Photo of Kinga A. Pastuszak, PsyD, Psychologist
Kinga A. Pastuszak
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02108
WELCOME.What brings someone to therapy is always deeply personal and deeply compelling. Such an experience is unique, and complex. Thus to fully acknowledge, validate, and to understand requires skillful integration of listening, empathy, theoretical knowledge, clinical acumen, compassion and, most of all, willingness to fully engage in the process. I am a seasoned clinician well-versed in a variety of therapeutic approaches. This offers each person I work with an approach that is individually tailored to your unique goals, needs, and challenges. Inherent in this process is open dialogue so we maximize the efficacy of our work together.
WELCOME.What brings someone to therapy is always deeply personal and deeply compelling. Such an experience is unique, and complex. Thus to fully acknowledge, validate, and to understand requires skillful integration of listening, empathy, theoretical knowledge, clinical acumen, compassion and, most of all, willingness to fully engage in the process. I am a seasoned clinician well-versed in a variety of therapeutic approaches. This offers each person I work with an approach that is individually tailored to your unique goals, needs, and challenges. Inherent in this process is open dialogue so we maximize the efficacy of our work together.
(617) 765-4064 View (617) 765-4064
Photo of Caitlin Laidlaw, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Caitlin Laidlaw
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
As a Psychotherapist with over 15 years of clinical experience, I specialize in working with adults aged 18 and above. My focus areas include anxiety, depression, major life transitions, chronic illness, and interpersonal relationship dynamics. Over the years, I’ve collaborated with my patients to identify and address the root causes of these challenges, guiding them to a more fulfilling and balanced life. My experience includes working at Mass. General Hospital where I currently practice outpatient mental health in conjunction with my Telehealth private practice.
As a Psychotherapist with over 15 years of clinical experience, I specialize in working with adults aged 18 and above. My focus areas include anxiety, depression, major life transitions, chronic illness, and interpersonal relationship dynamics. Over the years, I’ve collaborated with my patients to identify and address the root causes of these challenges, guiding them to a more fulfilling and balanced life. My experience includes working at Mass. General Hospital where I currently practice outpatient mental health in conjunction with my Telehealth private practice.
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Photo of Rolando Santiago-Díaz, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Rolando Santiago-Díaz
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Will you finally take the step to allow yourself to experience real emotional healing through all layers of the past in your existence and into a resilient and joyful version of yourself? Many avoid to start this journey, yet as you read this you know this is only up to you. By taking an integrative approach in therapy, I guide you in discovering your unperceived wisdom and true essence of being. My vision is based on integrating compassion and genuine empathy in therapy. This is key in helping you process your emotions, while surfacing into light the roots of any situation present in your life and the traumas you have experienced.
Will you finally take the step to allow yourself to experience real emotional healing through all layers of the past in your existence and into a resilient and joyful version of yourself? Many avoid to start this journey, yet as you read this you know this is only up to you. By taking an integrative approach in therapy, I guide you in discovering your unperceived wisdom and true essence of being. My vision is based on integrating compassion and genuine empathy in therapy. This is key in helping you process your emotions, while surfacing into light the roots of any situation present in your life and the traumas you have experienced.
(413) 289-5202 View (413) 289-5202
Photo of Helen S Hwang, PhD, MPH, Psychologist
Helen S Hwang
Psychologist, PhD, MPH
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02108
Everyone has the capacity to reach full potential. When this occurs, one experiences an improved sense of self which creates freedom to make decisions that create and sustain meaningful experience in relationships and work. Life can actually feel like it's starting anew. More often than not, answers to repetitive patterns in unfulfilling relationships and negative feelings about the self can be traced to the past. Once goals have been identified, I work with clients in a supportive and collaborative way so that a constructive and meaningful understanding of one's life, with improved ways of coping, can occur now.
