Therapists in 07009

Photo of Julie (Sisselman) Marshall, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Julie (Sisselman) Marshall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
2 Endorsed
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
My passion and expertise lies in helping young adults work through insecurities and the uncertainties of adulthood. It can be difficult to find your way in relationships, career/education, and overall identity. Unfortunately there is no clear and direct path to take. This uncertainty can lead to self-doubt, “imposter syndrome”, and frustration. Maybe you are feeling stuck- you are trying your best to create the life you want but are hitting dead ends. You’ve turned to your support system but are left feeling a nagging want for more clarity and direction.
My passion and expertise lies in helping young adults work through insecurities and the uncertainties of adulthood. It can be difficult to find your way in relationships, career/education, and overall identity. Unfortunately there is no clear and direct path to take. This uncertainty can lead to self-doubt, “imposter syndrome”, and frustration. Maybe you are feeling stuck- you are trying your best to create the life you want but are hitting dead ends. You’ve turned to your support system but are left feeling a nagging want for more clarity and direction.
(973) 314-2959 View (973) 314-2959
Photo of Doris M Dinallo, Licensed Professional Counselor, RN, LCADC, LPC
Doris M Dinallo
Licensed Professional Counselor, RN, LCADC, LPC
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
I have been a Healthcare Professional since I graduated from NYU and achieved a Bachelor's Degree in Nursing. Today I have a comprehensive Counseling Practice where I work with co-occurring clients that suffer from mental health issues as well as substance abuse issues. I provide mental heath counseling for adolescents, adults, couples and families. Individual sessions and Out patient groups are provided. I also focus on anxiety, depression, family dysfunction, PTSD, grief and loss, divorce mediation and relational issues. A Cognitive Behavioral Approach is used to help our clientele manage and understand how they think, feel and consequently behave.
I have been a Healthcare Professional since I graduated from NYU and achieved a Bachelor's Degree in Nursing. Today I have a comprehensive Counseling Practice where I work with co-occurring clients that suffer from mental health issues as well as substance abuse issues. I provide mental heath counseling for adolescents, adults, couples and families. Individual sessions and Out patient groups are provided. I also focus on anxiety, depression, family dysfunction, PTSD, grief and loss, divorce mediation and relational issues. A Cognitive Behavioral Approach is used to help our clientele manage and understand how they think, feel and consequently behave.
(973) 821-3028 View (973) 821-3028
Photo of Felicia Gardner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Felicia Gardner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
If you have experienced a loss, transition, relationship conflicts, parent-child dilemmas, depression, anxiety or another struggle which has left you feeling alone, sad, confused or even angry, I am here to help. Stability, loving relationships, proactive achievements and empathic parenting are all goals we can achieve together.
If you have experienced a loss, transition, relationship conflicts, parent-child dilemmas, depression, anxiety or another struggle which has left you feeling alone, sad, confused or even angry, I am here to help. Stability, loving relationships, proactive achievements and empathic parenting are all goals we can achieve together.
(862) 245-4564 View (862) 245-4564
Photo of Dr. Mike Filiaci, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Mike Filiaci
Psychologist, PhD
23 Endorsed
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
I believe that developing a genuinely trusting and real connection with your therapist is one of the most important aspects of psychotherapy. Coping with any form of emotional distress can be a lonely and overwhelming experience, and trying to manage life’s demands while feeling physically or mentally exhausted may seem impossible. My first priority is to develop a collaborative plan together, to directly address your individualized treatment needs. I will provide an authentic, nonjudgmental environment that can help promote a sense of safety, support, positive change, and genuine insight into some of your presenting concerns.
I believe that developing a genuinely trusting and real connection with your therapist is one of the most important aspects of psychotherapy. Coping with any form of emotional distress can be a lonely and overwhelming experience, and trying to manage life’s demands while feeling physically or mentally exhausted may seem impossible. My first priority is to develop a collaborative plan together, to directly address your individualized treatment needs. I will provide an authentic, nonjudgmental environment that can help promote a sense of safety, support, positive change, and genuine insight into some of your presenting concerns.
