Therapists in Orem, UT

Photo of Melissa Barton, Marriage & Family Therapist in Orem, UT
Melissa Barton
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84057
Waitlist for new clients
I am passionate about connecting with my clients and creating a space for healing and understanding. Working with couples and Individuals has been a beautiful and incredible. I desire to assist you through anxiety, depression, trauma, sexual blocks and explore sexual narratives that have been created over your lifetime. We often get caught up in negative relationship cycles and negative sexual cycles, making you feel stuck and somewhat crazy. It is my honor and privilege to assist in relieving the pain you are experiencing and create HOPE/CHANGE in your life.
I am passionate about connecting with my clients and creating a space for healing and understanding. Working with couples and Individuals has been a beautiful and incredible. I desire to assist you through anxiety, depression, trauma, sexual blocks and explore sexual narratives that have been created over your lifetime. We often get caught up in negative relationship cycles and negative sexual cycles, making you feel stuck and somewhat crazy. It is my honor and privilege to assist in relieving the pain you are experiencing and create HOPE/CHANGE in your life.
(385) 474-8237 View (385) 474-8237
Photo of Heidi H Cheney, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Heidi H Cheney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CSAT-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84057
Not accepting new clients
Are you a victim of sexual, physical or emotional abuse? Do you feel worried or anxious all the time? Are you overwhelmed? Do you feel angry/resentment or have significant mood swings? Do you struggle to attend to everyday tasks, loss of interest or trouble concentrating? Feeling fatigue or having problems sleeping? Have you recently had a baby and dealing with postpartum depression? Do you feel immense guilt or shame? Are you struggling with an addiction or have a loved one who has an addiction? Is your significant other addicted to pornography or sex?
Are you a victim of sexual, physical or emotional abuse? Do you feel worried or anxious all the time? Are you overwhelmed? Do you feel angry/resentment or have significant mood swings? Do you struggle to attend to everyday tasks, loss of interest or trouble concentrating? Feeling fatigue or having problems sleeping? Have you recently had a baby and dealing with postpartum depression? Do you feel immense guilt or shame? Are you struggling with an addiction or have a loved one who has an addiction? Is your significant other addicted to pornography or sex?
(801) 609-3251 View (801) 609-3251
Photo of Whitney Hutchings, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Whitney Hutchings
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84057  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Sometimes parts of our life can feel overwhelming and debilitating. It can be difficult to know who to turn to and what to do. I recognize how important it is to have someone to provide tools and techniques to reach a point of healing. My approach to therapeutic treatment is to work collaboratively with my clients. I have worked with adults, couples, college students, and teens with a range of experiences including depression, anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, marital or relationship issues, family relational concerns, grief support, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts. No matter what you may be battling, there is hope for healing.
Sometimes parts of our life can feel overwhelming and debilitating. It can be difficult to know who to turn to and what to do. I recognize how important it is to have someone to provide tools and techniques to reach a point of healing. My approach to therapeutic treatment is to work collaboratively with my clients. I have worked with adults, couples, college students, and teens with a range of experiences including depression, anxiety, mood disorders, trauma, marital or relationship issues, family relational concerns, grief support, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts. No matter what you may be battling, there is hope for healing.
(385) 316-7820 View (385) 316-7820
Photo of Cove Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Cove Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84058
We all need support. We are ready to connect with you about the following issues and more: Depression, Anxiety, General Stress Family issues, Anger, Pornography, Sexual issues, Religious worries, Parenting challenges, School struggles, Relationship problems. We see you. We are comfortable working with all kinds of people: Adults Adolescents Children LGBTQIA+
We all need support. We are ready to connect with you about the following issues and more: Depression, Anxiety, General Stress Family issues, Anger, Pornography, Sexual issues, Religious worries, Parenting challenges, School struggles, Relationship problems. We see you. We are comfortable working with all kinds of people: Adults Adolescents Children LGBTQIA+
(385) 308-4789 View (385) 308-4789
Photo of Chris Lewis, Pre-Licensed Professional in Orem, UT
Chris Lewis
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84057
We as people tend to become comfortable with behaviors that make us uncomfortable. As strange as it might sound, we are drawn to the easy and familiar instead of things that might be good for us. This is where anxiety, depression, trauma and addiction thrive. If you're reading this, you have already taken the first step toward becoming a better, more confident, and more satisfied version of yourself. If you are ready and committed to improving yourself, I am here to help you through your journey.
We as people tend to become comfortable with behaviors that make us uncomfortable. As strange as it might sound, we are drawn to the easy and familiar instead of things that might be good for us. This is where anxiety, depression, trauma and addiction thrive. If you're reading this, you have already taken the first step toward becoming a better, more confident, and more satisfied version of yourself. If you are ready and committed to improving yourself, I am here to help you through your journey.