Everyone has the capacity to reach full potential. When this occurs, one experiences an improved sense of self which creates freedom to make decisions that create and sustain meaningful experience in relationships and work. Life can actually feel like it's starting anew. More often than not, answers to repetitive patterns in unfulfilling relationships and negative feelings about the self can be traced to the past. Once goals have been identified, I work with clients in a supportive and collaborative way so that a constructive and meaningful understanding of one's life, with improved ways of coping, can occur now.
(617) 431-1890 View (617) 431-1890
Photo of Andrew Nickerson, LMHC, Counselor
Andrew Nickerson
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Online Only
As a licensed mental health counselor, I strive to create a safe, empathetic, and non-judgmental space where clients can explore their thoughts and feelings freely. My approach is reflective and person-centered, ensuring that each individual feels heard and understood. I also believe in bringing a sense of humor into sessions when appropriate, making therapy feel more human and approachable. I am committed to fostering a supportive environment where clients can gain a deeper insight, emotional resilience, and the tools they need to thrive.
As a licensed mental health counselor, I strive to create a safe, empathetic, and non-judgmental space where clients can explore their thoughts and feelings freely. My approach is reflective and person-centered, ensuring that each individual feels heard and understood. I also believe in bringing a sense of humor into sessions when appropriate, making therapy feel more human and approachable. I am committed to fostering a supportive environment where clients can gain a deeper insight, emotional resilience, and the tools they need to thrive.
(617) 539-7006 View (617) 539-7006
Photo of Princess Alston - Princess Alston , LMHC, CADC, Counselor
Princess Alston
Counselor, LMHC, CADC
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02108
Hi there! My name is Princess Alston, and I am the founder and primary facilitator of Cultivated Core. We specialize in providing therapy and mental performance coaching services to help you achieve holistic wellness and peak performance in your personal life, career, sports, and academics. Our team prioritizes cultural responsiveness and assists clients in overcoming challenges related to self-confidence, decision-making, time management, and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, and stress management.
Hi there! My name is Princess Alston, and I am the founder and primary facilitator of Cultivated Core. We specialize in providing therapy and mental performance coaching services to help you achieve holistic wellness and peak performance in your personal life, career, sports, and academics. Our team prioritizes cultural responsiveness and assists clients in overcoming challenges related to self-confidence, decision-making, time management, and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, and stress management.
(351) 777-2150 View (351) 777-2150
Photo of Kelsey Spinks, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kelsey Spinks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
At our practice, we specialize in women's health and wellness with a focus on empowering women to thrive in both their personal and professional lives. Our subspecialties include career coaching, building self-confidence, boundary-setting techniques, assertive communication, and addressing general anxiety disorders. We create a welcoming, non-judgmental space rooted in empathy, open-mindedness, humor, and understanding. Our passion is helping women discover what works best for them, as we explore your concerns and collaborate to develop a treatment plan tailored to your unique needs.
At our practice, we specialize in women's health and wellness with a focus on empowering women to thrive in both their personal and professional lives. Our subspecialties include career coaching, building self-confidence, boundary-setting techniques, assertive communication, and addressing general anxiety disorders. We create a welcoming, non-judgmental space rooted in empathy, open-mindedness, humor, and understanding. Our passion is helping women discover what works best for them, as we explore your concerns and collaborate to develop a treatment plan tailored to your unique needs.
(781) 265-2141 View (781) 265-2141
Photo of Deanna Kessler, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Deanna Kessler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Maybe you're a millennial professional feeling exhausted, overwhelmed, and like you’re running on empty. You want to slow down, but you’re not quite sure how. Something is keeping you stuck in a cycle of burnout and overwhelm. You’re noticing it physically—tightness, headaches, or racing thoughts that just won’t stop. You’re ready for a holistic approach that addresses both your mind and body, helping you break free and find balance. Let’s work together to restore your energy—schedule a free consultation on my website!
Maybe you're a millennial professional feeling exhausted, overwhelmed, and like you’re running on empty. You want to slow down, but you’re not quite sure how. Something is keeping you stuck in a cycle of burnout and overwhelm. You’re noticing it physically—tightness, headaches, or racing thoughts that just won’t stop. You’re ready for a holistic approach that addresses both your mind and body, helping you break free and find balance. Let’s work together to restore your energy—schedule a free consultation on my website!