(973) 240-5294 View (973) 240-5294
Photo of Dr. Daria Luongo, Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC, ACS
Dr. Daria Luongo
Licensed Professional Counselor, PsyD, LPC, ACS
2 Endorsed
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
Feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck? You're not alone. Life’s demands and the complexities of relationships can leave us feeling stressed, discouraged, or uncertain about where to turn. Whether you're an adult navigating daily stressors or a parent concerned about your child or teen, it’s okay to ask for help. You may feel like you've tried everything and still aren’t seeing the changes you need. I provide a safe, supportive space to explore these challenges and identify practical, lasting solutions. Together, we’ll work to reduce symptoms of anxiety, stress, or sadness, and strengthen your ability to cope and thrive.
Feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck? You're not alone. Life’s demands and the complexities of relationships can leave us feeling stressed, discouraged, or uncertain about where to turn. Whether you're an adult navigating daily stressors or a parent concerned about your child or teen, it’s okay to ask for help. You may feel like you've tried everything and still aren’t seeing the changes you need. I provide a safe, supportive space to explore these challenges and identify practical, lasting solutions. Together, we’ll work to reduce symptoms of anxiety, stress, or sadness, and strengthen your ability to cope and thrive.
(551) 999-6257 View (551) 999-6257
Photo of Barbara Salfer Larson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Barbara Salfer Larson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
I am an experienced therapist who is committed to helping clients through anxiety, low self-esteem and sexual trauma issues. My clients are anxious, depressed and highly intelligent individuals who need help managing their emotional conflicts and learning to cope with life's difficulties in a positive way. I believe that everyone can change and grow at any time in their lives. I think the reason we develop mental health issues is because they are unhealthy learned behaviors. I grew up in a family that was highly anxious and through my own therapy and growth I've learned to manage it with tools provided to me.
I am an experienced therapist who is committed to helping clients through anxiety, low self-esteem and sexual trauma issues. My clients are anxious, depressed and highly intelligent individuals who need help managing their emotional conflicts and learning to cope with life's difficulties in a positive way. I believe that everyone can change and grow at any time in their lives. I think the reason we develop mental health issues is because they are unhealthy learned behaviors. I grew up in a family that was highly anxious and through my own therapy and growth I've learned to manage it with tools provided to me.
(973) 784-8669 x5 View (973) 784-8669 x5
Photo of Jessica Alcius, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSSW
Jessica Alcius
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSSW
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
Open to all walks of life, I am passionate about empowering individuals to realize their full potential through supportive and action-oriented counseling. I am committed to thinking outside the box and continuously seek new knowledge and techniques to enhance my practice and better serve my clients. With a rich background in diverse settings, I have worked in adult oncology, medical social work, special education, children’s mobile crisis services and currently as a psychotherapist in private practice.
Open to all walks of life, I am passionate about empowering individuals to realize their full potential through supportive and action-oriented counseling. I am committed to thinking outside the box and continuously seek new knowledge and techniques to enhance my practice and better serve my clients. With a rich background in diverse settings, I have worked in adult oncology, medical social work, special education, children’s mobile crisis services and currently as a psychotherapist in private practice.
(973) 559-2873 View (973) 559-2873
Photo of Natalia Lopez, Licensed Associate Counselor, LAC, NCC
Natalia Lopez
Licensed Associate Counselor, LAC, NCC
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
My clients often find themselves struggling with persistent feelings of anxiety and emotional instability. They may be overwhelmed by emotional responses they do not fully understand, and they're beginning to recognize that past experiences from childhood-early adulthood are continuing to shape their present behaviors in maladaptive ways. The client is curious, internally motivated, and ready to explore historical reasons behind their behaviors. They may feel stuck and in need of support in developing emotional regulation and coping skills to have stability and clarity in their day-to-day lives.
