Therapists in 01351

Photo of Tiana Tovah Bella Mirapae, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, , LCSW
Tiana Tovah Bella Mirapae
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, , LCSW
Montague, MA 01351
I treat all genders and specialize in Women’s Health Issues throughout the lifecycle. You want to explore and heal the root causes of your physical-mental-emotional-sexual health issues and live your best Life: mind, body, emotions, spirit, sexuality and soul. You don’t want to be a victim defined by your traumas or other people’s bad behavior towards you. You want to be Healthy in your Sovereignty, in loving Relationships, with joyful Reciprocity. You want to learn about and integrate Self-care and Holistic Natural Medicine. individual, couples, marital & sex therapy, LGBTQ, entheogenic spirit plant medicine guidance and journeys.
I treat all genders and specialize in Women’s Health Issues throughout the lifecycle. You want to explore and heal the root causes of your physical-mental-emotional-sexual health issues and live your best Life: mind, body, emotions, spirit, sexuality and soul. You don’t want to be a victim defined by your traumas or other people’s bad behavior towards you. You want to be Healthy in your Sovereignty, in loving Relationships, with joyful Reciprocity. You want to learn about and integrate Self-care and Holistic Natural Medicine. individual, couples, marital & sex therapy, LGBTQ, entheogenic spirit plant medicine guidance and journeys.
(413) 728-1002 View (413) 728-1002
Photo of Heather Kuhn, Counselor, MA, LMHC, MSMT, EMDR
Heather Kuhn
Counselor, MA, LMHC, MSMT, EMDR
Serves Area
I work with people from incredibly diverse backgrounds who have carried pain without the support they needed, whether the trauma is recent, formed early in life, or ongoing. Stuck patterns that repeat again and again, despite attempts to heal. Numbness, anxiety, shutdown, or a sense that you're living slightly away from yourself. Maybe you long for ease, connection, agency, possibility, integrity, and confidence but have no idea how to get them in a way that sticks for good. Beware of "somatic" quick fixes for trauma. In a culture that treats tenderness like a liability, maybe you could gift yourself a good process to finally heal.
I work with people from incredibly diverse backgrounds who have carried pain without the support they needed, whether the trauma is recent, formed early in life, or ongoing. Stuck patterns that repeat again and again, despite attempts to heal. Numbness, anxiety, shutdown, or a sense that you're living slightly away from yourself. Maybe you long for ease, connection, agency, possibility, integrity, and confidence but have no idea how to get them in a way that sticks for good. Beware of "somatic" quick fixes for trauma. In a culture that treats tenderness like a liability, maybe you could gift yourself a good process to finally heal.
(413) 207-9985 View (413) 207-9985
Photo of Rachel L Greenberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Rachel L Greenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
Life presents us with many opportunities through crisis, life transitions, or spiritual questioning to search for answers about ourselves and the world. I believe that through self understanding and gaining tools to cope with daily stressors, the impact of racism, classism and other "isms," as well as historical trauma, we can turn crisis into opportunities for growth, improved self esteem and improved functioning. I also work on strengthening romantic partnerships, family relationships, and friendships. I direct treatment toward individual needs and interests, utilizing CBT as well as psychodynamic, and creative therapies.