(385) 255-7328 View (385) 255-7328
Photo of Arthur Kleinfelder, Counselor in Orem, UT
Arthur Kleinfelder
Counselor, CMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84057
Do you feel stuck? Do you feel anxiety or depression keeps getting in your way to a normal life? I have worked with all walks of life. From working in the prison system to adolescents in residential treatment. I help people see who they really are and help them get what they want out of life. I can help find your motivation to achieve better relationships and a better career.
Do you feel stuck? Do you feel anxiety or depression keeps getting in your way to a normal life? I have worked with all walks of life. From working in the prison system to adolescents in residential treatment. I help people see who they really are and help them get what they want out of life. I can help find your motivation to achieve better relationships and a better career.
(385) 786-6708 View (385) 786-6708
Photo of Tekulvē Jackson-Vann, Marriage & Family Therapist in Orem, UT
Tekulvē Jackson-Vann
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84057  (Online Only)
Hello! I'm Tekulve (pronounced Tee-COLE-Vee) Jackson-Vann. With a physical office in Orem, Utah and my home office, I am able to maintain a flexible schedule for seeing clients while also being able to be present for some of special moments with my two teenagers at home. I recently welcomed my first grandchild and decided I should be called "Papa" because I'm way to cool to be called "Grandpa." When I'm not doing therapy, you will likely find me in the kitchen baking, bargain shopping, or sneaking a pack of Oreos while watching Law & Order.
Hello! I'm Tekulve (pronounced Tee-COLE-Vee) Jackson-Vann. With a physical office in Orem, Utah and my home office, I am able to maintain a flexible schedule for seeing clients while also being able to be present for some of special moments with my two teenagers at home. I recently welcomed my first grandchild and decided I should be called "Papa" because I'm way to cool to be called "Grandpa." When I'm not doing therapy, you will likely find me in the kitchen baking, bargain shopping, or sneaking a pack of Oreos while watching Law & Order.
(385) 304-3187 View (385) 304-3187
Photo of Clear Horizons Clinical Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Clear Horizons Clinical Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84057
We work with families and individuals who are in transition due to a variety of situations, and work to help them get back to their best functioning state. We are very client oriented and feel that our clients know what what they need. We are just there to facilitate the changes they want to make as they grow and learn from the difficulties that come their way. We have several therapist that are available to meet your needs, Check out their biographies on our website at clearhorizons.org. We have 3 locations including Springville, Orem and Providence.
We work with families and individuals who are in transition due to a variety of situations, and work to help them get back to their best functioning state. We are very client oriented and feel that our clients know what what they need. We are just there to facilitate the changes they want to make as they grow and learn from the difficulties that come their way. We have several therapist that are available to meet your needs, Check out their biographies on our website at clearhorizons.org. We have 3 locations including Springville, Orem and Providence.
(801) 436-7950 View (801) 436-7950
Photo of Scott W Seaman, Psychologist in Orem, UT
Scott W Seaman
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84058
For 20 years I have provided compassionate, expert care to individuals of all ages, couples and families as an integrative cognitive behavioral therapist (CBT). My goal as your therapist is to help you improve what is already working, gain tools for what isn't and reduce pain and suffering immediately. You will consistently leave my office with tools you can implement in your daily life and relationships. I see therapy as an opportunity to slow down the frantic pace of life and explore ways to cope, regain control of life's challenges and rebuild or enrich relationships.
For 20 years I have provided compassionate, expert care to individuals of all ages, couples and families as an integrative cognitive behavioral therapist (CBT). My goal as your therapist is to help you improve what is already working, gain tools for what isn't and reduce pain and suffering immediately. You will consistently leave my office with tools you can implement in your daily life and relationships. I see therapy as an opportunity to slow down the frantic pace of life and explore ways to cope, regain control of life's challenges and rebuild or enrich relationships.
(801) 701-3387 View (801) 701-3387
Photo of Bogie Bowles, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Bogie Bowles
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84097
I work well with people who are motivated to challenge their inner dialogue in an effort to grow and change their present reality. Depression, Anxiety, and Grief limit our perspectives. Achieving balance internally with thoughts and emotions can lead to a healthier sense of self, more fulfilling relationships, and a broader vision of what a positive future can hold. Attachment struggles hinder our ability to connect with others in a way that doesn't sacrifice our own identity. Boundaries, knowledge of emotional needs, and effective communication are the goals to adaptive attachment. We can address any of these areas in sessions.
I work well with people who are motivated to challenge their inner dialogue in an effort to grow and change their present reality. Depression, Anxiety, and Grief limit our perspectives. Achieving balance internally with thoughts and emotions can lead to a healthier sense of self, more fulfilling relationships, and a broader vision of what a positive future can hold. Attachment struggles hinder our ability to connect with others in a way that doesn't sacrifice our own identity. Boundaries, knowledge of emotional needs, and effective communication are the goals to adaptive attachment. We can address any of these areas in sessions.
