Therapists in Cambridge, MA

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Photo of Molly Schwartz, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Molly Schwartz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139
Waitlist for new clients
My therapeutic approach is client-centered, client-directed, and strengths-based. I strive to create a space that is free of judgment and a relationship built on trust. My work with clients is often present- and future-focused, building insight and self-efficacy so that clients feel empowered to prioritize their wellbeing and reach their goals. My style is eclectic, drawing on various modalities, but it is always full of empathy, compassion, curiosity, humor, authenticity, and respect. I have experience working with teens and adults in a variety of settings, including community-based mental health, hospitals, and schools.
My therapeutic approach is client-centered, client-directed, and strengths-based. I strive to create a space that is free of judgment and a relationship built on trust. My work with clients is often present- and future-focused, building insight and self-efficacy so that clients feel empowered to prioritize their wellbeing and reach their goals. My style is eclectic, drawing on various modalities, but it is always full of empathy, compassion, curiosity, humor, authenticity, and respect. I have experience working with teens and adults in a variety of settings, including community-based mental health, hospitals, and schools.
(617) 915-4306 View (617) 915-4306
Photo of Ilana Marram, Counselor in Cambridge, MA
Ilana Marram
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Taking New Clients! Are you questioning your gender? Or just looking for a gender affirming therapist to process feeling burnt out from the last few years (who wouldn't!)? Maybe you're noticing difficulty coping with anxiety, stress, depression, ADHD and/or anger. Feeling like it's difficult getting your daily tasks done due to feeling overwhelmed, difficulty focusing, and feeling unable to say no to others.
Taking New Clients! Are you questioning your gender? Or just looking for a gender affirming therapist to process feeling burnt out from the last few years (who wouldn't!)? Maybe you're noticing difficulty coping with anxiety, stress, depression, ADHD and/or anger. Feeling like it's difficult getting your daily tasks done due to feeling overwhelmed, difficulty focusing, and feeling unable to say no to others.
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Photo of Rachel Register, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Rachel Register
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02142  (Online Only)
Hi, my name is Rachel Register and I am a licensed independent clinical social worker who has been in practice in Massachusetts as well as New Hampshire for over 5 years working with adults, couples and families. I feel passionate about healing and empowering clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, relationship issues and life transitions.
Hi, my name is Rachel Register and I am a licensed independent clinical social worker who has been in practice in Massachusetts as well as New Hampshire for over 5 years working with adults, couples and families. I feel passionate about healing and empowering clients who struggle with anxiety, depression, relationship issues and life transitions.
(857) 371-4179 View (857) 371-4179
Photo of Claire Davies, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Claire Davies
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139
Waitlist for new clients
I offer nonjudgemental, client-centered practice and have experience working with adults struggling with a variety of complex challenges including: anxiety, depression, trauma, substance use disorder, co-occuring disorders, stress, legal issues, chronic illness, and interpersonal conflict. My goal is to join with you the client, in a whole-person and solutions-focused framework to address short and long term goals. I enjoy meeting people "where they are at" with a warm therapeutic style that encourages curiosity in a safe, but brave space. My style allows for client to lead, with my clinical lens to challenge, and support new ideas.
I offer nonjudgemental, client-centered practice and have experience working with adults struggling with a variety of complex challenges including: anxiety, depression, trauma, substance use disorder, co-occuring disorders, stress, legal issues, chronic illness, and interpersonal conflict. My goal is to join with you the client, in a whole-person and solutions-focused framework to address short and long term goals. I enjoy meeting people "where they are at" with a warm therapeutic style that encourages curiosity in a safe, but brave space. My style allows for client to lead, with my clinical lens to challenge, and support new ideas.
(617) 944-2194 View (617) 944-2194
Photo of Laura Michelle Fisher, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Laura Michelle Fisher
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02142
Life is difficult at times. Creating change within oneself that is lasting and meaningful sometimes requires a little assistance. I provide evidence based psychotherapy to adolescents and adults that helps to restore the balance lost in everyday relationships. I specialize in grief and loss issues, resolving trauma, and navigating through life's transitions. Psychotherapy is always collaborative and client centered. Although life can be challenging at times, there are ways to renew purpose, reconnect, and re-establish a sense of trust. As such, my primary goal as an independent psychologist is to assist clients in achieving their very best life.
Life is difficult at times. Creating change within oneself that is lasting and meaningful sometimes requires a little assistance. I provide evidence based psychotherapy to adolescents and adults that helps to restore the balance lost in everyday relationships. I specialize in grief and loss issues, resolving trauma, and navigating through life's transitions. Psychotherapy is always collaborative and client centered. Although life can be challenging at times, there are ways to renew purpose, reconnect, and re-establish a sense of trust. As such, my primary goal as an independent psychologist is to assist clients in achieving their very best life.