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Photo of Cody Fournier, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cody Fournier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you experiencing intrusive thoughts, images, urges, or sensations related to OCD symptoms? Common OCD subtypes that I treat include Contamination, Harm, Relationship, Sensorimotor, False Memory, Moral/Religious Scrupulosity, Health OCD, and Just Right/Perfectionism OCD. I also treat individuals suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Phobias such as Emetophobia, Separation Anxiety Disorder, Agoraphobia, and Panic Disorder. Additional diagnoses that I treat are BFRBs (Excoriation Disorders and Trichotillomania), Hoarding, and Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and Tic Disorders
Are you experiencing intrusive thoughts, images, urges, or sensations related to OCD symptoms? Common OCD subtypes that I treat include Contamination, Harm, Relationship, Sensorimotor, False Memory, Moral/Religious Scrupulosity, Health OCD, and Just Right/Perfectionism OCD. I also treat individuals suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Phobias such as Emetophobia, Separation Anxiety Disorder, Agoraphobia, and Panic Disorder. Additional diagnoses that I treat are BFRBs (Excoriation Disorders and Trichotillomania), Hoarding, and Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and Tic Disorders
(401) 262-2163 View (401) 262-2163
Photo of Heather Shannon | Certified Sex Therapist, LCPC, CST, Counselor
Heather Shannon | Certified Sex Therapist
Counselor, LCPC, CST
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Is there a disconnect between you and your partner(s) when it comes to your sex life? If so, please do not wait to get support! Because we were taught so little about sex, many of us shy away from the topic, but that just worsens things. Sex can start to feel like a chore and lack of sex can become the elephant in the room. It can even cause the end of your relationship if left unaddressed long enough. Before I became a sex therapist, I also found myself in this situation in my long-term relationship. But after 10,000 hours of coaching and counseling clients and becoming an AASECT certified sex therapist, I am confident I can help!
Is there a disconnect between you and your partner(s) when it comes to your sex life? If so, please do not wait to get support! Because we were taught so little about sex, many of us shy away from the topic, but that just worsens things. Sex can start to feel like a chore and lack of sex can become the elephant in the room. It can even cause the end of your relationship if left unaddressed long enough. Before I became a sex therapist, I also found myself in this situation in my long-term relationship. But after 10,000 hours of coaching and counseling clients and becoming an AASECT certified sex therapist, I am confident I can help!
(508) 545-9639 View (508) 545-9639
Photo of Linda Tran, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Linda Tran
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Have you been feeling more worried, overwhelmed, and/or depressed? Do you noticed you are getting easily irritated? Do you feel anxious in relationships and/or in social settings? Do you find yourself feeling like you are being silenced? I’m here for you. I will guide you in developing healthy coping skills to navigate through it and empower you to create positive and meaningful changes in your life. I believe you are the expert of your own life. In this space, you can talk, express yourself, and process anything that comes up for you. You will be seen and heard. You are welcome to scream, cry, and/or laugh.
Have you been feeling more worried, overwhelmed, and/or depressed? Do you noticed you are getting easily irritated? Do you feel anxious in relationships and/or in social settings? Do you find yourself feeling like you are being silenced? I’m here for you. I will guide you in developing healthy coping skills to navigate through it and empower you to create positive and meaningful changes in your life. I believe you are the expert of your own life. In this space, you can talk, express yourself, and process anything that comes up for you. You will be seen and heard. You are welcome to scream, cry, and/or laugh.
(617) 553-4724 View (617) 553-4724
Photo of Joseph Casamassima, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Joseph Casamassima
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Online Only
We talk, you feel better. We are not meant to live in anguish and instability. Our default setting is contentment and happiness. If you (or someone you know) are not thriving, please contact me. I provide mental health counseling for those adults, children, and couples who wish to improve their lives. I specialize in Mindfulness, emotional intelligence, relationships, focus and concentration, relaxation, and stress reduction. I promote well-being through insight and informed discovery.
