Therapists in 07452

Photo of Michael A. Ambrose, Psychologist, PhD
Michael A. Ambrose
Psychologist, PhD
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
Dr. Michael Ambrose is a licensed clinical psychologist with expertise in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) across the lifespan. He specializes in using research supported treatments for a variety of emotional and behavioral difficulties, particularly: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behaviors, anxiety disorders (including OCD and selective mutism), depression, and body focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs; hair pulling, skin picking, nail biting etc.) He has extensive training and experience using CBT with children, adolescents, adults, parents, and families.
Dr. Michael Ambrose is a licensed clinical psychologist with expertise in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) across the lifespan. He specializes in using research supported treatments for a variety of emotional and behavioral difficulties, particularly: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behaviors, anxiety disorders (including OCD and selective mutism), depression, and body focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs; hair pulling, skin picking, nail biting etc.) He has extensive training and experience using CBT with children, adolescents, adults, parents, and families.
(201) 596-8449 View (201) 596-8449
Photo of Irina Bronstein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Irina Bronstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
As a licensed psychotherapist in New York and New Jersey, I offer in-person and virtual sessions to individuals, couples, and families. If you and your partner are constantly arguing or not communicating at all, a 4-session discernment therapy may be the best starting point to address issues in a supportive, conflict-free zone. If you are separated or divorced, please reach out for more information on a weekly support group.
As a licensed psychotherapist in New York and New Jersey, I offer in-person and virtual sessions to individuals, couples, and families. If you and your partner are constantly arguing or not communicating at all, a 4-session discernment therapy may be the best starting point to address issues in a supportive, conflict-free zone. If you are separated or divorced, please reach out for more information on a weekly support group.
(551) 227-9818 View (551) 227-9818
Photo of Elizabeth Marton-Soltis, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Elizabeth Marton-Soltis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
As a licensed professional counselor, it is my privilege to assist people who are struggling with transitions in their lives, are having relationship difficulties, or are coping with a mental illness. Using a warm, genuine, and empathetic approach, I provide a safe, supportive and collaborative environment for you to explore your concerns, gain new insights and learn new coping skills. I help individuals and couples gain a deeper understanding of themselves, experience emotional relief and feel empowered to make profound change.
As a licensed professional counselor, it is my privilege to assist people who are struggling with transitions in their lives, are having relationship difficulties, or are coping with a mental illness. Using a warm, genuine, and empathetic approach, I provide a safe, supportive and collaborative environment for you to explore your concerns, gain new insights and learn new coping skills. I help individuals and couples gain a deeper understanding of themselves, experience emotional relief and feel empowered to make profound change.
(201) 649-5702 View (201) 649-5702
Photo of Kevin Brennan - Dr. Kevin Brennan, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Kevin Brennan
Psychologist, PsyD
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
I am an individual, couple, and child psychologist committed to getting results. If you want a therapist that sits back and says "ah-hum" to you while you talk endlessly, I'm not your guy. I'm interactive, informative, and driven by getting to the heart of the matter. I do so by being wholly non-judgemental; creating a space where you feel refreshingly free to go deeper. Give me a try for free, and I'm confident our connection will feel easy and hopeful. For more info, visit my website, www.DrKevinB.com
I am an individual, couple, and child psychologist committed to getting results. If you want a therapist that sits back and says "ah-hum" to you while you talk endlessly, I'm not your guy. I'm interactive, informative, and driven by getting to the heart of the matter. I do so by being wholly non-judgemental; creating a space where you feel refreshingly free to go deeper. Give me a try for free, and I'm confident our connection will feel easy and hopeful. For more info, visit my website, www.DrKevinB.com
(908) 249-3554 View (908) 249-3554
Photo of Emma Kirschner - My OCD Care/The Center for Child Behavioral Health, Psychologist, PsyD
My OCD Care/The Center for Child Behavioral Health
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
I am a psychologist specialized in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approaches, helping individuals manage OCD, anxiety, and mood disorders. I also work with parents and young children facing behavioral challenges. My approach is collaborative, focusing on building emotional well-being and supporting individuals in making meaningful, lasting changes in their lives.
I am a psychologist specialized in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approaches, helping individuals manage OCD, anxiety, and mood disorders. I also work with parents and young children facing behavioral challenges. My approach is collaborative, focusing on building emotional well-being and supporting individuals in making meaningful, lasting changes in their lives.
(551) 288-7605 View (551) 288-7605
Photo of Elizabeth Frei Williamson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Elizabeth Frei Williamson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCADC
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor. I specialize in working with adolescents, adults, and families struggling with substance use and addiction. I also have experience treating adolescents and adults with a range of symptoms, some of which include anxiety, depression, and family and marital conflict.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor. I specialize in working with adolescents, adults, and families struggling with substance use and addiction. I also have experience treating adolescents and adults with a range of symptoms, some of which include anxiety, depression, and family and marital conflict.
(862) 314-5806 View (862) 314-5806
Photo of Cyre Virgo, Counselor, LAC
Cyre Virgo
Counselor, LAC
2 Endorsed
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
Viewing therapy as a journey, I am committed to joining the path of healing alongside you, guiding your evolution towards self-improvement and goal achievement. I am a Licensed Associate Counselor with a passion for helping individuals achieve peak performance both mentally and physically. I earned my Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the University of North Texas at Dallas. I also earned a Master of Science in Kinesiology with an emphasis in Sport Psychology and Motor Exercise from Texas Tech University and a Bachelor of Arts and Sciences degree in Psychology with a minor in Kinesiology from Texas Tech University.
Viewing therapy as a journey, I am committed to joining the path of healing alongside you, guiding your evolution towards self-improvement and goal achievement. I am a Licensed Associate Counselor with a passion for helping individuals achieve peak performance both mentally and physically. I earned my Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from the University of North Texas at Dallas. I also earned a Master of Science in Kinesiology with an emphasis in Sport Psychology and Motor Exercise from Texas Tech University and a Bachelor of Arts and Sciences degree in Psychology with a minor in Kinesiology from Texas Tech University.
(862) 599-2745 View (862) 599-2745
Photo of Ranita Fooks - The Healthy Mind, Psychologist, PhD
The Healthy Mind
Psychologist, PhD
2 Endorsed
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
Throughout our lives we may find ourselves pulled in many directions, especially between our friends and family, work and social expectations. It’s no wonder that we find ourselves struggling to keep up and experiencing a wide range of social-emotional difficulties. This can have a negative impact on the way we view ourselves and the world around us. We may then find ourselves stuck in a cycle, during which our negative thoughts result in increased feelings of anxiety, anger and depression. Psychotherapy can help you break out of this cycle and work towards establishing healthier thought patterns and feeling better overall.
Throughout our lives we may find ourselves pulled in many directions, especially between our friends and family, work and social expectations. It’s no wonder that we find ourselves struggling to keep up and experiencing a wide range of social-emotional difficulties. This can have a negative impact on the way we view ourselves and the world around us. We may then find ourselves stuck in a cycle, during which our negative thoughts result in increased feelings of anxiety, anger and depression. Psychotherapy can help you break out of this cycle and work towards establishing healthier thought patterns and feeling better overall.
(551) 231-1696 View (551) 231-1696
Photo of Abby Meder, Counselor, LAC
Abby Meder
Counselor, LAC
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
Abby is a Licensed Associate Counselor and Nationally Certified Counselor, who graduated with her Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Fairleigh Dickinson University. Abby is a dedicated mental health counselor who is passionate about helping individuals build resilience and live more empowered lives. With experience working with diverse populations, Abby focuses on creating a safe, supportive space for clients to explore their challenges, develop healthy coping strategies, and achieve personal growth. Abby believes in the power of human connection and the importance of meeting each client with empathy and curiosity.
Abby is a Licensed Associate Counselor and Nationally Certified Counselor, who graduated with her Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Fairleigh Dickinson University. Abby is a dedicated mental health counselor who is passionate about helping individuals build resilience and live more empowered lives. With experience working with diverse populations, Abby focuses on creating a safe, supportive space for clients to explore their challenges, develop healthy coping strategies, and achieve personal growth. Abby believes in the power of human connection and the importance of meeting each client with empathy and curiosity.
(862) 418-1892 View (862) 418-1892
Photo of Brittany Rouiller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brittany Rouiller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
Brittany Rouiller, MSW, LCSW is a licensed clinical social worker who specializes in working with adolescents, young adults, adults, and families. Brittany takes a highly personalized approach to her work, individualizing treatment by taking full account of her client’s life experiences and needs. Brittany’s professional experience has taken through various outpatient and inpatient therapeutic settings. Brittany specializes in working with individuals managing chronic illnesses, LGBTQ populations, and trauma survivors.
Brittany Rouiller, MSW, LCSW is a licensed clinical social worker who specializes in working with adolescents, young adults, adults, and families. Brittany takes a highly personalized approach to her work, individualizing treatment by taking full account of her client’s life experiences and needs. Brittany’s professional experience has taken through various outpatient and inpatient therapeutic settings. Brittany specializes in working with individuals managing chronic illnesses, LGBTQ populations, and trauma survivors.
(201) 535-3452 View (201) 535-3452
Photo of Naomi Weinberg, Licensed Social Worker, LSW
Naomi Weinberg
Licensed Social Worker, LSW
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