(617) 841-8765 View (617) 841-8765
Photo of Jared Utley, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Jared Utley
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
Dr. Utley’s primary areas of interest include: General and social anxiety, depression, trauma, binge eating, life transitions, relationship concerns, family difficulties, and bolstering general life satisfaction. He has a special interest in international adoption and minority identity development, Dr. Utley utilizes a client-centered and evidence-based approach that is flexible based on the client’s cultural background and presenting concerns. He incorporates Emotion-Focused Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy frameworks when working with clients.
Dr. Utley’s primary areas of interest include: General and social anxiety, depression, trauma, binge eating, life transitions, relationship concerns, family difficulties, and bolstering general life satisfaction. He has a special interest in international adoption and minority identity development, Dr. Utley utilizes a client-centered and evidence-based approach that is flexible based on the client’s cultural background and presenting concerns. He incorporates Emotion-Focused Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy frameworks when working with clients.
(617) 758-8485 View (617) 758-8485
Photo of Diana Cofsky, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cambridge, MA
Diana Cofsky
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02141
I am a licensed professional counselor that has been working in behavioral health for over 20 years. I am a lifelong resident of South Jersey and obtained my Bachelors and Masters degrees from La Salle University in Philadelphia.
I am a licensed professional counselor that has been working in behavioral health for over 20 years. I am a lifelong resident of South Jersey and obtained my Bachelors and Masters degrees from La Salle University in Philadelphia.
(857) 386-7981 View (857) 386-7981
Photo of Barbara R Lewis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Barbara R Lewis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MFA, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
Not accepting new clients
It takes courage, curiosity, and commitment to engage in therapy. In my practice, I provide a safe, empathic space for people who are open to self-discovery, and motivated to make changes that can increase their sense of well-being and vitality. I work with adults (23 and older) who struggle with anxiety, depression, perinatal mood disorders, relationship issues, low self-esteem, career/academic stress, parenting support, and challenging life transitions. I also work with couples to improve, heal, or redefine their relationships.
It takes courage, curiosity, and commitment to engage in therapy. In my practice, I provide a safe, empathic space for people who are open to self-discovery, and motivated to make changes that can increase their sense of well-being and vitality. I work with adults (23 and older) who struggle with anxiety, depression, perinatal mood disorders, relationship issues, low self-esteem, career/academic stress, parenting support, and challenging life transitions. I also work with couples to improve, heal, or redefine their relationships.
(339) 674-6976 View (339) 674-6976
Photo of Cambridge Mind Body, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Cambridge Mind Body
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02140
It's inevitable that one's emotional life will get tangled at times. It's a sign of maturity and resilience to be willing to look inside with curiosity and do some self-development work. My interest and joy is empowering my clients to learn practical, applicable skills to mindfully manage unwanted patterns and cultivate new ones. My approach often uses mindfulness to create a more spacious, patient, and compassionate response to moods, emotions and thoughts. Cognitive therapy is wonderful way to actively re-program our thinking, and we might use yoga skills to tune the body, mind and nervous system to work for you, not against you.
It's inevitable that one's emotional life will get tangled at times. It's a sign of maturity and resilience to be willing to look inside with curiosity and do some self-development work. My interest and joy is empowering my clients to learn practical, applicable skills to mindfully manage unwanted patterns and cultivate new ones. My approach often uses mindfulness to create a more spacious, patient, and compassionate response to moods, emotions and thoughts. Cognitive therapy is wonderful way to actively re-program our thinking, and we might use yoga skills to tune the body, mind and nervous system to work for you, not against you.
(617) 396-4946 View (617) 396-4946
Photo of Emily Manus, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Emily Manus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02139
Finding a therapist who makes you feel comfortable and valued is one of the most important parts of successful therapy work. My clients describe me as sincere, caring, and helpful. In session, I am an active and responsive listener ready to provide support and assist with problem-solving, healing, and working to make changes. I practice individual therapy with adults, including college and graduate students, to help them process personal traumas of many types, and to identify and decrease barriers to greater success in many areas of their lives, including relationships, school, work, and family.
Finding a therapist who makes you feel comfortable and valued is one of the most important parts of successful therapy work. My clients describe me as sincere, caring, and helpful. In session, I am an active and responsive listener ready to provide support and assist with problem-solving, healing, and working to make changes. I practice individual therapy with adults, including college and graduate students, to help them process personal traumas of many types, and to identify and decrease barriers to greater success in many areas of their lives, including relationships, school, work, and family.
(617) 657-2250 View (617) 657-2250
Photo of Aimee Johnson Moreno, Counselor in Cambridge, MA
Aimee Johnson Moreno
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about helping my clients create positive change in their lives. In my career, I have helped people from all walks of life who struggle with depression, anxiety, symptoms related to traumatic experiences, self-esteem issues and biologically based mental illness. Even though their stories and lived experiences varied, each sought support because they wanted to feel better, decrease their sense of isolation and increase positive coping skills. I love to help my clients discover their inner strengths, increase their feelings of personal safety, deepen their sense of agency and reclaim ownership of their lives.
