Therapists in Castle Rock, CO

Photo of Adrienne Doubrava, Psychologist in Castle Rock, CO
Adrienne Doubrava
Psychologist, PsyD , LPC
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80104
I believe that every individual deserves access to receive quality and comprehensive assessments that are provided in a caring and compassionate way. I am passionate about working with individuals who are in need of diagnostic identification or clarification. An accurate diagnosis leads to appropriate recommendations, which results in better overall outcomes.
I believe that every individual deserves access to receive quality and comprehensive assessments that are provided in a caring and compassionate way. I am passionate about working with individuals who are in need of diagnostic identification or clarification. An accurate diagnosis leads to appropriate recommendations, which results in better overall outcomes.
(720) 928-9351 View (720) 928-9351
Photo of Megan Reardon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Castle Rock, CO
Megan Reardon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Castle Rock, CO 80104
My mission is to guide children, parents and families towards an increase in strength and resiliency. Teaghlach (pronounced /chye-lukh/) means family in Irish Gaelic. Family is a subjective term, meaning there is no “normal” when it comes to identifying what a family means to you. Strength and resiliency comes from families of all shapes and sizes. Whether you are looking for support for your child dealing with anxiety, behavior or self-esteem, or for yourself, individually or along with your partner, to grow in your relationships and skills, I hope that you find Teaghlach Counseling to be the support your family is looking for.
My mission is to guide children, parents and families towards an increase in strength and resiliency. Teaghlach (pronounced /chye-lukh/) means family in Irish Gaelic. Family is a subjective term, meaning there is no “normal” when it comes to identifying what a family means to you. Strength and resiliency comes from families of all shapes and sizes. Whether you are looking for support for your child dealing with anxiety, behavior or self-esteem, or for yourself, individually or along with your partner, to grow in your relationships and skills, I hope that you find Teaghlach Counseling to be the support your family is looking for.
(720) 637-4397 View (720) 637-4397
Photo of Gina Hochhalter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Castle Rock, CO
Gina Hochhalter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80104  (Online Only)
I specialize in working with adults who are struggling with relationships, challenging family dynamics, anxiety, depression, and self-confidence issues. I also work with clients who would like to improve their social skills, and emotional IQ, including those who with high-functioning autism (or what was previously called Asperger's). I am currently accepting new telehealth clients through the Headway platform.
I specialize in working with adults who are struggling with relationships, challenging family dynamics, anxiety, depression, and self-confidence issues. I also work with clients who would like to improve their social skills, and emotional IQ, including those who with high-functioning autism (or what was previously called Asperger's). I am currently accepting new telehealth clients through the Headway platform.
(720) 782-6793 View (720) 782-6793
Photo of Cassidy N Brown, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern in Castle Rock, CO
Cassidy N Brown
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80104
Cassidy is our clinical intern at Voyages Counseling. She received her undergraduate degree from Oklahoma State University in human development and family science with a focus on psychology. She is currently completing her master’s degree from National University where her studies are allowing her to specialize in marriage and family therapy. She is passionate about growing her knowledge and experience in the mental health field and furthering her ability to support couples, children, and adolescents through the many life transitions that are sure to be endured.
Cassidy is our clinical intern at Voyages Counseling. She received her undergraduate degree from Oklahoma State University in human development and family science with a focus on psychology. She is currently completing her master’s degree from National University where her studies are allowing her to specialize in marriage and family therapy. She is passionate about growing her knowledge and experience in the mental health field and furthering her ability to support couples, children, and adolescents through the many life transitions that are sure to be endured.
(720) 743-6580 View (720) 743-6580
Photo of Julie Beam, Licensed Professional Counselor in Castle Rock, CO
Julie Beam
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, CAS
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80104
I have worked as an addiction counselor and mental health counselor for over 33 years. I work with adolescents and adults who are struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, parenting struggles, codependency, behavioral problems, grief and loss, PTSD. My goal is to find out what works best for you, to explore solutions and to provide tools and strategies to make lasting changes. I provide education, explore feelings and provide alternatives to the destructive patterns that sometimes develop in our lives.
I have worked as an addiction counselor and mental health counselor for over 33 years. I work with adolescents and adults who are struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, parenting struggles, codependency, behavioral problems, grief and loss, PTSD. My goal is to find out what works best for you, to explore solutions and to provide tools and strategies to make lasting changes. I provide education, explore feelings and provide alternatives to the destructive patterns that sometimes develop in our lives.
(303) 801-8477 View (303) 801-8477
Photo of Dallas J Chismar, Licensed Professional Counselor in Castle Rock, CO
Dallas J Chismar
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80104
Waitlist for new clients