(385) 238-1580 View (385) 238-1580
Photo of Bear Creek Recovery, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Bear Creek Recovery
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84097
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a Doctorate of Organizational Leadership in Healthcare Administration, I specialize in treating adult men facing trauma and substance use. I have 21 years of experience working within the field of mental health and addiction, including working in acute inpatient settings and outpatient. I work with clients suffering from depression, addictions, anxiety, trauma, family conflict, grief and loss, coping skills, stress, anger, and more. I am trained in Crisis Management, addiction recovery, trauma interventions and family systems to help achieve success for each individual’s varying needs.
As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a Doctorate of Organizational Leadership in Healthcare Administration, I specialize in treating adult men facing trauma and substance use. I have 21 years of experience working within the field of mental health and addiction, including working in acute inpatient settings and outpatient. I work with clients suffering from depression, addictions, anxiety, trauma, family conflict, grief and loss, coping skills, stress, anger, and more. I am trained in Crisis Management, addiction recovery, trauma interventions and family systems to help achieve success for each individual’s varying needs.
(385) 334-4271 View (385) 334-4271
Photo of John Burr, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
John Burr
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84058
I believe in “YOU”. I know you have within yourself all the necessary resources to achieve the happiness you deserve. You are the expert on you. No one else knows you better than you know yourself. As a human being you have the remarkable ability to heal and to grow. Through listening and encouraging, we will explore together what is critical for you and how you can become the person you want to be today. As you increase your self-worth, you will be able to experience yourself in ways you never thought possible.
I believe in “YOU”. I know you have within yourself all the necessary resources to achieve the happiness you deserve. You are the expert on you. No one else knows you better than you know yourself. As a human being you have the remarkable ability to heal and to grow. Through listening and encouraging, we will explore together what is critical for you and how you can become the person you want to be today. As you increase your self-worth, you will be able to experience yourself in ways you never thought possible.
(801) 614-7287 View (801) 614-7287
Photo of Rachel Brown, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in Orem, UT
Rachel Brown
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, LAMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84097
I believe a huge factor for a healthy and meaningful life is connection: with others, with yourself, and with the values that matter most to you. I strive to create a supportive, compassionate atmosphere where you can foster and develop these connections. I particularly enjoy working with women’s issues, faith transitions, LGBTQIA+ wellness, body image issues, and depression and anxiety. I believe that "healing isn't about getting rid of the 'bad parts,' it's about learning to love and accept all of our parts" (Richard Schwartz).
I believe a huge factor for a healthy and meaningful life is connection: with others, with yourself, and with the values that matter most to you. I strive to create a supportive, compassionate atmosphere where you can foster and develop these connections. I particularly enjoy working with women’s issues, faith transitions, LGBTQIA+ wellness, body image issues, and depression and anxiety. I believe that "healing isn't about getting rid of the 'bad parts,' it's about learning to love and accept all of our parts" (Richard Schwartz).
View
Photo of Rich Reynolds, Marriage & Family Therapist in Orem, UT
Rich Reynolds
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84097
I bring hope, humor, and compassion into therapy with both individuals and couples. I believe deeply in our inherent strength and resilience as human beings. The thing I love most about being a therapist is having a front-row seat to witness people’s goodness, strength, and resilience in the face of adversity and challenges. I have experience treating trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship problems, faith transitions, and addiction. I believe that people are fundamentally good and worthy and that virtually all of our “dysfunctions” are a result of our adaptation to adverse/traumatic experiences.
I bring hope, humor, and compassion into therapy with both individuals and couples. I believe deeply in our inherent strength and resilience as human beings. The thing I love most about being a therapist is having a front-row seat to witness people’s goodness, strength, and resilience in the face of adversity and challenges. I have experience treating trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship problems, faith transitions, and addiction. I believe that people are fundamentally good and worthy and that virtually all of our “dysfunctions” are a result of our adaptation to adverse/traumatic experiences.
(385) 832-6819 View (385) 832-6819
Photo of Progressive Paths Therapy in Orem, UT
Progressive Paths Therapy
PhD, LMFT, MA/MS, LCSW, CMHC
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84097
SLC (124 S 400 E) and Orem (near Univ Mall) locations. We are a group of therapists with many backgrounds and many specialties. No matter what your struggles, it is important to know you are not alone in this journey and we want to help you. No two persons are the same, and we will work together to understand the challenges and struggles you are facing and compassionately work with you toward long-lasting insight, strategies, liberation, change, and real progress toward an authentic and meaningful life and warm trusting relationships. If you're ready to work towards the life you've always wanted contact us today!