My clients often find themselves struggling with persistent feelings of anxiety and emotional instability. They may be overwhelmed by emotional responses they do not fully understand, and they're beginning to recognize that past experiences from childhood-early adulthood are continuing to shape their present behaviors in maladaptive ways. The client is curious, internally motivated, and ready to explore historical reasons behind their behaviors. They may feel stuck and in need of support in developing emotional regulation and coping skills to have stability and clarity in their day-to-day lives.
(973) 313-5754 View (973) 313-5754
Photo of Sarah Friedland, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Sarah Friedland
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
I see the counseling experience as being similar to solving a jigsaw puzzle. When an individual enters my office with a box of pieces, maybe having a partial picture, maybe some of the pieces seem lost; I see it as my responsibility to provide a safe and nurturing environment that allows the individual to explore the most difficult aspects of themselves so together the missing pieces can be found and the individual can create the whole picture they want to see.
I see the counseling experience as being similar to solving a jigsaw puzzle. When an individual enters my office with a box of pieces, maybe having a partial picture, maybe some of the pieces seem lost; I see it as my responsibility to provide a safe and nurturing environment that allows the individual to explore the most difficult aspects of themselves so together the missing pieces can be found and the individual can create the whole picture they want to see.
(973) 346-9374 View (973) 346-9374
Photo of Lisa M Cassilli, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, ACS
Lisa M Cassilli
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, ACS
1 Endorsed
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
I specialize in working with adults and adolescents who may be struggling with questions about relationships, families, boundaries, academics, anxiety, depression, self-identity and/or self-esteem. I am also certified to treat clients with substance abuse issues and addiction. My clients receive quality care in a comfortable environment with a holistic approach to wellness. My approach is solution-based and client centered to empower individuals to reach their full potential. I am available to my clients through text, phone and email. I am an Approved Clinical Supervisor mentoring LACs in NJ.
I specialize in working with adults and adolescents who may be struggling with questions about relationships, families, boundaries, academics, anxiety, depression, self-identity and/or self-esteem. I am also certified to treat clients with substance abuse issues and addiction. My clients receive quality care in a comfortable environment with a holistic approach to wellness. My approach is solution-based and client centered to empower individuals to reach their full potential. I am available to my clients through text, phone and email. I am an Approved Clinical Supervisor mentoring LACs in NJ.
(973) 832-0968 View (973) 832-0968
Photo of Lia Rowe, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lia Rowe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
I am a vibrant LCSW who is passionate about supporting teens, young adults, working professionals, and couples as they navigate life’s challenges. Whether you’re experiencing stress, life transitions, anxiety, depression, addiction, grief, loss, self-esteem issues, relationship struggles, difficult life decisions, or other obstacles, I offer a grounded, compassionate space to explore and grow. My approach is holistic and humanistic, addressing the whole person—not just the problem. Together, we’ll explore how lifestyle, nutrition, relationship dynamics, and internal belief systems impact your well-being.
I am a vibrant LCSW who is passionate about supporting teens, young adults, working professionals, and couples as they navigate life’s challenges. Whether you’re experiencing stress, life transitions, anxiety, depression, addiction, grief, loss, self-esteem issues, relationship struggles, difficult life decisions, or other obstacles, I offer a grounded, compassionate space to explore and grow. My approach is holistic and humanistic, addressing the whole person—not just the problem. Together, we’ll explore how lifestyle, nutrition, relationship dynamics, and internal belief systems impact your well-being.
(973) 791-4540 View (973) 791-4540
Photo of Melissa Parrish, Counselor, LAC, ASDI
Melissa Parrish
Counselor, LAC, ASDI
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
Taking the step to reach out takes courage, so I appreciate your willingness and desire to start therapy, increase support, and make healthy changes in your life. My primary goal is to create a safe, nonjudgmental space for you. We will navigate your journey together in that space, starting where you are now and collaborating on future goals. Utilizing a person-centered approach, you’ll begin to unlock skills you have within, develop new ones, and strengthen your overall coping strategies and mental health.
