing emotional discomfort or distress and need someone to talk to. Therapy provides a valuable opportunity to explore challenges, develop effective coping strategies, and build resilience.
I am a dedicated and compassionate counselor committed to making a meaningful impact in the community by uplifting and inspiring individuals during their most challenging times. My areas of focus include working with both adolescents and adults who are experiencing emotional discomfort or distress and need someone to talk to. Therapy provides a valuable opportunity to explore challenges, develop effective coping strategies, and build resilience.
(732) 627-2363 View (732) 627-2363
Photo of Trent Codd, Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LCMHC, BCBA
Trent Codd
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdS, LCMHC, BCBA
Hoboken, NJ 07030
Trent is a distinguished clinician specializing in psychological evaluations and evidence-based interventions for individuals, couples, and families across the lifespan. He has expertise in treating anxiety, depression, OCD, panic, trauma/PTSD, insomnia, Tourette syndrome, and work/school-related challenges. With children, he also addresses behavior issues, defiance, and school refusal. Beyond clinical practice, Trent is a well accomplished researcher, author, and educator, with numerous peer-reviewed publications and influential books. He is a Certified Trainer in CBT, dedicated to advancing the quality of care in the field.
Trent is a distinguished clinician specializing in psychological evaluations and evidence-based interventions for individuals, couples, and families across the lifespan. He has expertise in treating anxiety, depression, OCD, panic, trauma/PTSD, insomnia, Tourette syndrome, and work/school-related challenges. With children, he also addresses behavior issues, defiance, and school refusal. Beyond clinical practice, Trent is a well accomplished researcher, author, and educator, with numerous peer-reviewed publications and influential books. He is a Certified Trainer in CBT, dedicated to advancing the quality of care in the field.
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Shayna Shafier
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMHC
Serves Area
For people who have experienced developmental/complex trauma, life can be incredibly painful with many different issues and symptoms that can feel so overwhelming. In therapy, we can help you access and work through the underlying wounding that has lead to the ways you have learned to protect yourself. I believe that at each person's core lays the capacity for deep healing and connection, and it is within the context of safe relationships that we can access that I believe that the therapeutic relationship serves as a sacred space where individuals can feel seen, heard, and valued without judgment.
For people who have experienced developmental/complex trauma, life can be incredibly painful with many different issues and symptoms that can feel so overwhelming. In therapy, we can help you access and work through the underlying wounding that has lead to the ways you have learned to protect yourself. I believe that at each person's core lays the capacity for deep healing and connection, and it is within the context of safe relationships that we can access that I believe that the therapeutic relationship serves as a sacred space where individuals can feel seen, heard, and valued without judgment.
(845) 622-3830 View (845) 622-3830
Photo of Karen Nadel, Psychologist, PsyD
Karen Nadel
Psychologist, PsyD
2 Endorsed
Closter, NJ 07624
You may be looking to address a specific challenging situation, or are even courageously looking to work on long standing issues that are impeding your ability to live up to your optimal self. I can partner with you towards your goals of healing, growth, and well-being, allowing you to thrive in your life. Using a personalized and scientifically proven approach to your issues, we can navigate treatment together through obstacles towards your pathway to growth.
You may be looking to address a specific challenging situation, or are even courageously looking to work on long standing issues that are impeding your ability to live up to your optimal self. I can partner with you towards your goals of healing, growth, and well-being, allowing you to thrive in your life. Using a personalized and scientifically proven approach to your issues, we can navigate treatment together through obstacles towards your pathway to growth.
(551) 210-4040 View (551) 210-4040
Photo of Mia S. Howard, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CACGS, MA, MSEd, CCTP
Mia S. Howard
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CACGS, MA, MSEd, CCTP
2 Endorsed
Teaneck, NJ 07666
Hello, thank you for reaching out for professional mental health support. I founded Inclusive Mental Health LLC to provide excellent, individualized therapy to all people. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Master level Clinical Psychologist and Certified Teacher. I combine psychotherapy with CBT, somatic therapy and psychoanalysis. I integrate attachment theory, polyvegal theory and mindfulness techniques. Trauma, art, narrative, lgbt+ and/or music therapy may also be incorporated. I provide play therapy to children. I support individuals of all ages, and couples and families as needed.