My goal as a clinician is to help guide my clients on their own healing journeys toward self-exploration and acceptance. My practice is open to adults, adolescents, and couples. I have experience working with victims and perpetrators of domestic violence, self-esteem, addiction, personality disorders, trauma disorders, depression, and anxiety.
My goal as a clinician is to help guide my clients on their own healing journeys toward self-exploration and acceptance. My practice is open to adults, adolescents, and couples. I have experience working with victims and perpetrators of domestic violence, self-esteem, addiction, personality disorders, trauma disorders, depression, and anxiety.
(720) 927-9063 View (720) 927-9063
Photo of Joan Q Palan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Castle Rock, CO
Joan Q Palan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LMFT, CACIII
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Castle Rock, CO 80104  (Online Only)
I believe that every individual, couple and family has its own unique strengths that are sometimes hard to remember when feeling overwhelmed and alone. I understand what a big step it can be to decide on a therapist, therefore, I offer an initial 30 minute session at no charge as an opportunity for us to decide if we are a good fit or to provide you with additional resources to access. I enjoy working with families, couples and adolescents and use a strengths-based approach in my practice. I'm really looking forward to working within the Conifer community
I believe that every individual, couple and family has its own unique strengths that are sometimes hard to remember when feeling overwhelmed and alone. I understand what a big step it can be to decide on a therapist, therefore, I offer an initial 30 minute session at no charge as an opportunity for us to decide if we are a good fit or to provide you with additional resources to access. I enjoy working with families, couples and adolescents and use a strengths-based approach in my practice. I'm really looking forward to working within the Conifer community
(720) 288-0927 View (720) 288-0927
Photo of Heidi Jahr, Marriage & Family Therapist in Castle Rock, CO
Heidi Jahr
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80104
Hello, I'm Heidi: I'm a dually Licensed Marriage, Family Therapist in Colorado and California. After 25 years serving in the medical profession as a nurse, I've become attuned to people's physical, emotional and spiritual health. Today, I provide online therapy, specializing in healing from trauma, anxiety and depression. I've learned mental health is a balance between our biological, psychological, social and spiritual wellbeing.
Hello, I'm Heidi: I'm a dually Licensed Marriage, Family Therapist in Colorado and California. After 25 years serving in the medical profession as a nurse, I've become attuned to people's physical, emotional and spiritual health. Today, I provide online therapy, specializing in healing from trauma, anxiety and depression. I've learned mental health is a balance between our biological, psychological, social and spiritual wellbeing.
(720) 864-1090 View (720) 864-1090
Photo of Waterfalls Counseling Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in Castle Rock, CO
Waterfalls Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80109
Hello! My name is Kim and my passion is bringing peace and happiness to children who are experiencing a rough patch in their life. I help children discover healthy perceptions of themselves and strengthen their relationship skills so that they can view themselves as complete and whole.
Hello! My name is Kim and my passion is bringing peace and happiness to children who are experiencing a rough patch in their life. I help children discover healthy perceptions of themselves and strengthen their relationship skills so that they can view themselves as complete and whole.
(720) 463-2641 View (720) 463-2641
Photo of Kate Rodarte, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Castle Rock, CO
Kate Rodarte
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MA, LPCC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Castle Rock, CO 80104
Do you find yourself questioning whether your life will ever feel whole again? We all experience life with challenges that are unique and personal to us. These experiences shape each thought, behavior, and interaction we have and how we view the world around us. When you choose to begin your healing journey, you are choosing to put yourself first while working towards growth and change. Together, you and I will work to find relief from your symptoms and effective coping strategies so you can rediscover what whole feels like! I work to facilitate a warm and welcoming space for you to feel safe and at ease during therapy.
Do you find yourself questioning whether your life will ever feel whole again? We all experience life with challenges that are unique and personal to us. These experiences shape each thought, behavior, and interaction we have and how we view the world around us. When you choose to begin your healing journey, you are choosing to put yourself first while working towards growth and change. Together, you and I will work to find relief from your symptoms and effective coping strategies so you can rediscover what whole feels like! I work to facilitate a warm and welcoming space for you to feel safe and at ease during therapy.
(720) 637-5140 View (720) 637-5140
Photo of Amanda Coover, Marriage & Family Therapist in Castle Rock, CO
Amanda Coover
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80104  (Online Only)
As a therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I look forward to working with you to achieve your goals.
As a therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. If you're looking for extra support and guidance through a challenging situation or you're just ready to move in a new direction in your life, I look forward to working with you to achieve your goals.
(720) 594-2919 View (720) 594-2919
Photo of Angela Prast, Counselor in Castle Rock, CO
Angela Prast
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Castle Rock, CO 80104