Taking the step to reach out takes courage, so I appreciate your willingness and desire to start therapy, increase support, and make healthy changes in your life. My primary goal is to create a safe, nonjudgmental space for you. We will navigate your journey together in that space, starting where you are now and collaborating on future goals. Utilizing a person-centered approach, you’ll begin to unlock skills you have within, develop new ones, and strengthen your overall coping strategies and mental health.
(973) 604-8197 View (973) 604-8197
Photo of Brandon Triefler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Brandon Triefler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
Hello, I’m Brandon! As a passionate and experienced licensed social worker, my aim is to help you achieve your desired mental health and wellness goals! I have a wide range of experience working with diverse populations from early adolescents all the way to late adulthood. I hold a masters degree in Social Work from Rutgers University. I am trained in Cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, EMDR, and trauma informed therapy.
Hello, I’m Brandon! As a passionate and experienced licensed social worker, my aim is to help you achieve your desired mental health and wellness goals! I have a wide range of experience working with diverse populations from early adolescents all the way to late adulthood. I hold a masters degree in Social Work from Rutgers University. I am trained in Cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, EMDR, and trauma informed therapy.
(973) 397-5718 x3 View (973) 397-5718 x3
Photo of Michael Rivera, Counselor, MEd, LCADC, LAC
Michael Rivera
Counselor, MEd, LCADC, LAC
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
My ideal client is anybody that walks through the door and asks for help. Their issues, needs, and goals are all unique and require that I be open to their worldview in order to help them. In a client-centered world, they tell me what they want and why. It is my job to do my best to meet them where they are and walk their journey with them to where they want to go.
My ideal client is anybody that walks through the door and asks for help. Their issues, needs, and goals are all unique and require that I be open to their worldview in order to help them. In a client-centered world, they tell me what they want and why. It is my job to do my best to meet them where they are and walk their journey with them to where they want to go.
(973) 453-0226 View (973) 453-0226
Photo of Christine Enrico, Counselor, LAC, EdD
Christine Enrico
Counselor, LAC, EdD
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
My ideal client is an individual who comes to therapy with a positive and open attitude to be an active and committed participant. While seeking out support, setting goals, addressing individual human needs, and identifying areas for improvement. As a clinician, my goal is to provide a warm space where difficulties can be explored in a safe and trusting environment. Every client's individual goals and needs are the primary focus of the counselor/client relationship and are supported by rapport and trust building. My goal is for every client to partake in a therapeutic relationship that supports their continual growth.
My ideal client is an individual who comes to therapy with a positive and open attitude to be an active and committed participant. While seeking out support, setting goals, addressing individual human needs, and identifying areas for improvement. As a clinician, my goal is to provide a warm space where difficulties can be explored in a safe and trusting environment. Every client's individual goals and needs are the primary focus of the counselor/client relationship and are supported by rapport and trust building. My goal is for every client to partake in a therapeutic relationship that supports their continual growth.
(973) 419-7763 View (973) 419-7763
Photo of Lisa Lyons, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Lisa Lyons
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
Change is hard, especially when you're feeling hopeless or overwhelmed. Do you want to make a change in your life, but something is getting in the way? Perhaps it’s excessive stress, self-doubt, postpartum difficulties, or difficult life circumstances. Whatever the reason, I want to help you find clarity and relief so that you can begin to take steps in a more positive direction.
Change is hard, especially when you're feeling hopeless or overwhelmed. Do you want to make a change in your life, but something is getting in the way? Perhaps it’s excessive stress, self-doubt, postpartum difficulties, or difficult life circumstances. Whatever the reason, I want to help you find clarity and relief so that you can begin to take steps in a more positive direction.
(201) 357-6793 View (201) 357-6793
Photo of Brendan Guarino, Psychologist, PsyD
Brendan Guarino
Psychologist, PsyD
1 Endorsed
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