I am passionate about helping my clients create positive change in their lives. In my career, I have helped people from all walks of life who struggle with depression, anxiety, symptoms related to traumatic experiences, self-esteem issues and biologically based mental illness. Even though their stories and lived experiences varied, each sought support because they wanted to feel better, decrease their sense of isolation and increase positive coping skills. I love to help my clients discover their inner strengths, increase their feelings of personal safety, deepen their sense of agency and reclaim ownership of their lives.
(617) 812-8856 View (617) 812-8856
Photo of Elizabeth Miraglia, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Elizabeth Miraglia
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
As a therapist, I believe our past experiences inform our present: they shape who we are, how we act, what we value, and how we relate to others. However, I also believe they do not determine our future. This idea serves as the foundation of our work together. My approach involves helping you identify your values, utilize the strengths you already possess, and develop your vision for a life worth living. I assist in examining how our interpersonal relationships can establish and reinforce maladaptive coping, and work with you to replace what no longer serves you with a fresh perspective and new skills.
As a therapist, I believe our past experiences inform our present: they shape who we are, how we act, what we value, and how we relate to others. However, I also believe they do not determine our future. This idea serves as the foundation of our work together. My approach involves helping you identify your values, utilize the strengths you already possess, and develop your vision for a life worth living. I assist in examining how our interpersonal relationships can establish and reinforce maladaptive coping, and work with you to replace what no longer serves you with a fresh perspective and new skills.
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Photo of Jolie Pepperman, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Jolie Pepperman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
Are you or your child struggling with an anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or related concerns? Do you or your child feel stuck and in need of a non-judgmental environment to address unhelpful behavioral patterns and/or unwanted thoughts? Are these issues impacting your or your child’s ability to engage at work, school, or in relationships? These experiences can feel very isolating and distressing, and you might be asking yourself, “where do I even begin?”
Are you or your child struggling with an anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or related concerns? Do you or your child feel stuck and in need of a non-judgmental environment to address unhelpful behavioral patterns and/or unwanted thoughts? Are these issues impacting your or your child’s ability to engage at work, school, or in relationships? These experiences can feel very isolating and distressing, and you might be asking yourself, “where do I even begin?”
(617) 539-2671 View (617) 539-2671
Photo of Akyla Joseph, Counselor in Cambridge, MA
Akyla Joseph
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139
Waitlist for new clients
Life at times can be challenging, and there is no rule book on how to navigate it. Therapy can be used as a guide to dealing with challenges at the moment, and provide you with the tools for continuing to face obstacles that may come in the future. The relationship between client and therapist is one of the most important parts of therapy, so I use a humanistic approach when engaging with my clients. Some of my specialties include depression, anxiety, multicultural concerns, life transitions, and the military/veterans community. I look forward to working with you along this journey!
Life at times can be challenging, and there is no rule book on how to navigate it. Therapy can be used as a guide to dealing with challenges at the moment, and provide you with the tools for continuing to face obstacles that may come in the future. The relationship between client and therapist is one of the most important parts of therapy, so I use a humanistic approach when engaging with my clients. Some of my specialties include depression, anxiety, multicultural concerns, life transitions, and the military/veterans community. I look forward to working with you along this journey!
(617) 826-8829 View (617) 826-8829
Photo of Deborah Madison Muench, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Deborah Madison Muench
Psychologist, PhD, BCBA
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138  (Online Only)
Mental health problems diminish the quality of your life, but with the necessary tools in place, you can manage your difficulties with greater ease. I strive to help each client to live their best life. I work with adults, children and teens. A good part of my practice is devoted to working with college and graduate students, and adults with autism. My passion for helping others has spanned over 30 years. I am a licensed clinical and school psychologist, as well as a board-certified behavior analyst. I am licensed in 39 states through Psypact which is helpful when my clients travel for business or attend school out of state.
Mental health problems diminish the quality of your life, but with the necessary tools in place, you can manage your difficulties with greater ease. I strive to help each client to live their best life. I work with adults, children and teens. A good part of my practice is devoted to working with college and graduate students, and adults with autism. My passion for helping others has spanned over 30 years. I am a licensed clinical and school psychologist, as well as a board-certified behavior analyst. I am licensed in 39 states through Psypact which is helpful when my clients travel for business or attend school out of state.
(508) 812-7114 View (508) 812-7114
Photo of Cynthia M Mittelmeier, Psychologist in Cambridge, MA
Cynthia M Mittelmeier
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138  (Online Only)
My goal is to help you achieve your goals. I take a strength based approach. I incorporate the following approaches into our work together: solution focused therapy, narrative therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, attachment based therapy, trauma-informed therapy and EMDR.