Do you struggle with anxiety, parenting, or life transitions? Do you feel overwhelmed and exhausted? Is your ability to find balance and and enjoyment in your day to day life impacted? Are you looking for support as you navigate challenging parenting demands? Now more than ever people and parents and are feeling anxious, and uncertain about finding happiness while balancing the needs of their families and children. I am here to support you and help you find balance and peace.
Do you struggle with anxiety, parenting, or life transitions? Do you feel overwhelmed and exhausted? Is your ability to find balance and and enjoyment in your day to day life impacted? Are you looking for support as you navigate challenging parenting demands? Now more than ever people and parents and are feeling anxious, and uncertain about finding happiness while balancing the needs of their families and children. I am here to support you and help you find balance and peace.
(720) 712-2610 View (720) 712-2610
Photo of Jennifer Nynas, Marriage and Family Therapist Candidate in Castle Rock, CO
Jennifer Nynas
Marriage and Family Therapist Candidate, MFTC, NMT, CHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Castle Rock, CO 80104
Welcome! I am excited to journey with you into the amazing person you are! I love supporting my clients to become more self-aware and self-empowered. I believe that we all have the ability to thrive and resonate at a high frequency and my goal is always to facilitate the shift from surviving to thriving. I support clients to move build a strong connection to self, and towards inner calm, peace and relational interdependence that allows a sense of lightness and joy into their lives. I am also very passionate about wellness and emphasize holistic and nutritional elements of wellness into my therapy.
Welcome! I am excited to journey with you into the amazing person you are! I love supporting my clients to become more self-aware and self-empowered. I believe that we all have the ability to thrive and resonate at a high frequency and my goal is always to facilitate the shift from surviving to thriving. I support clients to move build a strong connection to self, and towards inner calm, peace and relational interdependence that allows a sense of lightness and joy into their lives. I am also very passionate about wellness and emphasize holistic and nutritional elements of wellness into my therapy.
(719) 428-4614 View (719) 428-4614
Photo of Stacey Hostetter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Castle Rock, CO
Stacey Hostetter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80104
You matter and I am glad you are here. Taking the first step of your wellness journey takes strength and courage and I am honored to assist you. At Light & Lotus Wellness, I believe in a personalized, holistic approach to mental wellness and healing that nurtures mind, body, and spirit.
You matter and I am glad you are here. Taking the first step of your wellness journey takes strength and courage and I am honored to assist you. At Light & Lotus Wellness, I believe in a personalized, holistic approach to mental wellness and healing that nurtures mind, body, and spirit.
(720) 734-6795 View (720) 734-6795
Photo of Pamela Wise, Counselor in Castle Rock, CO
Pamela Wise
Counselor, MS, LPC, CPC
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80108  (Online Only)
I have been in the counseling field for over 25 years. I have helped survivors of abuse and domestic violence, the LBGQT community, and adolescents. I primarily incorporate CBT but that is not the only theory I use. It depends on the needs of my clients. Recently I was trained in Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) for trauma. ICurrently I’m only doing tele sessions. My clients range from adolescence to adult. Most of my current clients are experiencing anxiety, depression, and trauma. My goal as a counselor is to help individuals reach their full potential to lead productive successful lives based on their needs and desires
I have been in the counseling field for over 25 years. I have helped survivors of abuse and domestic violence, the LBGQT community, and adolescents. I primarily incorporate CBT but that is not the only theory I use. It depends on the needs of my clients. Recently I was trained in Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) for trauma. ICurrently I’m only doing tele sessions. My clients range from adolescence to adult. Most of my current clients are experiencing anxiety, depression, and trauma. My goal as a counselor is to help individuals reach their full potential to lead productive successful lives based on their needs and desires
(720) 706-9761 View (720) 706-9761
Photo of Shauna Roubidoux, Licensed Professional Counselor in Castle Rock, CO
Shauna Roubidoux
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80109  (Online Only)
I have extensive experience working with diverse clients facing various mental health challenges. My passion for mental well-being stems from my own journey of resilience and growth, which inspired me to help others discover their inner strength. I will foster a collaborative therapeutic relationship that nurtures healing and growth. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, or seeking personal growth, I am ready to be your guide. Begin your journey to inner healing and resilience today.
I have extensive experience working with diverse clients facing various mental health challenges. My passion for mental well-being stems from my own journey of resilience and growth, which inspired me to help others discover their inner strength. I will foster a collaborative therapeutic relationship that nurtures healing and growth. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, or seeking personal growth, I am ready to be your guide. Begin your journey to inner healing and resilience today.
(720) 741-7178 View (720) 741-7178
Photo of Marian Lin Mondy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Castle Rock, CO
Marian Lin Mondy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Castle Rock, CO 80108
Waitlist for new clients
Do you struggle to understand why you sometimes respond to situations in counterproductive ways? A variety of life experiences have shaped our sense of self, and continue to influence our responses. As a therapist, I love to open the space for you to explore the gap between how you are responding and how you desire to live your life.