Hello, thank you for reaching out for professional mental health support. I founded Inclusive Mental Health LLC to provide excellent, individualized therapy to all people. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Master level Clinical Psychologist and Certified Teacher. I combine psychotherapy with CBT, somatic therapy and psychoanalysis. I integrate attachment theory, polyvegal theory and mindfulness techniques. Trauma, art, narrative, lgbt+ and/or music therapy may also be incorporated. I provide play therapy to children. I support individuals of all ages, and couples and families as needed.
(201) 584-6690 View (201) 584-6690
Photo of Rebecca Ward, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR-BC, LCADC, LCAT
Rebecca Ward
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR-BC, LCADC, LCAT
Montclair, NJ 07042
17+ years of experience helping women navigate anxiety, relationship struggles, trauma, depression and life transitions. If you’re entering a new chapter and feel unsure of who you’re becoming, therapy can help you reconnect with your authentic self. I specialize in supporting women who want deeper meaning, healthier relationships, and the confidence to create a fulfilling life. Through DBT, CBT, trauma-informed care, and even Art Therapy if interested, we uncover patterns, strengthen boundaries, and bring clarity to the inner shifts calling for your attention.
17+ years of experience helping women navigate anxiety, relationship struggles, trauma, depression and life transitions. If you’re entering a new chapter and feel unsure of who you’re becoming, therapy can help you reconnect with your authentic self. I specialize in supporting women who want deeper meaning, healthier relationships, and the confidence to create a fulfilling life. Through DBT, CBT, trauma-informed care, and even Art Therapy if interested, we uncover patterns, strengthen boundaries, and bring clarity to the inner shifts calling for your attention.
(973) 874-1844 View (973) 874-1844
Photo of Kimberly Maki, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Kimberly Maki
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Mountain Lakes, NJ 07046
Anxiety and worry can feel like a constant, unwanted presence in your life and can affect your sense of who you are. Relationships and getting through each day can be impacted. Whether you know the source of your worries or not, I can help. I am accepting new clients both in person and via telehealth.
Anxiety and worry can feel like a constant, unwanted presence in your life and can affect your sense of who you are. Relationships and getting through each day can be impacted. Whether you know the source of your worries or not, I can help. I am accepting new clients both in person and via telehealth.
(908) 386-5341 View (908) 386-5341
Photo of Josias B. Da Silva, Counselor, MA, MEd, LMHC, LAC
Josias B. Da Silva
Counselor, MA, MEd, LMHC, LAC
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Meu cliente ideal é Brasileiro, que se sente mais confortável fazendo terapia em português, ou que tenha crescido nos Estados Unidos - e se sente mais confortável fazendo terapia em inglês com um terapeuta que conhece sua cultura e fala as duas línguas. Qualquer um de nós, seja na arena individual, conjugal, intrapessoal ou interpessoal, pode necessitar de ajuda profissional para superar uma crise e voltar a viver com a percepção de saúde emocional e, ou relacional. Se este for o seu caso, acredito que podemos trabalhar juntos, num modelo de terapia integrativa e colaborativa. Eu acredito no processo terapêutico. E você?
Meu cliente ideal é Brasileiro, que se sente mais confortável fazendo terapia em português, ou que tenha crescido nos Estados Unidos - e se sente mais confortável fazendo terapia em inglês com um terapeuta que conhece sua cultura e fala as duas línguas. Qualquer um de nós, seja na arena individual, conjugal, intrapessoal ou interpessoal, pode necessitar de ajuda profissional para superar uma crise e voltar a viver com a percepção de saúde emocional e, ou relacional. Se este for o seu caso, acredito que podemos trabalhar juntos, num modelo de terapia integrativa e colaborativa. Eu acredito no processo terapêutico. E você?
(561) 462-6052 View (561) 462-6052
Photo of Theo Bickford, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, MSEd
Theo Bickford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, MSEd
3 Endorsed
Maplewood, NJ 07040
I believe therapy is a collaborative, truth-seeking journey that can create space for clarity, profound self-discovery, and growth. In recognizing the power of the therapeutic relationship, I work to meet people where they are with nonjudgmental curiosity. By building trust and exploring the unconscious patterns that can shape behavior, I will support you in developing insight, strengthening emotional resilience, and cultivating the tools you need to move through life with greater authenticity and connection.