My goal is to help you achieve your goals. I take a strength based approach. I incorporate the following approaches into our work together: solution focused therapy, narrative therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, attachment based therapy, trauma-informed therapy and EMDR.
(508) 501-1053 View (508) 501-1053
Photo of Helena Greaney in Cambridge, MA
Helena Greaney
MS, PCNS, RN
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
Accepting Clients For Individual Telehealth Psychotherapy in Massachusetts. It takes courage to seek out a therapist to find the help you long for. It is my practice to meet you with compassion exactly where you are and together we will work to relieve your distress. You will no longer be alone. I will help you find your way to purpose, meaning and connections with others and with Self. Whatever your struggles in life are, we will work to overcome them so that you can become the version of yourself that you wish to be. Our work together is collaborative. We will form a partnership to help you meet your goals.
Accepting Clients For Individual Telehealth Psychotherapy in Massachusetts. It takes courage to seek out a therapist to find the help you long for. It is my practice to meet you with compassion exactly where you are and together we will work to relieve your distress. You will no longer be alone. I will help you find your way to purpose, meaning and connections with others and with Self. Whatever your struggles in life are, we will work to overcome them so that you can become the version of yourself that you wish to be. Our work together is collaborative. We will form a partnership to help you meet your goals.
(339) 220-4912 View (339) 220-4912
Photo of Beth Mullek, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Beth Mullek
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
Beth Mullek is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) who has over 20 years of experience in the mental health field. Beth has worked in a variety of different settings, partnering with adults seeking help with depression, anxiety, life transitions, grief and loss, as well as caregiving and end of life issues. Beth completed her Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Psychology at the College of the Holy Cross and her Master of Social Work (MSW) at Boston University.
Beth Mullek is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) who has over 20 years of experience in the mental health field. Beth has worked in a variety of different settings, partnering with adults seeking help with depression, anxiety, life transitions, grief and loss, as well as caregiving and end of life issues. Beth completed her Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Psychology at the College of the Holy Cross and her Master of Social Work (MSW) at Boston University.
(617) 356-0782 View (617) 356-0782
Photo of Sevkiye Berfin Isik Yilmaz, Pre-Licensed Professional in Cambridge, MA
Sevkiye Berfin Isik Yilmaz
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, MSc, PhD(c)
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
Life can sometimes feel like a tough puzzle, and it's okay to admit when you need help putting the pieces together. By reading this, you've shown incredible bravery in seeking support, and I'm here to be your guide. My ideal clients are children with developmental delays or social-emotional and behavioral challenges. Additionally, I work with parents or guardians deeply committed to their children's well-being, seeking assistance in addressing these challenges. They require understanding, support, and effective strategies to help their children thrive.
Life can sometimes feel like a tough puzzle, and it's okay to admit when you need help putting the pieces together. By reading this, you've shown incredible bravery in seeking support, and I'm here to be your guide. My ideal clients are children with developmental delays or social-emotional and behavioral challenges. Additionally, I work with parents or guardians deeply committed to their children's well-being, seeking assistance in addressing these challenges. They require understanding, support, and effective strategies to help their children thrive.
(508) 938-8623 View (508) 938-8623
Photo of Antra Kalnins Borofsky, Marriage & Family Therapist in Cambridge, MA
Antra Kalnins Borofsky
Marriage & Family Therapist, EdM, LMFT
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02140
A deep and enduring intimacy is one of life's greatest treasures. Antra Borofsky is a couples therapist whose special gift is to help couples learn how to consciously enter into the experience of being present in a way that makes it possible to reconnect, open one's heart and to transform hurts, resentments and fears into a deeper, more compassionate and lasting connection. With her husband, Dr. Richard Borofsky, her partner for 45 years, she also offers retreats and workshops for couples called, "Being Together: The Art of Loving" and "Being Together: The Mindful Practice of Intimacy."
A deep and enduring intimacy is one of life's greatest treasures. Antra Borofsky is a couples therapist whose special gift is to help couples learn how to consciously enter into the experience of being present in a way that makes it possible to reconnect, open one's heart and to transform hurts, resentments and fears into a deeper, more compassionate and lasting connection. With her husband, Dr. Richard Borofsky, her partner for 45 years, she also offers retreats and workshops for couples called, "Being Together: The Art of Loving" and "Being Together: The Mindful Practice of Intimacy."
(617) 446-3145 View (617) 446-3145

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Cambridge, MA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Cambridge, MA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
69% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills
64% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% BlueCross and BlueShield
49% Aetna
49% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Cambridge, MA see their clients

54% In Person and Online
46% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary

FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Cambridge?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.