We talk, you feel better. We are not meant to live in anguish and instability. Our default setting is contentment and happiness. If you (or someone you know) are not thriving, please contact me. I provide mental health counseling for those adults, children, and couples who wish to improve their lives. I specialize in Mindfulness, emotional intelligence, relationships, focus and concentration, relaxation, and stress reduction. I promote well-being through insight and informed discovery.
(401) 341-1654 View (401) 341-1654
Photo of Cody Leach, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Cody Leach
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
My mission is to provide compassionate, evidence-based care tailored to your unique needs. I have extensive experience treating a wide range of mental health challenges—including depression, anxiety, OCD, trauma, difficulties in relationship, schizophrenia, problematic substance use, and gender dysphoria.
My mission is to provide compassionate, evidence-based care tailored to your unique needs. I have extensive experience treating a wide range of mental health challenges—including depression, anxiety, OCD, trauma, difficulties in relationship, schizophrenia, problematic substance use, and gender dysphoria.
(857) 371-5557 View (857) 371-5557
Photo of Jeffrey Ly | Porn Addiction | Relationship, LPHA, MA, AMFT
Jeffrey Ly | Porn Addiction | Relationship
LPHA, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
Online Only
Pornography doesn’t have to destroy the relationships that matter most to you. For many men, turning to Pornhub, OnlyFans, cam sites, or even Instagram creates a growing emotional gap, eroding trust, intimacy and connection. It can leave your partner feeling unwanted and you feeling trapped in a cycle of guilt and shame. Over time, this struggle can lead to heartbreak, divorce, and a future far from the one you envisioned. You do not have to let this define you. It is time to take back control.
Pornography doesn’t have to destroy the relationships that matter most to you. For many men, turning to Pornhub, OnlyFans, cam sites, or even Instagram creates a growing emotional gap, eroding trust, intimacy and connection. It can leave your partner feeling unwanted and you feeling trapped in a cycle of guilt and shame. Over time, this struggle can lead to heartbreak, divorce, and a future far from the one you envisioned. You do not have to let this define you. It is time to take back control.
(857) 887-2451 View (857) 887-2451
Photo of Krissy Goodman, LMHC, LMFT, JD, Marriage & Family Therapist
Krissy Goodman
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMHC, LMFT, JD
Verified Verified
Online Only
Many people come to therapy feeling stuck or trapped in patterns of behavior or relating, and often hopeless about freeing themselves from these patterns. I believe that therapy is a collaborative process and that we, therapist and client, can work together to become aware of these recurring themes, restore hope, and formulate a pathway to alter whatever is holding you back from having the life you want. This work involves sifting through the past to create the relationships, career, and life clients seek. I am licensed in MA, FL, VT, and MI.
Many people come to therapy feeling stuck or trapped in patterns of behavior or relating, and often hopeless about freeing themselves from these patterns. I believe that therapy is a collaborative process and that we, therapist and client, can work together to become aware of these recurring themes, restore hope, and formulate a pathway to alter whatever is holding you back from having the life you want. This work involves sifting through the past to create the relationships, career, and life clients seek. I am licensed in MA, FL, VT, and MI.
(339) 201-5048 View (339) 201-5048
Photo of Anna Mancuso, LICSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anna Mancuso
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a licensed clinical social worker who provides individual psychotherapy to adults presenting with a wide variety of concerns including anxiety, depression, trauma, vicarious trauma, relationship struggles, adjustment issues and maternal mental health. I meet clients where they are and we work together on their individual goals.
I am a licensed clinical social worker who provides individual psychotherapy to adults presenting with a wide variety of concerns including anxiety, depression, trauma, vicarious trauma, relationship struggles, adjustment issues and maternal mental health. I meet clients where they are and we work together on their individual goals.