Life presents us with many opportunities through crisis, life transitions, or spiritual questioning to search for answers about ourselves and the world. I believe that through self understanding and gaining tools to cope with daily stressors, the impact of racism, classism and other "isms," as well as historical trauma, we can turn crisis into opportunities for growth, improved self esteem and improved functioning. I also work on strengthening romantic partnerships, family relationships, and friendships. I direct treatment toward individual needs and interests, utilizing CBT as well as psychodynamic, and creative therapies.
(617) 544-3334 View (617) 544-3334
Photo of Ryan Richards, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Ryan Richards
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
An important purpose of a committed relationship is to help us grow. Intimate relationships have the potential to make us stronger, support us to hold a broader perspective, and engage with a presence in the world that reflects who we are and what we care about. With a foundation in the Developmental Model of couples therapy, I offer couples a broader context and developmental arc to the challenges and longings that you may be experiencing.
An important purpose of a committed relationship is to help us grow. Intimate relationships have the potential to make us stronger, support us to hold a broader perspective, and engage with a presence in the world that reflects who we are and what we care about. With a foundation in the Developmental Model of couples therapy, I offer couples a broader context and developmental arc to the challenges and longings that you may be experiencing.
(413) 402-6835 View (413) 402-6835
Photo of Mateusz Marcinowski, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, LPC
Mateusz Marcinowski
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC, LPC
3 Endorsed
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I am a Certified EMDR Therapist with advanced training in Internal Family Systems (IFS), specializing in PTSD, trauma, mood disorders, anxiety and other challenges. My approach is relational and humanistic, offering a warm, compassionate, and safe space where your story is honored without judgment. As an LGBTQIA+ ally, I affirm all identities and acknowledge the impact of systemic injustices, helping clients move toward healing, clarity, and deeper self-connection
I am a Certified EMDR Therapist with advanced training in Internal Family Systems (IFS), specializing in PTSD, trauma, mood disorders, anxiety and other challenges. My approach is relational and humanistic, offering a warm, compassionate, and safe space where your story is honored without judgment. As an LGBTQIA+ ally, I affirm all identities and acknowledge the impact of systemic injustices, helping clients move toward healing, clarity, and deeper self-connection
(413) 414-5589 View (413) 414-5589
Photo of Laura A Cos - Sage Serenity Counseling, Counselor, LMHC
Sage Serenity Counseling
Counselor, LMHC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Do you feel stressed, overwhelmed, or burnt out and feel lost with what to do about it? Perhaps you struggle with using substances or simply wish to have a healthier relationship with them. Have you considered the ways in which stress, anxiety, or other mental health symptoms have an impact? Managing all of this while functioning in your other roles (partner, family member, employee, student, etc.) can sometimes feel like too much. It sometimes is! Therapy can provide a space to offload and sift through what you are facing and walk away feeling relieved.
Do you feel stressed, overwhelmed, or burnt out and feel lost with what to do about it? Perhaps you struggle with using substances or simply wish to have a healthier relationship with them. Have you considered the ways in which stress, anxiety, or other mental health symptoms have an impact? Managing all of this while functioning in your other roles (partner, family member, employee, student, etc.) can sometimes feel like too much. It sometimes is! Therapy can provide a space to offload and sift through what you are facing and walk away feeling relieved.
(508) 422-5790 View (508) 422-5790