Naomi uses several research-based modalities to assist parents of children, teens and young adults with a wide range of psychological presentations, academic and social challenges, and oppositional/defiant or other negative or attention seeking behaviors. Naomi additionally works with parents and families experiencing the challenging transitions through separation or divorce, serious or chronic illness of a child or adult, and other diverse and unexpected challenges that arise in the life of children and parents.
Naomi uses several research-based modalities to assist parents of children, teens and young adults with a wide range of psychological presentations, academic and social challenges, and oppositional/defiant or other negative or attention seeking behaviors. Naomi additionally works with parents and families experiencing the challenging transitions through separation or divorce, serious or chronic illness of a child or adult, and other diverse and unexpected challenges that arise in the life of children and parents.
(862) 397-7187 View (862) 397-7187
Photo of Marie Caruso-Teresi, Art Therapist, LPAT, MPS, ATR-BC
Marie Caruso-Teresi
Art Therapist, LPAT, MPS, ATR-BC
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
When talking is not enough! It is my belief that the creative process has great transformative healing powers. No art experience needed. Offering a non-judgmental, client centered, safe environment; I facilitate individuals and groups in a journey of creativity and self-discovery to gain personal insights and new coping skills.
When talking is not enough! It is my belief that the creative process has great transformative healing powers. No art experience needed. Offering a non-judgmental, client centered, safe environment; I facilitate individuals and groups in a journey of creativity and self-discovery to gain personal insights and new coping skills.
(201) 552-4853 View (201) 552-4853
Photo of Lauryn Tuchman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lauryn Tuchman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
We all have our challenges and our life issues, whether it’s anxiety, depression, stress, a profound loss, family conflict, or parenting difficulties. Seeking support can be the greatest gift we give ourselves when our challenges overwhelm us or even feel as if they define our daily lives. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and have had the privilege of working with children, adolescents, individuals, families, and couples for over 18 years in both day treatment and outpatient settings. Areas with a particular focus and expertise have been in anxiety, depression, life transitions, loss, family conflict and parenting issues.
We all have our challenges and our life issues, whether it’s anxiety, depression, stress, a profound loss, family conflict, or parenting difficulties. Seeking support can be the greatest gift we give ourselves when our challenges overwhelm us or even feel as if they define our daily lives. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and have had the privilege of working with children, adolescents, individuals, families, and couples for over 18 years in both day treatment and outpatient settings. Areas with a particular focus and expertise have been in anxiety, depression, life transitions, loss, family conflict and parenting issues.
(201) 357-6851 View (201) 357-6851
Photo of Laura Richardson, Psychologist, PhD
Laura Richardson
Psychologist, PhD
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
Stuck in old patterns? Ready for real change? I'm your guide to breaking free and finding your power. Using the proven tools of DBT, I help clients transform overwhelming emotions into calm confidence and help build relationships and lives that work. For those carrying the weight of trauma, I offer EMDR therapy – an approach that helps release what's been stuck in your system, often when nothing else has worked. I am trained in Psychedelic Integration and partner with Ketamine providers. As an LGBTQ+ affirming therapist, I provide a space where you can explore gender, sexuality, and identity with acceptance.
Stuck in old patterns? Ready for real change? I'm your guide to breaking free and finding your power. Using the proven tools of DBT, I help clients transform overwhelming emotions into calm confidence and help build relationships and lives that work. For those carrying the weight of trauma, I offer EMDR therapy – an approach that helps release what's been stuck in your system, often when nothing else has worked. I am trained in Psychedelic Integration and partner with Ketamine providers. As an LGBTQ+ affirming therapist, I provide a space where you can explore gender, sexuality, and identity with acceptance.
(201) 241-2422 x2 View (201) 241-2422 x2
Photo of Melissa Green-Jackson, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Melissa Green-Jackson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
Trauma doesn't have to define your story. With extensive experience across forensic, inpatient, and outpatient settings, I bring deep understanding to even the most complex psychological challenges. As a certified EMDR practitioner with advanced training in somatic experiencing and trauma neurobiology, I offer powerful, proven approaches to healing. Whether through DBT, CBT, or other evidence-based methods, we'll work together to help you reclaim your sense of safety and strength. Ready to discover what healing is possible?
Trauma doesn't have to define your story. With extensive experience across forensic, inpatient, and outpatient settings, I bring deep understanding to even the most complex psychological challenges. As a certified EMDR practitioner with advanced training in somatic experiencing and trauma neurobiology, I offer powerful, proven approaches to healing. Whether through DBT, CBT, or other evidence-based methods, we'll work together to help you reclaim your sense of safety and strength. Ready to discover what healing is possible?
(201) 241-2422 x5 View (201) 241-2422 x5
Photo of Bianca Shmulevich, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Bianca Shmulevich
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
I will meet you exactly where you are—with compassion, curiosity, and without judgment. My role is to listen deeply and create a safe space where you feel seen and understood. Together, we’ll explore the patterns, beliefs, and experiences that may be keeping you stuck and begin building new ways of relating to yourself and others. For many of my clients, unresolved trauma or painful early experiences still echo in their relationships, self-esteem, and daily life. I help you gently uncover those connections and begin to heal, so that you can move forward with more clarity and self-compassion.