(857) 227-9008 View (857) 227-9008
Photo of Tim Norton - Tim Norton Sex Therapy , LCSW , MSW, ASSECT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tim Norton Sex Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW , MSW, ASSECT
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a licensed sex therapist with a deep commitment to helping individuals and couples understand and navigate the complexities of intimacy and connection. With extensive experience in areas such as erectile issues, sexual trauma, and relational therapy, I create a compassionate space for clients to explore their unique challenges. My approach is practical, empathetic, and grounded in both clinical expertise and a genuine passion for fostering healthier relationships.
I am a licensed sex therapist with a deep commitment to helping individuals and couples understand and navigate the complexities of intimacy and connection. With extensive experience in areas such as erectile issues, sexual trauma, and relational therapy, I create a compassionate space for clients to explore their unique challenges. My approach is practical, empathetic, and grounded in both clinical expertise and a genuine passion for fostering healthier relationships.
(339) 244-8572 View (339) 244-8572
Photo of Sid Mondell, PhD, Psychologist
Sid Mondell
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02108
I have been operating a general clinical practice serving adults, adolescents, children, families, and couples for over 20 years. My professional orientation is client-centered and problem solving/solution focused – integrating cognitive and family systems approaches. My services offered include brief treatment, intermittent treatment, longer term treatment, individual, couples, and family therapy. Referral problems typically include mood disorders, relationship problems, parenting problems, family adjustment problems, trauma and abuse issues, anxiety disorders, loss and bereavement issues, marital issues and post-divorce adjustment, and adolescent behavior problems.
I have been operating a general clinical practice serving adults, adolescents, children, families, and couples for over 20 years. My professional orientation is client-centered and problem solving/solution focused – integrating cognitive and family systems approaches. My services offered include brief treatment, intermittent treatment, longer term treatment, individual, couples, and family therapy. Referral problems typically include mood disorders, relationship problems, parenting problems, family adjustment problems, trauma and abuse issues, anxiety disorders, loss and bereavement issues, marital issues and post-divorce adjustment, and adolescent behavior problems.
(857) 367-2444 View (857) 367-2444
Photo of Jamie Farrelly, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jamie Farrelly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Life is often characterized by unexpected transitions and unfamiliar experiences. Everyone wants to feel confident in their ability to navigate those pivotal moments as their best self, but for those dealing with trauma, grief, and stress, this can feel overwhelming.
Life is often characterized by unexpected transitions and unfamiliar experiences. Everyone wants to feel confident in their ability to navigate those pivotal moments as their best self, but for those dealing with trauma, grief, and stress, this can feel overwhelming.
(339) 331-1432 View (339) 331-1432
Photo of Samantha Street, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Samantha Street
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
Has the battle with self-harm, addiction, eating disorders, relationship issues, or even low self-esteem left you feeling like you are “stuck” in this cycle? Maybe you were diagnosed with PTSD or BPD and you feel like these symptoms control how you live YOUR life? If you’re looking to experience lasting relief and be the one living your life, now might be the time to connect with a therapist who can help. You are not the problem. How the symptoms have expressed themselves in your daily life is the problem and you want a lasting solution. Let us work together to create a plan that offers hope that relief is possible.
Has the battle with self-harm, addiction, eating disorders, relationship issues, or even low self-esteem left you feeling like you are “stuck” in this cycle? Maybe you were diagnosed with PTSD or BPD and you feel like these symptoms control how you live YOUR life? If you’re looking to experience lasting relief and be the one living your life, now might be the time to connect with a therapist who can help. You are not the problem. How the symptoms have expressed themselves in your daily life is the problem and you want a lasting solution. Let us work together to create a plan that offers hope that relief is possible.
(774) 344-5613 View (774) 344-5613
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 02108

300+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in 02108 who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
81% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
70% Self Esteem
70% Stress
70% Life Transitions
68% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

73% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% Aetna
61% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 02108 see their clients

65% Online Only
35% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 02108?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.