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Liz Larkin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Liz Larkin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Northampton, MA 01060
Being human ain't easy. Ever, much less now. Compassionate, engaged therapist available for teens (15+), emerging adults, and adults. I have ten years of experience providing therapy to teens and adults all ages. I’m solidly grounded in ACT and other mindfulness modalities (amongst others), come from a trauma-informed stance, am somatically oriented.
Being human ain't easy. Ever, much less now. Compassionate, engaged therapist available for teens (15+), emerging adults, and adults. I have ten years of experience providing therapy to teens and adults all ages. I’m solidly grounded in ACT and other mindfulness modalities (amongst others), come from a trauma-informed stance, am somatically oriented.
(413) 402-6749 View (413) 402-6749
Photo of Nicole Quarles, Pre-Licensed Professional, LMFT-A
Nicole Quarles
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMFT-A
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I work with people who are feeling stuck but ready to make changes in their life to improve their cirumstances. I help recovering people-pleasers identify and communicate their needs, set and maintain boundaries, and connect to their intuition. I am passionate about working with women who feel they have to prove themselves worthy, or those who feel they've been carrying the burden of other's wellness for too long. I love working with men who are new to the world of mental health, but are ready to start building emotional literacy. I am excited by working with queers who are on a journey of self discovery.
I work with people who are feeling stuck but ready to make changes in their life to improve their cirumstances. I help recovering people-pleasers identify and communicate their needs, set and maintain boundaries, and connect to their intuition. I am passionate about working with women who feel they have to prove themselves worthy, or those who feel they've been carrying the burden of other's wellness for too long. I love working with men who are new to the world of mental health, but are ready to start building emotional literacy. I am excited by working with queers who are on a journey of self discovery.
(413) 741-2343 View (413) 741-2343
Photo of Sev Kolysko, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LICSW
Sev Kolysko
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSW, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Hadley, MA 01035
We all encounter times in life when we feel stuck and overwhelmed, sometimes unsure of why we feel that way and often unable to move forward. Psychotherapy can help us to achieve a sense of well-being and make changes in our lives. My hope is to create a safe and supportive therapeutic environment, which will allow you to achieve personal growth. I utilize a combination of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies with components of mindfulness and solution-focused approaches. I also offer neurofeedback, which can help people make changes in various areas of functioning more quickly. I work with adults and adolescents 16+.
We all encounter times in life when we feel stuck and overwhelmed, sometimes unsure of why we feel that way and often unable to move forward. Psychotherapy can help us to achieve a sense of well-being and make changes in our lives. My hope is to create a safe and supportive therapeutic environment, which will allow you to achieve personal growth. I utilize a combination of psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies with components of mindfulness and solution-focused approaches. I also offer neurofeedback, which can help people make changes in various areas of functioning more quickly. I work with adults and adolescents 16+.
(413) 362-7658 View (413) 362-7658
Photo of Auriane Vacher, Pre-Licensed Professional, R-DMT, MA
Auriane Vacher
Pre-Licensed Professional, R-DMT, MA
1 Endorsed
Northampton, MA 01060
Do you struggle with low self-esteem, self-doubt, or feeling disconnected from who you are? Many people come to therapy knowing what they want, but not trusting themselves to take the next step. You may be carrying the weight of childhood wounds, past relationship trauma, or years of doing what you thought you “should” do. As a therapist specializing in self-esteem, identity, attachment issues, and trauma, I help you reconnect with your confidence, your emotions, and your sense of self.
Do you struggle with low self-esteem, self-doubt, or feeling disconnected from who you are? Many people come to therapy knowing what they want, but not trusting themselves to take the next step. You may be carrying the weight of childhood wounds, past relationship trauma, or years of doing what you thought you “should” do. As a therapist specializing in self-esteem, identity, attachment issues, and trauma, I help you reconnect with your confidence, your emotions, and your sense of self.
(413) 268-6195 View (413) 268-6195
Photo of Erin Tottenham, Counselor, LMHC
Erin Tottenham
Counselor, LMHC
Northampton, MA 01060
Hi there, special human! I would be honored to support you on your journey. What I already know about you: You are deserving of less burden. In therapy, people are able to develop insights and action plans that transform their capacity to manage the turbulence of this life. Together, let's work on your relationship with yourself and the challenges you are facing. Let’s manage your inner critic, sadness/loss, and unhelpful habits. And, equally, let’s identify your strengths and resiliencies that might have gotten lost in the shuffle. I work within a relational, collaborative framework informed by CBT, DBT, & am strength based.