I will meet you exactly where you are—with compassion, curiosity, and without judgment. My role is to listen deeply and create a safe space where you feel seen and understood. Together, we’ll explore the patterns, beliefs, and experiences that may be keeping you stuck and begin building new ways of relating to yourself and others. For many of my clients, unresolved trauma or painful early experiences still echo in their relationships, self-esteem, and daily life. I help you gently uncover those connections and begin to heal, so that you can move forward with more clarity and self-compassion.
(201) 733-3889 View (201) 733-3889
Photo of Shaynna DiGiovanni, Psychologist, PhD
Shaynna DiGiovanni
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
Reaching out to a new therapist isn’t always easy, but I hope to make the process feel welcoming and nonjudgmental. I work with adolescents and adults facing a range of challenges, including more serious mental health concerns. My style is warm and client-centered, with a strong emphasis on building a trusting therapeutic relationship and supporting your autonomy.
Reaching out to a new therapist isn’t always easy, but I hope to make the process feel welcoming and nonjudgmental. I work with adolescents and adults facing a range of challenges, including more serious mental health concerns. My style is warm and client-centered, with a strong emphasis on building a trusting therapeutic relationship and supporting your autonomy.
(862) 415-0896 View (862) 415-0896
Photo of Ramona Tranculov, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LCADC
Ramona Tranculov
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, LCADC
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
Ramona is a licensed marriage and family therapist, as well as a licensed certified alcohol and drug counselor. She has approximately 19 years of experience in the field. Ramona has worked with ex-offenders, children with developmental and mental health issues, and with those struggling with co-occurring substance abuse and mental health issues. She specializes in relational therapy with couples and families. Ramona primarily uses a person-centered, solution-focused approach, but also believes in the power of addressing past issues in correlation with mental health treatment and substance abuse treatment.
Ramona is a licensed marriage and family therapist, as well as a licensed certified alcohol and drug counselor. She has approximately 19 years of experience in the field. Ramona has worked with ex-offenders, children with developmental and mental health issues, and with those struggling with co-occurring substance abuse and mental health issues. She specializes in relational therapy with couples and families. Ramona primarily uses a person-centered, solution-focused approach, but also believes in the power of addressing past issues in correlation with mental health treatment and substance abuse treatment.
(862) 429-2593 View (862) 429-2593
Photo of Thomas G. Newman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Thomas G. Newman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
Life can certainly present challenges. In my work with patients, I strive to provide a therapeutic space that can hold these challenges, so that we can work together to better understand them and enact positive changes. My therapeutic approach utilizes compassion, empathy, and curiosity to empower those that I work with to make important life choices.
Life can certainly present challenges. In my work with patients, I strive to provide a therapeutic space that can hold these challenges, so that we can work together to better understand them and enact positive changes. My therapeutic approach utilizes compassion, empathy, and curiosity to empower those that I work with to make important life choices.
(908) 663-5253 View (908) 663-5253
Photo of Nicole Otis, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CSAT
Nicole Otis
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CSAT
Glen Rock, NJ 07452
Are you struggling with Pornography or Sexual Compulsivity, betrayal trauma, or a loss of trust and intimacy in your relationship? You’re not alone—My husband and I have personally walked this journey and have been helping individuals and couples heal since 2011. I’m a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT) and Certified Brainspotting Therapist; Hunter is a Certified Mentor Coach and in long-term recovery. Together, we help clients heal, rebuild self-worth, trust, communication, and deep connection. We've helped clients through porn, sexting, prostitution, emotional affairs, physical affairs, and much more.
Are you struggling with Pornography or Sexual Compulsivity, betrayal trauma, or a loss of trust and intimacy in your relationship? You’re not alone—My husband and I have personally walked this journey and have been helping individuals and couples heal since 2011. I’m a Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT) and Certified Brainspotting Therapist; Hunter is a Certified Mentor Coach and in long-term recovery. Together, we help clients heal, rebuild self-worth, trust, communication, and deep connection. We've helped clients through porn, sexting, prostitution, emotional affairs, physical affairs, and much more.
(862) 259-6121 View (862) 259-6121

See more therapy options for 07452

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 07452

90+

Average cost per session

$200

Therapists in 07452 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
93% Depression
81% Relationship Issues
80% Self Esteem
74% Coping Skills
68% Parenting
68% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

61% Aetna
47% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
43% Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield

How Therapists in 07452 see their clients

86% In Person and Online
14% Online Only

Gender breakdown

76% Female
24% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 07452?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.