Do you struggle to understand why you sometimes respond to situations in counterproductive ways? A variety of life experiences have shaped our sense of self, and continue to influence our responses. As a therapist, I love to open the space for you to explore the gap between how you are responding and how you desire to live your life.
(720) 664-7408 View (720) 664-7408
Photo of Heidi R Smith @ Tunnel Light Therapy, Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate in Castle Rock, CO
Heidi R Smith @ Tunnel Light Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor Candidate, MBA, MS, LPCC
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80104
In our fast-paced and oftentimes impersonal world, we crave connection, validation, solutions, and support. Therapy should do that. At Tunnel Light Therapy, it does. Therapy should provide a safe, judgement-free space for clients to process their deep thoughts and big emotions. At Tunnel Light Therapy, it does. Offering in-person and virtual/online therapy to clients in all life stages (teenage through adult) and specializing in anxiety, depression, trauma, EMDR, grief and relationship issues, I can serve as a safe and compassionate partner to you (or your child) on this journey toward greater, more sustainable mental health.
In our fast-paced and oftentimes impersonal world, we crave connection, validation, solutions, and support. Therapy should do that. At Tunnel Light Therapy, it does. Therapy should provide a safe, judgement-free space for clients to process their deep thoughts and big emotions. At Tunnel Light Therapy, it does. Offering in-person and virtual/online therapy to clients in all life stages (teenage through adult) and specializing in anxiety, depression, trauma, EMDR, grief and relationship issues, I can serve as a safe and compassionate partner to you (or your child) on this journey toward greater, more sustainable mental health.
(720) 902-9993 View (720) 902-9993
Photo of New Paradigm Counseling in Castle Rock, CO
New Paradigm Counseling
MA, MS, LPC, LAC
Verified Verified
Castle Rock, CO 80108
New Paradigm takes a holistic approach to DUI Services with our clients. We start with knowing a few fundamental qualities about every person that walks through our doors. Foremost, we respect you because we know everybody makes mistakes. You make the best choice at any given moment based on your knowledge and experiences. You have created your life through the daily choices you make so you have everything you need to create your life in any way you would like. Our job is to provide you with new information and experiences. Now you can make the choices that lead to the life you want. We strive to do this with the highest integrity in the business. The answer to the second most asked question at New Paradigm is, What is a paradigm? Paradigm is another word for model, pattern, standard, archetype, etc. We chose paradigm to convey, “we do it differently.” As a bonus, successful clients come out with new methods/paradigms, for handling their old habits that led to their DUI/DWAI.
New Paradigm takes a holistic approach to DUI Services with our clients. We start with knowing a few fundamental qualities about every person that walks through our doors. Foremost, we respect you because we know everybody makes mistakes. You make the best choice at any given moment based on your knowledge and experiences. You have created your life through the daily choices you make so you have everything you need to create your life in any way you would like. Our job is to provide you with new information and experiences. Now you can make the choices that lead to the life you want. We strive to do this with the highest integrity in the business. The answer to the second most asked question at New Paradigm is, What is a paradigm? Paradigm is another word for model, pattern, standard, archetype, etc. We chose paradigm to convey, “we do it differently.” As a bonus, successful clients come out with new methods/paradigms, for handling their old habits that led to their DUI/DWAI.
(720) 903-3066 View (720) 903-3066
Photo of enCourage Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Castle Rock, CO
enCourage Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC, CATP, ACS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Castle Rock, CO 80104
Trauma can make you feel as if it isn’t possible to thrive in relationships or daily living. Whether you have experienced a specific traumatic event or carry the weight of complex trauma from your past, you CAN find healing through powerful therapy. I offer a trauma-informed experience so that you can feel safe and comfortable from the first moments of our work together. I offer in-office and online EMDR and in-office Microcurrent Neurofeedback to support your healing in effective and caring ways. Therapy is a powerful way to connect with yourself and discover ways to find hope, peace and empowerment. You are not alone.
Trauma can make you feel as if it isn’t possible to thrive in relationships or daily living. Whether you have experienced a specific traumatic event or carry the weight of complex trauma from your past, you CAN find healing through powerful therapy. I offer a trauma-informed experience so that you can feel safe and comfortable from the first moments of our work together. I offer in-office and online EMDR and in-office Microcurrent Neurofeedback to support your healing in effective and caring ways. Therapy is a powerful way to connect with yourself and discover ways to find hope, peace and empowerment. You are not alone.
(720) 893-9166 View (720) 893-9166

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Castle Rock, CO

200+

Average cost per session

$145

Therapists in Castle Rock, CO who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
76% Trauma and PTSD
75% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills
69% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

65% Aetna
61% Cigna and Evernorth
60% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Castle Rock, CO see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
15% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Castle Rock?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.