Hi there, special human! I would be honored to support you on your journey. What I already know about you: You are deserving of less burden. In therapy, people are able to develop insights and action plans that transform their capacity to manage the turbulence of this life. Together, let's work on your relationship with yourself and the challenges you are facing. Let’s manage your inner critic, sadness/loss, and unhelpful habits. And, equally, let’s identify your strengths and resiliencies that might have gotten lost in the shuffle. I work within a relational, collaborative framework informed by CBT, DBT, & am strength based.
(413) 347-4910 View (413) 347-4910
Photo of Aidza Y Mckenzie, Psychologist, PhD
Aidza Y Mckenzie
Psychologist, PhD
Hadley, MA 01035
Are you experiencing overwhelming stress, depression, trauma, anxiety, fears, or panic attacks? Are you struggling with sense-of-self or self-worth? Are you looking to regain control of your life? Or are you just in need of having a provider that will listen to you in a mindful and non-judgmental way? If you are, call me to discuss effective ways to guide you in the process of overcoming these and other life challenges. I am a caring, gentle, compassionate, and sensitive to cultural, racial, and religious diversity psychologist. I am fluent in English and Spanish.
Are you experiencing overwhelming stress, depression, trauma, anxiety, fears, or panic attacks? Are you struggling with sense-of-self or self-worth? Are you looking to regain control of your life? Or are you just in need of having a provider that will listen to you in a mindful and non-judgmental way? If you are, call me to discuss effective ways to guide you in the process of overcoming these and other life challenges. I am a caring, gentle, compassionate, and sensitive to cultural, racial, and religious diversity psychologist. I am fluent in English and Spanish.
(413) 269-8645 x4 View (413) 269-8645 x4
Hannah Enright
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Florence, MA 01062
Thank you for your interest - my practice is currently full. You are not alone if your child is struggling or your family is experiencing anxiety, stress and conflict. Many parents in today’s uncertain times feel overwhelmed, exhausted and unsure of how to help their child thrive. When our kids are having a tough time, our most important work is often on ourselves. Seeking support means you are prioritizing your family’s health and mental well-being. Together, we’ll explore how to achieve greater emotional balance, strengthen connections and increase joy, all of which will improve the emotional climate within your home.
Thank you for your interest - my practice is currently full. You are not alone if your child is struggling or your family is experiencing anxiety, stress and conflict. Many parents in today’s uncertain times feel overwhelmed, exhausted and unsure of how to help their child thrive. When our kids are having a tough time, our most important work is often on ourselves. Seeking support means you are prioritizing your family’s health and mental well-being. Together, we’ll explore how to achieve greater emotional balance, strengthen connections and increase joy, all of which will improve the emotional climate within your home.
(413) 339-3539 View (413) 339-3539
Photo of Dennis J Meehan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Dennis J Meehan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Easthampton, MA 01027
You might be looking for help because you are experiencing stress, sadness, shame, self-doubt, trauma or something else that you want to work through. Maybe you are in the midst of a challenging life transition. Perhaps you are feeling stuck in unhealthy patterns. Whatever you are experiencing, I provide a calm, therapeutic space for us to work together to address pain from the past and to work through present challenges. I believe you are the expert in your own life. If you'd like to feel better about yourself and your circumstances, I can help you get there.
You might be looking for help because you are experiencing stress, sadness, shame, self-doubt, trauma or something else that you want to work through. Maybe you are in the midst of a challenging life transition. Perhaps you are feeling stuck in unhealthy patterns. Whatever you are experiencing, I provide a calm, therapeutic space for us to work together to address pain from the past and to work through present challenges. I believe you are the expert in your own life. If you'd like to feel better about yourself and your circumstances, I can help you get there.
(413) 771-4445 View (413) 771-4445
Photo of Dr. Laura Maynard, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Laura Maynard
Psychologist, PsyD
Northampton, MA 01060
In today’s world, many adults feel overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck—often juggling demanding roles while navigating stress, anxiety, perfectionism, sadness, and self-doubt. I enjoy working with parents, college students, young professionals, and high-achievers who appear to have it all together but may feel isolated, exhausted, or burned out behind the scenes. My clients often seek support navigating major life transitions, such as identity development, role changes, and the challenges of parenthood.
In today’s world, many adults feel overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck—often juggling demanding roles while navigating stress, anxiety, perfectionism, sadness, and self-doubt. I enjoy working with parents, college students, young professionals, and high-achievers who appear to have it all together but may feel isolated, exhausted, or burned out behind the scenes. My clients often seek support navigating major life transitions, such as identity development, role changes, and the challenges of parenthood.
(857) 763-5710 View (857) 763-5710
Photo of Lattoy McDowell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MA, BA, AA
Lattoy McDowell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW, MA, BA, AA
Springfield, MA 01151
I believe therapy is a space where you can feel truly understood, supported, and empowered to grow. My approach is grounded in empathy, curiosity, and respect for your unique story. Whether you’re facing anxiety, stress, grief, or major life changes, I offer a safe and welcoming environment to explore your experiences without judgment. Together, we’ll uncover your strengths, develop practical tools, and create meaningful steps toward greater clarity, resilience, and emotional well-being.