The human experience is characterized by a blend of uncertainty and challenges that arise, demanding our attention and resilience. These challenges manifest in various forms, often triggering feelings of anxiety, sadness, and a sense of loss and overwhelm. However, what if amidst these struggles lies an opportunity for empowerment? What if we could reframe our perspective, viewing each day as an avenue for growth, learning, and self-discovery? By harnessing the power within our everyday difficulties, we have the potential to transform our mindset, cultivate resilience, and thrive amidst life's uncertainties.
The human experience is characterized by a blend of uncertainty and challenges that arise, demanding our attention and resilience. These challenges manifest in various forms, often triggering feelings of anxiety, sadness, and a sense of loss and overwhelm. However, what if amidst these struggles lies an opportunity for empowerment? What if we could reframe our perspective, viewing each day as an avenue for growth, learning, and self-discovery? By harnessing the power within our everyday difficulties, we have the potential to transform our mindset, cultivate resilience, and thrive amidst life's uncertainties.
(973) 354-4537 View (973) 354-4537
Photo of Kimberly Aiello, Occupational Therapist, MSOT, MSHSIHW
Kimberly Aiello
Occupational Therapist, MSOT, MSHSIHW
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
I work with people of all ages, from infants to older adults, who want to improve daily function, independence, and overall well-being. I take a holistic approach that supports mind and body. I often work with individuals with Autism, ADHD, cerebral palsy, arthritis, aging-related changes, genetic or neurologic disorders, injuries, or upper extremity challenges, and many more.
I work with people of all ages, from infants to older adults, who want to improve daily function, independence, and overall well-being. I take a holistic approach that supports mind and body. I often work with individuals with Autism, ADHD, cerebral palsy, arthritis, aging-related changes, genetic or neurologic disorders, injuries, or upper extremity challenges, and many more.
(201) 529-0594 View (201) 529-0594
Photo of Valerie Uehlinger, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Valerie Uehlinger
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
Life can be overwhelming, full of surprises, and stressful. We may wonder how to face these struggles, experiences of sadness or anxiety, or difficulties in relationships. Often we find ourselves feeling this way after changes in our family, the loss of a job or retirement, or the death of a loved one. There are times when we all need extra support to make it through the challenges we are facing. Therapy can help empower us to recognize inner strengths, develop effective coping skills, and enable personal growth.
Life can be overwhelming, full of surprises, and stressful. We may wonder how to face these struggles, experiences of sadness or anxiety, or difficulties in relationships. Often we find ourselves feeling this way after changes in our family, the loss of a job or retirement, or the death of a loved one. There are times when we all need extra support to make it through the challenges we are facing. Therapy can help empower us to recognize inner strengths, develop effective coping skills, and enable personal growth.
(973) 604-8441 View (973) 604-8441
Photo of Stephen Schram, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Stephen Schram
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Cedar Grove, NJ 07009
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and as a therapist, I act as a mirror to help clients self-examine, reflect, and practice new skills. I start by building a safe and supportive therapeutic environment that fosters the use of interpersonal effectiveness skills, mindfulness practices, and coping skills. These techniques and practices can help each individual feel confident to handle the mental and emotional challenges that occur on a daily basis.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and as a therapist, I act as a mirror to help clients self-examine, reflect, and practice new skills. I start by building a safe and supportive therapeutic environment that fosters the use of interpersonal effectiveness skills, mindfulness practices, and coping skills. These techniques and practices can help each individual feel confident to handle the mental and emotional challenges that occur on a daily basis.
(973) 791-8724 View (973) 791-8724

See more therapy options for 07009

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 07009

60+

Average cost per session

$180

Therapists in 07009 who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
78% Relationship Issues
73% Coping Skills
73% Self Esteem
67% Stress
64% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% Aetna
60% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
57% Horizon Blue Cross and Blue Shield

How Therapists in 07009 see their clients

75% In Person and Online
25% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
26% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 07009?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.