SLC (124 S 400 E) and Orem (near Univ Mall) locations. We are a group of therapists with many backgrounds and many specialties. No matter what your struggles, it is important to know you are not alone in this journey and we want to help you. No two persons are the same, and we will work together to understand the challenges and struggles you are facing and compassionately work with you toward long-lasting insight, strategies, liberation, change, and real progress toward an authentic and meaningful life and warm trusting relationships. If you're ready to work towards the life you've always wanted contact us today!
(385) 324-7294 View (385) 324-7294
Photo of Kelli Warmouth, Licensed Professional Counselor in Orem, UT
Kelli Warmouth
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, CMHC
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84097  (Online Only)
My work is tailored to meeting you where you're at, and offering flexible services that don't interfere with your life. If you are a working professional trying to achieve better work-life balance, I provide the skills and tools needed to combat burnout and develop lasting self-care habits. I specialize in life transitions, grief, substance use, burnout prevention, work-life balance, sports performance, and trauma. It is your hour, and one that I strive to feel authentic, affirming, and non-judgmental.
My work is tailored to meeting you where you're at, and offering flexible services that don't interfere with your life. If you are a working professional trying to achieve better work-life balance, I provide the skills and tools needed to combat burnout and develop lasting self-care habits. I specialize in life transitions, grief, substance use, burnout prevention, work-life balance, sports performance, and trauma. It is your hour, and one that I strive to feel authentic, affirming, and non-judgmental.
(801) 890-3440 View (801) 890-3440
Connections Counseling Services
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84097
I am a relationship expert. I have decades of experience in dealing with difficult and abusive relationships, including very tough relationships which have taxed me to the core, both in my childhood and adulthood. I have learned the hard way in what is both unhealthy and healthy by way of personal and family relationships. These experiences occurred to me so that I can better serve and understand these issues and assist you with your own life struggles.
I am a relationship expert. I have decades of experience in dealing with difficult and abusive relationships, including very tough relationships which have taxed me to the core, both in my childhood and adulthood. I have learned the hard way in what is both unhealthy and healthy by way of personal and family relationships. These experiences occurred to me so that I can better serve and understand these issues and assist you with your own life struggles.
(801) 516-3616 View (801) 516-3616
Photo of Jenni Gurr, Marriage & Family Therapist in Orem, UT
Jenni Gurr
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84097
I have a passion for supporting people in building healthy, lasting relationships. "Problems" don't just impact one part of our lives, but leak into every aspect of them and can make it difficult to thrive and feel happy. I work hard to provide a safe space for my clients, whether you're suffering from challenging trauma responses, pulling your hair out trying to care for your children, struggling in your relationships, or just need a safe place to be able to express yourself.
I have a passion for supporting people in building healthy, lasting relationships. "Problems" don't just impact one part of our lives, but leak into every aspect of them and can make it difficult to thrive and feel happy. I work hard to provide a safe space for my clients, whether you're suffering from challenging trauma responses, pulling your hair out trying to care for your children, struggling in your relationships, or just need a safe place to be able to express yourself.
(385) 247-9040 View (385) 247-9040
Photo of Bowman Blake in Orem, UT
Bowman Blake
FNP
Verified Verified
Orem, UT 84058
The ideal client would be anyone who is struggling with a mental health disorder and is in need of professional help. They are needing help getting the correct medication provided to them and their goal is to improve daily life with the help of treatment and medication. They want medication management to relieve their symptoms.
The ideal client would be anyone who is struggling with a mental health disorder and is in need of professional help. They are needing help getting the correct medication provided to them and their goal is to improve daily life with the help of treatment and medication. They want medication management to relieve their symptoms.
(385) 485-5642 View (385) 485-5642
Photo of Deseret Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Orem, UT
Deseret Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Orem, UT 84058
Having struggles can be difficult, getting therapy shouldn't be. Depression, anxiety, interpersonal conflict and stress are common, but can be managed. I do not believe in a "one size fits all" approach, but respond to my clients' unique needs and preferences. I am not here to just talk but to help you learn how to cope during that moment and all the other moments for the rest of your life. Deseret Counseling is an outpatient therapy for adults, teenagers, children and families. We were also voted #1 Counseling in Utah County 10 years in a row
Having struggles can be difficult, getting therapy shouldn't be. Depression, anxiety, interpersonal conflict and stress are common, but can be managed. I do not believe in a "one size fits all" approach, but respond to my clients' unique needs and preferences. I am not here to just talk but to help you learn how to cope during that moment and all the other moments for the rest of your life. Deseret Counseling is an outpatient therapy for adults, teenagers, children and families. We were also voted #1 Counseling in Utah County 10 years in a row
(801) 752-0862 View (801) 752-0862

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Orem, UT

400+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in Orem, UT who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
89% Depression
77% Trauma and PTSD
74% Relationship Issues
74% Self Esteem
64% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% EMI Health
79% SelectHealth
68% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Orem, UT see their clients

88% In Person and Online
12% Online Only

Gender breakdown

65% Female
35% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Orem?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.