I believe therapy is a space where you can feel truly understood, supported, and empowered to grow. My approach is grounded in empathy, curiosity, and respect for your unique story. Whether you’re facing anxiety, stress, grief, or major life changes, I offer a safe and welcoming environment to explore your experiences without judgment. Together, we’ll uncover your strengths, develop practical tools, and create meaningful steps toward greater clarity, resilience, and emotional well-being.
(413) 419-0500 View (413) 419-0500
Photo of Susan F Balaban, Psychologist, PhD
Susan F Balaban
Psychologist, PhD
Northampton, MA 01060
I specialize in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex trauma, anxiety disorders, and depression. My work is also dedicated to helping people through stressful circumstances and changing self-defeating habits; also helping people to handle difficult transitions- divorce, trauma, career and financial stress. You may be stuck, but you are not broken. I whole-heartedly believe that we all have the capacity to liberate ourselves from unhealthy patterns, to heal, and to grow. I am deeply honored to help people on this journey. Email is preferred contact method for first time clients.
I specialize in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex trauma, anxiety disorders, and depression. My work is also dedicated to helping people through stressful circumstances and changing self-defeating habits; also helping people to handle difficult transitions- divorce, trauma, career and financial stress. You may be stuck, but you are not broken. I whole-heartedly believe that we all have the capacity to liberate ourselves from unhealthy patterns, to heal, and to grow. I am deeply honored to help people on this journey. Email is preferred contact method for first time clients.
(413) 566-7414 View (413) 566-7414
Photo of Randy Holmberg - Transcending Therapy LLC, Counselor, LMHC
Transcending Therapy LLC
Counselor, LMHC
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
2025 should be the year you prioritize you! Our practice is designed to empower adolescents and adults to take charge of their life and work towards future success. Therapy can seem scary or daunting, but we're here to take on some of that burden and help you on your personal path of growth and transcendence. We are Queer and Kink Affirming, and help navigate supporting your authentic self. We offer both in person and remote services to help meet your needs on your schedule.
2025 should be the year you prioritize you! Our practice is designed to empower adolescents and adults to take charge of their life and work towards future success. Therapy can seem scary or daunting, but we're here to take on some of that burden and help you on your personal path of growth and transcendence. We are Queer and Kink Affirming, and help navigate supporting your authentic self. We offer both in person and remote services to help meet your needs on your schedule.
(978) 213-1288 View (978) 213-1288
Photo of Teddy Lee Wilder, MDiv
Teddy Lee Wilder
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Shutesbury, MA 01072
I am a clinically-trained counselor and Buddhist chaplain, a farmer and a nature-based educator. I support those cultivating a spiritual path, and those moving through and being with grief, depression, anxiety. I support those seeking to become more alive through practices of daily renewal. Spiritual care is a holistic healing art, one that is attentive to both your emotional experience and your spiritual path, tending the landscapes of the heart and mind. Working together, I trust I can support you to locate or deepen a spiritual practice that can support your ability to access a baseline feeling of belonging to a greater whole.
I am a clinically-trained counselor and Buddhist chaplain, a farmer and a nature-based educator. I support those cultivating a spiritual path, and those moving through and being with grief, depression, anxiety. I support those seeking to become more alive through practices of daily renewal. Spiritual care is a holistic healing art, one that is attentive to both your emotional experience and your spiritual path, tending the landscapes of the heart and mind. Working together, I trust I can support you to locate or deepen a spiritual practice that can support your ability to access a baseline feeling of belonging to a greater whole.
(413) 259-0465 View (413) 259-0465
Photo of John Harrington, Counselor, LMHC
John Harrington
Counselor, LMHC
Amherst, MA 01002
Jack has over 25 years of experience in the Mental Health field. He has provided clinical services to children, adults, families and couples in at various outpatient settings. Jack has also worked in school and vocational programs where he implemented treatment-based groups as well as individual therapy.
Jack has over 25 years of experience in the Mental Health field. He has provided clinical services to children, adults, families and couples in at various outpatient settings. Jack has also worked in school and vocational programs where he implemented treatment-based groups as well as individual therapy.
(508) 812-7119 View (508) 812-7119

See more therapy options for 01351

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 01351

< 10

Therapists in 01351 who prioritize treating:

100% Stress
83% Relationship Issues
83% Depression
83% Anxiety
83% Trauma and PTSD
83% Self Esteem
67% Peer Relationships

Average years in practice

27 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% BlueCross and BlueShield
75% Aetna
75% Harvard Pilgrim

How Therapists in 01351 see their clients

67% Online Only
33% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

67% Female
33% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 01351?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.