I believe therapy is a collaborative, truth-seeking journey that can create space for clarity, profound self-discovery, and growth. In recognizing the power of the therapeutic relationship, I work to meet people where they are with nonjudgmental curiosity. By building trust and exploring the unconscious patterns that can shape behavior, I will support you in developing insight, strengthening emotional resilience, and cultivating the tools you need to move through life with greater authenticity and connection.
(332) 295-3420 View (332) 295-3420
Photo of Jay Hartman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CSAT
Jay Hartman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CSAT
1 Endorsed
Montville, NJ 07045
Are you feeling stuck? Stuck in a relationship that is not working; Stuck trying to work things out in the same way and getting nowhere fast; Stuck in a job where you're not appreciated, or without a job and don't know what to do next; Stuck in your inability to express your fears and insecurities because that's not "manly"; Stuck in a negative view of yourself and don't know how to appreciate who you are. Change is difficult, but not impossible! You are not alone; Let me help empower you to make the changes you desire.
Are you feeling stuck? Stuck in a relationship that is not working; Stuck trying to work things out in the same way and getting nowhere fast; Stuck in a job where you're not appreciated, or without a job and don't know what to do next; Stuck in your inability to express your fears and insecurities because that's not "manly"; Stuck in a negative view of yourself and don't know how to appreciate who you are. Change is difficult, but not impossible! You are not alone; Let me help empower you to make the changes you desire.
(973) 317-8205 View (973) 317-8205
Photo of Christina Athanasatos, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Christina Athanasatos
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Ridgewood, NJ 07450
Everyone has a unique and special story and life experiences that have brought them to the place they are in now. I am here to listen empathically without judgement and help understand the person you are and the struggles and challenges you are facing. I use various modalities of therapy customized to meet my clients needs. I will implement a personalized therapeutic approach dependent on the assessment of your individual circumstances and needs . When needed, I collaborate with various other professionals including psychiatrists, dietitians, treatment programs, and other programs suited for my individualized client's needs.
Everyone has a unique and special story and life experiences that have brought them to the place they are in now. I am here to listen empathically without judgement and help understand the person you are and the struggles and challenges you are facing. I use various modalities of therapy customized to meet my clients needs. I will implement a personalized therapeutic approach dependent on the assessment of your individual circumstances and needs . When needed, I collaborate with various other professionals including psychiatrists, dietitians, treatment programs, and other programs suited for my individualized client's needs.
(201) 762-0294 View (201) 762-0294
Photo of Beth W. Smith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Beth W. Smith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serves Area
In our relationships with ourselves or others, we all have times where the weight of life can make us feel off balance... In my practice my goal is to take the client from where they are and explore individualized solutions that restore a sense of alignment. I am a Counselor and Licensed Clinical Social Worker who uses an integrative approach, drawing from Solution Focused Brief (SFBT), Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), Somatic Approach (Mind/Body Connection), and Trauma Focused therapies.
In our relationships with ourselves or others, we all have times where the weight of life can make us feel off balance... In my practice my goal is to take the client from where they are and explore individualized solutions that restore a sense of alignment. I am a Counselor and Licensed Clinical Social Worker who uses an integrative approach, drawing from Solution Focused Brief (SFBT), Cognitive Behavioral (CBT), Mindfulness-Based (MBCT), Somatic Approach (Mind/Body Connection), and Trauma Focused therapies.
(609) 454-6418 View (609) 454-6418

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 07963

< 10

Therapists in 07963 who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Stress
80% Family Conflict
80% Self Esteem
60% ADHD

Average years in practice

19 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Aetna
75% Cigna and Evernorth
75% Oxford

How Therapists in 07963 see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 07963?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.